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Although many suggest that future diets should include more plant-based proteins, animal-sourced foods are unlikely to completely disappear from our diet. Grasslands yield a notable part of the world's animal protein production, but thus far, there is no global insight into the relationship between current livestock stocking densities and the availability of grassland forage resources. This inhibits acting upon concerns over the negative effects of overgrazing in some areas and utilising the potential for increasing production in others. Previous research has examined the potential of sustainable grazing but lacks generic and observation-based methods needed to fully understand the opportunities and threats of grazing. Here we provide a novel framework and method to estimate global livestock carrying capacity and relative stocking density, i.e. the reported livestock distribution relative to the estimated carrying capacity. We first estimate the aboveground biomass that is available for grazers on grasslands and savannas based on the MODIS Net Primary Production (NPP) approach on a global scale. This information is then used to calculate reasonable livestock carrying capacities, using slopes, forest cover and animal forage requirements as restrictions. With this approach, we found that stocking rates exceed the forage provided by grasslands in northwestern Europe, midwestern United States, southern China and the African Sahel. In this study, we provide the highest resolution global datasets to date. Our results have implications for prospective global food system modelling as well as national agricultural and environmental policies. These maps and findings can assist with conservation efforts to reduce land degradation associated with overgrazing and help identify undergrazed areas for targeted sustainable intensification efforts.
Johannes Piipponen; Mika Jalava; Jan De Leeuw; Afag Rizayeva; Cécile Godde; Mario Herrero; Matti Kummu. Global assessment of grassland carrying capacities and relative stocking densities of livestock. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJohannes Piipponen, Mika Jalava, Jan De Leeuw, Afag Rizayeva, Cécile Godde, Mario Herrero, Matti Kummu. Global assessment of grassland carrying capacities and relative stocking densities of livestock. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohannes Piipponen; Mika Jalava; Jan De Leeuw; Afag Rizayeva; Cécile Godde; Mario Herrero; Matti Kummu. 2021. "Global assessment of grassland carrying capacities and relative stocking densities of livestock." , no. : 1.
Hanspeter Liniger; Nicole Harari; Godert van Lynden; Renate Fleiner; Jan de Leeuw; Zhanguo Bai; William Critchley. Achieving land degradation neutrality: The role of SLM knowledge in evidence-based decision-making. Environmental Science & Policy 2019, 94, 123 -134.
AMA StyleHanspeter Liniger, Nicole Harari, Godert van Lynden, Renate Fleiner, Jan de Leeuw, Zhanguo Bai, William Critchley. Achieving land degradation neutrality: The role of SLM knowledge in evidence-based decision-making. Environmental Science & Policy. 2019; 94 ():123-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanspeter Liniger; Nicole Harari; Godert van Lynden; Renate Fleiner; Jan de Leeuw; Zhanguo Bai; William Critchley. 2019. "Achieving land degradation neutrality: The role of SLM knowledge in evidence-based decision-making." Environmental Science & Policy 94, no. : 123-134.
Migration of ungulates is under pressure worldwide from range contraction, habitat loss and degradation, anthropogenic barriers and poaching. Here, we synthesize and compare the extent of historical migrations of the white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) to their contemporary status, in five premier East African ecosystems, namely the Serengeti-Mara, Masai Mara, Athi-Kaputiei, Amboseli and Tarangire-Manyara. The current status, threats to migration, migratory ranges and routes for wildebeest were characterized using colonial-era maps, literature reviews, GIS and aerial survey databases, GPS collared animals and interviews with long-term researchers. Interference with wildebeest migratory routes and dispersal ranges has stopped or severely threatens continuation of the historical migration patterns in all but the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem where the threat level is relatively lower. Wildebeest migration has collapsed in Athi-Kaputiei ecosystem and is facing enormous pressures from land subdivision, settlements and fences in Amboseli and Mara ecosystems and from cultivation in Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem. Land use change, primarily expansion in agriculture, roads, settlements and fencing, increasingly restrict migratory wildebeest from accessing traditional grazing resources in unprotected lands. Privatization of land tenure in group ranches in Kenya and settlement policy (villagization) in Tanzania have accelerated land subdivision, fencing and growth in permanent settlements, leading to loss of key wildebeest habitats including their migratory routes and wet season calving and feeding grounds. These processes, coupled with increasing human population pressures and climatic variability, are exerting tremendous pressures on wildebeest migrations. Urgent conservation interventions are necessary to conserve and protect the critical wildebeest habitats and migration routes in East Africa.
