This article reviews the results of measurement of optical properties of oil, such as polarimetry, refractometric, luminescent-bituminological research, IR-spectrometry and UV-visible-NIR spectrometry used to solve geo-bituminology development of hydrocarbon deposits. The authors pay special attention to optical research in the field of UV-visible-NIR electromagnetic radiation, the results of which allow us to estimate the residual oil reserves, separate production for each formation during the operation of multi-layer objects, determine the producing gas-oil ratio, density and content of hydrocarbons, efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, flow-reducing technologies, and injection of solvents of heavy oil sediments, etc. The published approaches to methods of optical research, which are carried out by laboratories or in-well devices, have been analyzed. This article analyzes the main advantages and disadvantages of current technologies for determining the optical properties of oil. The authors propose wellhead devices for determining the optical properties of oil in UV-visible-NIR radiation (190–1100 nm) and their functional schemes, with a description of the operating principle.

Использование спеченного сорбента для удаления сероводорода из отходящего промышленного газа при грануляции металлургических шлаков

For ferrous metallurgy, of scientific and practical interest is the development of technology for processing metallurgical and mining sludge as an additive to produce high-strength pellets with a high content of iron-containing phase for subsequent use as a charge. An increase in the amount of reduced iron for hematite quartzites is achieved by increasing the volume of calcinated coke as a reducing agent, which opens up the possibility of working with difficult-toprocess ores, the reserve potential of which is unlimited. Most of these works are related to the effect of carbon components on iron-containing phases, mainly for non-pelletizing ore materials, as well as powders. A 2 % mixture of red mud (RM) with nepheline extracted from saponite ore sludge by flotation was used as a binding material. As an iron reducer from the hematite phase, coke calcinated at a temperature of 1600 °C was added in an amount of 0.5 to 3.5 %. To study phase transformations, pellets measuring from 12 to 16 mm were obtained in a laboratory plate pelletizer from hematite quartzites and heat-treated at temperatures from 1100 to 1200 °C. The compressive strength with the addition of calcinated coke of more than 3.5% was established, which is 240–250 kg/sample. Calculation of economic indicators has been carried out. An annual reduction of financial risk and capitalization ratio by 10 % will ensure the stable development of pelletizing production using the proposed technology. A Burn rate indicator of 8 to 9 % guarantees the stability of the development of new pelletizing technology in a highly competitive environment. It has been established that the involvement in the processing of difficult-to-process raw materials (hematite ores, nepheline and RM) establishes the demand for poor pellets when blended with rich pellets in blast furnace iron production.

Polymorphism typical of calcium orthosilicate is a phenomenon that is being studied more and more widely replacing the energy consuming crushing process. Polymorphous β and γ transitions of Ca2SiO4 take place as sinters, which contain the corresponding modifications of orthosilicate or pyroaluminate of calcium, are cooling down and then self-disintegrate. The latter process is used in alumina industry. The process duration should be limited to an optimum indicator. To solve the above problem, the authors examined the following modifications of calcium orthosilicate: α, α', β, γ. Differential thermal analysis revealed the existence of 5 phase modifications: α, α', α'', β, γ. It was confirmed that the difference between β and γ phases is due to the arrangement of tetrahedrons [SiO4]4+ relative to the Ca2+ cations in the calcium orthosilicate lattice. The two structures have different lattice symmetry and parameters and correspondingly, different physical and chemical properties. The stable modification takes place at the temperatures of 539–550 oC and has the lowest free energy. The paper describes a relationship between the free energies of β and γ modifications and the temperature. It was found that a new phase is completely formed in 30 min at 350 oC. The selfdisintegration temperature of pure calcium orthosilicate was established (i.e. 525 oC). A dropping temperature model was built. It was found that the less the principal quantum number Wn of the foreign cation, its valency and electronegativity are and the more the atomic radius is, the weaker the stabilizing properties are. The total thermal effect was determined with belite formation – 100,273.86 J/mol. The thermal effect of the polymorphous β → γ-Ca2SiO4 transition with selfdisintegration is 5,568.44 J/mol higher. The practical value of this factor is that it determines the specific area of the self-disintegrated powder and the microstructure of its grains. Total savings may amount to 8 bln roubles per year. Rapid cooling of the sinter entails supercooling of the β phase. As a result, the self-disintegration process is associated with 60% belite and 30% aluminate.

Utilization of red mud (RM) is of strategic importance at a scale of a country. It seems to be promising to produce pellets made of red mud. RM pelletizing was carried out with a lab-scale dish pelletizer with a diameter of 30 cm and a side height of 10 mm in rotation at a speed of 30 min–1. Before pelletizing, RM had a moisture content of 10%. Baking was carried out in the oxidizing atmosphere created by the jet feed of a natural gas and oxygen mixture at a ratio of 1 : 1.6 in the reaction cell. In all tests, the gas–air flow rate was 2.5 l/min. The test samples had a weight of 4–6 g. Wet pellets made of RM were placed in a boat and set in a lab-scale tubular kiln. The quality analysis of baked pellets followed a standard flowsheet, with determination of chemical composition, compression strength and reduction strength of pellets in accordance with state standard GOST 19575-84. The baking tests of pellets made of RM were carried out at the varied temperatures in a range of 1000–1400 °C and in the different regimes of heating, dependent on the movement velocity of the tube which pushes the boat with pellets through the reaction zone. The analysis of the result defines the optimal temperature range for baking RM pellets from 1180 to 1250 °C. It is found that for the pellets with the basicity from 1.8 to 3.0, the increase of the heating rate over 20 mm/min leads to a significant decrease in the strength of the test samples. The test pellets baked at the temperature of 1200 °C have a high strength. In reduction, the compression strength is 120–140 kg/pellet. Red mud is found to be well pelletizable. The temperature of fluxing onset and surface melting of the test samples is 1180–1250 °C, and sodium sulfides get totally removed from the composition of the product in this case. For all pellets made of red mud with the basicity from 1.8 to 3.0, the typical fluxing and surface melting temperature ranges from 1180 °C to 1250 °C.