Fortunata U. Msoffe; Joseph O. Ogutu; Mohammed Y. Said; Shem C. Kifugo; Jan De Leeuw; Paul Van Gardingen; Robin S. Reid; Jared A Stabach; Randall B. Boone. Wildebeest migration in East Africa: Status, threats and conservation measures. 2019, 546747 .
AMA StyleFortunata U. Msoffe, Joseph O. Ogutu, Mohammed Y. Said, Shem C. Kifugo, Jan De Leeuw, Paul Van Gardingen, Robin S. Reid, Jared A Stabach, Randall B. Boone. Wildebeest migration in East Africa: Status, threats and conservation measures. . 2019; ():546747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFortunata U. Msoffe; Joseph O. Ogutu; Mohammed Y. Said; Shem C. Kifugo; Jan De Leeuw; Paul Van Gardingen; Robin S. Reid; Jared A Stabach; Randall B. Boone. 2019. "Wildebeest migration in East Africa: Status, threats and conservation measures." , no. : 546747.
In the effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to food, health, water, and climate, an increase in pressure on land is highly likely. To avoid further land degradation and promote land restoration, multifunctional use of land is needed within the boundaries of the soil-water system. In addition, awareness-raising, a change in stakeholders’ attitudes, and a change in economics are essential. The attainment of a balance between the economy, society, and the biosphere calls for a holistic approach. In this paper, we introduce four concepts that we consider to be conducive to realizing LDN in a more integrated way: systems thinking, connectivity, nature-based solutions, and regenerative economics. We illustrate the application of these concepts through three examples in agricultural settings. Systems thinking lies at the base of the three others, stressing feedback loops but also delayed responses. Their simultaneous use will result in more robust solutions, which are sustainable from an environmental, societal, and economic point of view. Solutions also need to take into account the level of scale (global, national, regional, local), stakeholders’ interests and culture, and the availability and boundaries of financial and natural capital. Furthermore, sustainable solutions need to embed short-term management in long-term landscape planning. In conclusion, paradigm shifts are needed. First, it is necessary to move from excessive exploitation in combination with environmental protection, to sustainable use and management of the soil-water system. To accomplish this, new business models in robust economic systems are needed based on environmental systems thinking; an approach that integrates environmental, social, and economic interests. Second, it is necessary to shift from a “system follows function” approach towards a “function follows system” one. Only by making the transition towards integrated solutions based on a socio-economical-ecological systems analysis, using concepts such as nature-based solutions, do we stand a chance to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality by 2030. To make these paradigm shifts, awareness-raising in relation to a different type of governance, economy and landscape and land-use planning and management is needed.
Saskia Keesstra; Gerben Mol; Jan De Leeuw; Joop Okx; Co Molenaar; Margot De Cleen; Saskia Visser. Soil-Related Sustainable Development Goals: Four Concepts to Make Land Degradation Neutrality and Restoration Work. Land 2018, 7, 133 .
AMA StyleSaskia Keesstra, Gerben Mol, Jan De Leeuw, Joop Okx, Co Molenaar, Margot De Cleen, Saskia Visser. Soil-Related Sustainable Development Goals: Four Concepts to Make Land Degradation Neutrality and Restoration Work. Land. 2018; 7 (4):133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaskia Keesstra; Gerben Mol; Jan De Leeuw; Joop Okx; Co Molenaar; Margot De Cleen; Saskia Visser. 2018. "Soil-Related Sustainable Development Goals: Four Concepts to Make Land Degradation Neutrality and Restoration Work." Land 7, no. 4: 133.
Designing and implementing biodiversity-based value chains can be a complex undertaking, especially in places where outcomes are uncertain and risks of project failure and cost overruns are high. We used the Stochastic Impact Evaluation (SIE) approach to guide the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) on viable investment options in honey value chains, which the agency considered implementing as an economic incentive for communities along the Kenya-Somalia border to conserve biodiversity. The SIE approach allows for holistic analysis of project cost, benefit, and risk variables, including those with uncertain and missing information. It also identifies areas that pose critical uncertainties in the project. We started by conducting a baseline survey in Witu and Awer in Lamu County, Kenya. The aim of the survey was to establish the current farm income from beekeeping as a baseline, against which the prospective impacts of intervention options could be measured. We then developed an intervention decision model that was populated with all cost, benefit and risk variables relevant to beekeeping. After receiving training in making quantitative estimates, four subject-matter experts expressed their uncertainty about the proposed variables in the model by specifying probability distributions for them. We then used Monte Carlo simulation to project decision outcomes. We also identified variables that projected decision outcomes were most sensitive to, and we determined the value of information for each variable. The variable with the highest information value to the decision-maker in Witu was the honey price. In Awer, no additional information on any of the variables would change the recommendation to invest in honey value chains in the region. The analysis demonstrates a novel and comprehensive approach to decision-making for different stakeholders in a project where decision outcomes are uncertain.
Joshua Wafula; Yusuf Karimjee; Yvonne Tamba; Geoffrey Malava; Caroline Muchiri; Grace Koech; Jan De Leeuw; Josephat Nyongesa; Keith Shepherd; Eike Luedeling. Probabilistic Assessment of Investment Options in Honey Value Chains in Lamu County, Kenya. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics 2018, 4, 1 .
AMA StyleJoshua Wafula, Yusuf Karimjee, Yvonne Tamba, Geoffrey Malava, Caroline Muchiri, Grace Koech, Jan De Leeuw, Josephat Nyongesa, Keith Shepherd, Eike Luedeling. Probabilistic Assessment of Investment Options in Honey Value Chains in Lamu County, Kenya. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics. 2018; 4 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoshua Wafula; Yusuf Karimjee; Yvonne Tamba; Geoffrey Malava; Caroline Muchiri; Grace Koech; Jan De Leeuw; Josephat Nyongesa; Keith Shepherd; Eike Luedeling. 2018. "Probabilistic Assessment of Investment Options in Honey Value Chains in Lamu County, Kenya." Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics 4, no. : 1.
Linda Mbeyu; World Agroforestry Centre; Jan De Leeuw; Grace Koech; Josephat Nyongesa. An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya. An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleLinda Mbeyu, World Agroforestry Centre, Jan De Leeuw, Grace Koech, Josephat Nyongesa. An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya. An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Mbeyu; World Agroforestry Centre; Jan De Leeuw; Grace Koech; Josephat Nyongesa. 2017. "An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya." An ecosystem service perspective on benefits that people derive from biodiversity of coastal forests in Lamu County, Kenya , no. : 1.
Osman Gedow Amir; World Agroforestry Centre; Jan De Leeuw; Grace Koech. Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia. Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleOsman Gedow Amir, World Agroforestry Centre, Jan De Leeuw, Grace Koech. Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia. Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsman Gedow Amir; World Agroforestry Centre; Jan De Leeuw; Grace Koech. 2017. "Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia." Assessment of the biodiversity in terrestrial and marine landscapes of the proposed Lag Badana National Park and surrounding areas in Jubaland, Somalia , no. : 1.
Rural communities value Faidherbia albida in farming systems and pastoralism. Faidherbia albida provides products such as medicine, fodder, fuel, wood, food and services such as shade, soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Excessive browsing by animals, branch lopping and pod harvesting, have critically reduced the natural regeneration in some areas which exposes it to challenges due to dependence upon natural regeneration. The objective of this research was to evaluate response of Faidherbia albida provenances from eastern (Taveta Wangingombe) and southern Africa (Lupaso, Kuiseb Manapools) to different watering regimes to aid in selection of provenances for domestication. The observed difference in growth was analyzed to determine whether they are genetic or environmentally induced. Genotype × interaction were significant at (p≤0.001, p≤0.05) in seedling height, diameter and leaf numbers. Seedling height (r=0.94 p=0.001) recorded the highest correlation coefficient among all the growth variables analyzed. The growth variation was greater for seedling height than that of diameter and leaf numbers (h2=0.97). Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the provenances into three clusters with cluster iii consisting of Taveta, Kuiseb and Lupaso while cluster ii and i composed of Wangingombe and Manapools respectively. Manapools recorded the highest genetic distance from Taveta, Kuiseb and Lupaso at 84.55 units. Wangingombe and Manapools are closely related genetically at a distance of 7.32. The maximum inter-cluster distance between cluster i and iii indicated wider genetic diversity between the provenances in these clusters and selection should be from this clusters for hybridization program to achieve novel breeds.
Grace Koech; Daniel Ofori; Anne W.T. Muigai; Jonathan Muriuki; Parveen Anjarwalla; Jan De Leeuw; Jeremias G. Mowo. Variation in the response of eastern and southern Africa provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile A. Chev) seedlings to water supply: A greenhouse experiment. Global Ecology and Conservation 2016, 8, 31 -40.
AMA StyleGrace Koech, Daniel Ofori, Anne W.T. Muigai, Jonathan Muriuki, Parveen Anjarwalla, Jan De Leeuw, Jeremias G. Mowo. Variation in the response of eastern and southern Africa provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile A. Chev) seedlings to water supply: A greenhouse experiment. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2016; 8 ():31-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrace Koech; Daniel Ofori; Anne W.T. Muigai; Jonathan Muriuki; Parveen Anjarwalla; Jan De Leeuw; Jeremias G. Mowo. 2016. "Variation in the response of eastern and southern Africa provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile A. Chev) seedlings to water supply: A greenhouse experiment." Global Ecology and Conservation 8, no. : 31-40.
Increasing demands for meat and milk in developing countries and the associated production growth are driving the expansion of agriculture at the expense of environmental conservation and other land uses. While considerable attention has been directed at improving crop yields to alleviate the pressure on land, there has been far less attention on the implications of the expected intensification of livestock production. Here, we present and analyse the land availability and land footprints of livestock intensification for five scenarios representing various degrees of intensification of meat and milk production by cattle, sheep, goats and camels in arid, semi-arid and humid production systems in Kenya. The first three scenarios are defined by increasing levels of input and management, ranging from low (scenario S1), intermediate (S2) to high (S3) input feed crop cultivation and livestock production. Reference scenario S1 has production practices and output of meat and milk similar to current production practices. In scenarios S2 and S3, the total land used for livestock production remains the same as in S1. Two additional scenarios, S4 and S5, explore opportunities for lessening environmental pressure through reduction of the land footprint of meat and milk production. For each scenario, we quantify the potential availability of grassland and cropland for meat and milk production by cattle, sheep, goats and camel in the arid, semi-arid and humid production systems. A resource use indicator, land footprint (ha), is used to assess changes in land use associated with livestock production. We estimate that the potential increase in production due to intensification from scenario S1 to S2 is 51% for milk and 71% for meat. The potential increase due to improving production from scenario S1 to S3 is 80% for milk and 113% for meat. The area of grazing land, as a percentage of the total potentially available grazing land, decreases from 10% to 6% as productivity increases from scenario S1 to S5. Cropland usage increases from 4% in scenario S1 to 11% in scenario S5. Reduced land demand in scenarios S4 and S5 indicates the possibility that intensification may help reduce the pressure on land and hence promote environmental conservation. Overall, the results suggest that it is possible to increase production to meet increasing demands for meat and milk while also gaining land for environmental conservation through intensification. Realizing the potential presented by the intensification scenarios will be contingent upon successfully establishing and operationalizing enabling policies, institutional arrangements and markets and ensuring that relevant information, services, inputs, and other essential requirements are available, accessible and affordable to herders and farmers.
Caroline K. Bosire; Maarten S. Krol; Mesfin M. Mekonnen; Joseph O. Ogutu; Jan de Leeuw; Mats Lannerstad; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Meat and milk production scenarios and the associated land footprint in Kenya. Agricultural Systems 2016, 145, 64 -75.
AMA StyleCaroline K. Bosire, Maarten S. Krol, Mesfin M. Mekonnen, Joseph O. Ogutu, Jan de Leeuw, Mats Lannerstad, Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Meat and milk production scenarios and the associated land footprint in Kenya. Agricultural Systems. 2016; 145 ():64-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaroline K. Bosire; Maarten S. Krol; Mesfin M. Mekonnen; Joseph O. Ogutu; Jan de Leeuw; Mats Lannerstad; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. 2016. "Meat and milk production scenarios and the associated land footprint in Kenya." Agricultural Systems 145, no. : 64-75.
Global demand for wood fuel energy is high and rising due to population increases, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where firewood and charcoal are the main sources of cooking energy. Inefficient cooking techniques consume large amounts of fuel and create indoor pollution, with negative health impacts particularly among women and small children. Efficient cooking stoves can potentially save fuel and reduce the health risks of smoke in the kitchen. This study compared the ease of use, energy consumption, fuel use efficiency and gas and particle emissions of a small-scale gasifier cooking stove with that of a traditional three-stone stove and an improved Hifadhi stove in a smallholder farming setting in Kenya. This was done by participatory evaluation of these cooking techniques by women on smallholder farms, assessing fuel consumption, time used in cooking and indoor air concentrations of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter. It was found that compared with traditional and improved cooking stoves, the gasifier domestic cooking system saved 27-40% of fuel, reduced cooking time by 19-23% and reduced emissions by 40-90%. Thus the gasifier system has potential to alleviate energy and time poverty among small-scale farmers, while improving kitchen air quality. These new findings can assist in development of cleaner biomass cooking technologies in developing countries. Women who cooked using the gasifier preferred it to current cooking practices due to perceived benefits. Thus the gasifier is appropriate for rural areas; it constitutes a cleaner cooking system that saves fuel, produces charcoal for another round of cooking, cooks rapidly,and reduces indoor air pollution from cooking with biomass fuel. However, there is a need to improve the design to make it more stable and safer.
M. Njenga; M. Iiyama; R. Jamnadass; H. Helander; L. Larsson; J. de Leeuw; H. Neufeldt; K. Röing de Nowina; Cecilia Sundberg. Gasifier as a cleaner cooking system in rural Kenya. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 121, 208 -217.
AMA StyleM. Njenga, M. Iiyama, R. Jamnadass, H. Helander, L. Larsson, J. de Leeuw, H. Neufeldt, K. Röing de Nowina, Cecilia Sundberg. Gasifier as a cleaner cooking system in rural Kenya. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 121 ():208-217.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Njenga; M. Iiyama; R. Jamnadass; H. Helander; L. Larsson; J. de Leeuw; H. Neufeldt; K. Röing de Nowina; Cecilia Sundberg. 2016. "Gasifier as a cleaner cooking system in rural Kenya." Journal of Cleaner Production 121, no. : 208-217.
Community-based conservation (CBC) aims to benefit local people as well as to achieve conservation goals, but has been criticised for taking a simplistic view of “community” and failing to recognise differences in the preferences and motivations of community members. We explore this heterogeneity in the context of Kenya’s conservancies, focussing on the livelihood preferences of men and women living adjacent to the Maasai Mara National Reserve. Using a discrete choice experiment we quantify the preferences of local community members for key components of their livelihoods and conservancy design, differentiating between men and women and existing conservancy members and non-members. While Maasai preference for pastoralism remains strong, non-livestock-based livelihood activities are also highly valued and there was substantial differentiation in preferences between individuals. Involvement with conservancies was generally perceived to be positive, but only if households were able to retain some land for other purposes. Women placed greater value on conservancy membership, but substantially less value on wage income, while existing conservancy members valued both conservancy membership and livestock more highly than did non-members. Our findings suggest that conservancies can make a positive contribution to livelihoods, but care must be taken to ensure that they do not unintentionally disadvantage any groups. We argue that conservation should pay greater attention to individual-level differences in preferences when designing interventions in order to achieve fairer and more sustainable outcomes for members of local communities.
Aidan Keane; Heather Gurd; Dickson Kaelo; Mohammed Y. Said; Jan de Leeuw; Marcus Rowcliffe; Katherine Homewood. Gender Differentiated Preferences for a Community-Based Conservation Initiative. PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0152432 -e0152432.
AMA StyleAidan Keane, Heather Gurd, Dickson Kaelo, Mohammed Y. Said, Jan de Leeuw, Marcus Rowcliffe, Katherine Homewood. Gender Differentiated Preferences for a Community-Based Conservation Initiative. PLOS ONE. 2016; 11 (3):e0152432-e0152432.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAidan Keane; Heather Gurd; Dickson Kaelo; Mohammed Y. Said; Jan de Leeuw; Marcus Rowcliffe; Katherine Homewood. 2016. "Gender Differentiated Preferences for a Community-Based Conservation Initiative." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3: e0152432-e0152432.
Mohamed Ibrahim; World Agroforestry Centre; Grace Koech; Jan De Leeuw. Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia. Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleMohamed Ibrahim, World Agroforestry Centre, Grace Koech, Jan De Leeuw. Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia. Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Ibrahim; World Agroforestry Centre; Grace Koech; Jan De Leeuw. 2016. "Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia." Vision and road map for establishment of a protected area in Lag Badana, Lower Jubba, Somalia , no. : 1.
Kennedy Osuka; World Agroforestry Centre; Melita Samoilys; James Mbugua; Jan De Leeuw; David Obura. Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities. Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleKennedy Osuka, World Agroforestry Centre, Melita Samoilys, James Mbugua, Jan De Leeuw, David Obura. Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities. Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKennedy Osuka; World Agroforestry Centre; Melita Samoilys; James Mbugua; Jan De Leeuw; David Obura. 2016. "Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities." Marine habitats of the Lamu-Kiunga coast: an assessment of biodiversity value, threats and opportunities , no. : 1.
Dryland livestock production systems are changing in many parts of the world, as a result of growing human populations and associated pressure on water and land. Based on a combination of social and natural science methods, we studied a 30-year transformation process from pastoralism to a livestock-based agro-pastoral system in northwestern Kenya, with the overall aim to increase the understanding of the ongoing transition towards intensified agro-pastoralist production systems in dryland East Africa.
Gert Nyberg; Per Knutsson; Madelene Ostwald; Ingrid Öborn; Ewa Wredle; David Jakinda Otieno; Stephen M. Mureithi; Peter Mwangi; Mohammed Y. Said; Magnus Jirström; Antonia Grönvall; Julia Wernersson; Sara Svanlund; Laura Saxer; Lotje Geutjes; Vera Karmebäck; John Wairore; Regina Wambui; Jan de Leeuw; Anders Malmer. Enclosures in West Pokot, Kenya: Transforming land, livestock and livelihoods in drylands. Pastoralism 2015, 5, 25 .
AMA StyleGert Nyberg, Per Knutsson, Madelene Ostwald, Ingrid Öborn, Ewa Wredle, David Jakinda Otieno, Stephen M. Mureithi, Peter Mwangi, Mohammed Y. Said, Magnus Jirström, Antonia Grönvall, Julia Wernersson, Sara Svanlund, Laura Saxer, Lotje Geutjes, Vera Karmebäck, John Wairore, Regina Wambui, Jan de Leeuw, Anders Malmer. Enclosures in West Pokot, Kenya: Transforming land, livestock and livelihoods in drylands. Pastoralism. 2015; 5 (1):25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGert Nyberg; Per Knutsson; Madelene Ostwald; Ingrid Öborn; Ewa Wredle; David Jakinda Otieno; Stephen M. Mureithi; Peter Mwangi; Mohammed Y. Said; Magnus Jirström; Antonia Grönvall; Julia Wernersson; Sara Svanlund; Laura Saxer; Lotje Geutjes; Vera Karmebäck; John Wairore; Regina Wambui; Jan de Leeuw; Anders Malmer. 2015. "Enclosures in West Pokot, Kenya: Transforming land, livestock and livelihoods in drylands." Pastoralism 5, no. 1: 25.
Gathering data that answer particular questions is the most effective way to support the Sustainable Development Goals, say Keith Shepherd and colleagues.
Keith Shepherd; Douglas Hubbard; Norman Fenton; Karl Claxton; Eike Luedeling; Jan de Leeuw. Policy: Development goals should enable decision-making. Nature 2015, 523, 152 -154.
AMA StyleKeith Shepherd, Douglas Hubbard, Norman Fenton, Karl Claxton, Eike Luedeling, Jan de Leeuw. Policy: Development goals should enable decision-making. Nature. 2015; 523 (7559):152-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeith Shepherd; Douglas Hubbard; Norman Fenton; Karl Claxton; Eike Luedeling; Jan de Leeuw. 2015. "Policy: Development goals should enable decision-making." Nature 523, no. 7559: 152-154.
Global consumption of livestock products is increasing steadily due to human population growth, poverty reduction and dietary changes raising the demand for already scarce freshwater and land resources. Here, we analyze the changes associated with direct and indirect use of freshwater and land for meat and milk production in three production systems in Kenya between the 1980s and 2000s. We use two resource use indicators, the water footprint (m3/year) and land footprint (ha), to assess changes in freshwater and land use for cattle, goats, sheep and camels in arid, semi-arid and humid production systems. We estimate actual water and land use using Kenya-wide data for yields, feed composition and feed conversion efficiencies. Our results show that the amounts of freshwater and land resources used for production are determined mainly by production volumes and feed conversion efficiencies. Total water and land footprints of milk production increased for goats, sheep and camels but decreased by half for cattle in arid and semi-arid production systems, in correspondence with similar changes in the total numbers of each livestock species. Green water and grazing land footprints dominated in all production systems due to the predominance of indirect use of water to support forage production. The per unit meat footprint for cattle increased significantly between the 1980s and 2000s in all production systems, due to adverse trends in feed conversion efficiency, while changes in the water and land footprints of other animal products were small, due to modest changes in all influencing factors. In contrast, national average footprints per unit of beef and milk show a modest decrease due to a relative shift of production to the more resource-efficient humid production system. Given the potential increase in demand for livestock products and limited freshwater and land availability, feed conversion efficiencies should be improved by rehabilitating degraded rangelands, adopting improved breeds and using appropriate feed compositio
Caroline K. Bosire; Joseph O Ogutu; Mohammed Said; Maarten S. Krol; Jan de Leeuw; Arjen Hoekstra. Trends and spatial variation in water and land footprints of meat and milk production systems in Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2015, 205, 36 -47.
AMA StyleCaroline K. Bosire, Joseph O Ogutu, Mohammed Said, Maarten S. Krol, Jan de Leeuw, Arjen Hoekstra. Trends and spatial variation in water and land footprints of meat and milk production systems in Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2015; 205 ():36-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaroline K. Bosire; Joseph O Ogutu; Mohammed Said; Maarten S. Krol; Jan de Leeuw; Arjen Hoekstra. 2015. "Trends and spatial variation in water and land footprints of meat and milk production systems in Kenya." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 205, no. : 36-47.
The assessment of land degradation and the quantification of its effects on land productivity have been both a scientific and political challenge. After four decades of Earth Observation (EO) applications, little agreement has been gained on the magnitude and direction of land degradation in the Sahel. The large number of EO datasets and methods associated with the complex interactions among biophysical and social drivers of ecosystem changes make it difficult to apply aggregated EO indices for these non-linear processes. Hence, while many studies stress that the Sahel is greening, others indicate no trend or browning. The different generations of sensors, the granularity of studies, the study period, the applied indices and the assumptions and/or computational methods impact these trends. Consequently, many uncertainties exist in regression models between rainfall, biomass and various indices that limit the ability of EO science to adequately assess and develop a consistent message on the magnitude of land degradation. We suggest several improvements: (1) harmonize time-series data, (2) promote knowledge networks, (3) improve data-access, (4) fill data gaps, (5) agree on scales and assumptions, (6) set up a denser network of long-term field-surveys and (7) consider local perceptions and social dynamics. To allow multiple perspectives and avoid erroneous interpretations, we underline that EO results should not be interpreted without contextual knowledge.
Cheikh Mbow; Martin Brandt; Issa Ouedraogo; Jan De Leeuw; Michael Marshall. What Four Decades of Earth Observation Tell Us about Land Degradation in the Sahel? Remote Sensing 2015, 7, 4048 -4067.
AMA StyleCheikh Mbow, Martin Brandt, Issa Ouedraogo, Jan De Leeuw, Michael Marshall. What Four Decades of Earth Observation Tell Us about Land Degradation in the Sahel? Remote Sensing. 2015; 7 (4):4048-4067.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheikh Mbow; Martin Brandt; Issa Ouedraogo; Jan De Leeuw; Michael Marshall. 2015. "What Four Decades of Earth Observation Tell Us about Land Degradation in the Sahel?" Remote Sensing 7, no. 4: 4048-4067.
Decision-making in development rarely considers uncertainty in project benefits and costs and the risk of project failure. Lack of appropriate tools for ex-ante analysis under conditions of data scarcity constrains the ability of decision-makers to anticipate project outcomes. Business analysis techniques can help in such situations, but they have rarely been applied in development contexts. We use the principles of Applied Information Economics to develop a decision model for a water supply intervention. In the proposed Habaswein-Wajir Water Supply Project in Northern Kenya, water is to be extracted from a major aquifer near Habaswein and piped to the city of Wajir. A team of eight experts developed a model including all costs, benefits and risks considered important for project success. After estimation training, these experts expressed their uncertainty for about 100 variables in the model with probability distributions. We used Monte Carlo simulation to project decision outcomes, and Partial Least Squares regression to identify critical uncertainties affecting the decision. The project was found to be risky for most stakeholders, mainly due to the risk of political interference caused by water supply concerns in Habaswein and due to unclear profitability of the water supply business. Uncertainties about how to value decreasing infant mortality and reduction in water-borne disease incidence were also critical. The greatest hydrological risk was salt water intrusion into the aquifer. Careful well design, inclusive project planning and benefit sharing could raise the chance of project success. The analysis improved understanding of the decision by all stakeholders, some of which changed their opinions on the pipeline, requested more measurements, or proposed alternative water supply options. Decision analysis can help clarify decision uncertainties and outcome expectations and thereby improve decision-making processes, especially in data-scarce areas.
Eike Luedeling; Arjen L. Oord; Boniface Kiteme; Sarah Ogalleh; Maimbo Malesu; Keith D. Shepherd; Jan De Leeuw. Fresh groundwater for Wajir—ex-ante assessment of uncertain benefits for multiple stakeholders in a water supply project in Northern Kenya. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2015, 3, 1 .
AMA StyleEike Luedeling, Arjen L. Oord, Boniface Kiteme, Sarah Ogalleh, Maimbo Malesu, Keith D. Shepherd, Jan De Leeuw. Fresh groundwater for Wajir—ex-ante assessment of uncertain benefits for multiple stakeholders in a water supply project in Northern Kenya. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2015; 3 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEike Luedeling; Arjen L. Oord; Boniface Kiteme; Sarah Ogalleh; Maimbo Malesu; Keith D. Shepherd; Jan De Leeuw. 2015. "Fresh groundwater for Wajir—ex-ante assessment of uncertain benefits for multiple stakeholders in a water supply project in Northern Kenya." Frontiers in Environmental Science 3, no. : 1.
Anthony Egeru; Clement Okia; Jan De Leeuw. Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda. Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleAnthony Egeru, Clement Okia, Jan De Leeuw. Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda. Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony Egeru; Clement Okia; Jan De Leeuw. 2015. "Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda." Trees and livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda , no. : 1.
Michael Mbogga; Maimbo Malesu; Jan De Leeuw. Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda. Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleMichael Mbogga, Maimbo Malesu, Jan De Leeuw. Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda. Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Mbogga; Maimbo Malesu; Jan De Leeuw. 2015. "Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda." Trees and watershed management in Karamoja, Uganda , no. : 1.