This study explores the complication of secondary intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and consequent glaucoma development in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), an autoimmune disorder associated with hyperthyroidism. Utilizing Octopus 900 visual field testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT), the research established correlations between functional and structural changes in optic nerve regions in patients with GO and patients with GO with elevated IOP (GO IOP) groups. A comparison with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was conducted in a cohort of 182 subjects. The study identifies optic nerve head parameters that effectively differentiate changes in GO and GO IOP groups. In the GO group, the strongest correlation between structural and functional changes was observed in sector 7, while in the GO IOP group, it was in sectors 1 and 7. For POAG, correlation was found in six sectors. Elevated IOP in GO correlates with structural and functional impairments similarly to early glaucoma. Risk factors for GO-related elevated IOP included older age, longer duration of thyroid disease, and higher anti-thyroglobulin values. The study highlights the significance of regular IOP measurements, visual field assessments, and OCT examinations in GO patients. Early antiglaucoma intervention is warranted when characteristic structural and functional changes and/or risk factors are identified.

The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week doxycycline treatment for thyroid eye disease (TED), an autoimmune condition associated with thyroid dysfunction. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 82 patients were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive doxycycline (50 mg) or to undergo no treatment. Various metrics, including margin reflex distance (MRD1 and MRD2), eyelid aperture, levator muscle function, lagophthalmos, proptosis, ocular motility, diplopia, and Graves’ ophthalmopathy-specific quality-of-life (GO-QOL) scale scoring were assessed. Exclusion criteria were uncontrolled systemic diseases, tetracycline allergies, pregnancy, lactation, or age below 18. The mean age was 51.6 years (SD), 87.8% of participants were female, and all were Caucasians. By week 12, the doxycycline group exhibited a significant improvement rate based on MRD2 (from 4 to 15 participants with physiological findings), clinical activity score (from 7 to 35 participants with non-active disease), and GO-QOL (from 51.22% to 70.73% of participants with a good life quality). Doxycycline showcased anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in treating TED, suggesting its potential efficacy for TED and other orbit inflammatory conditions. However, these results warrant further validation through future research involving extended follow-up periods and larger cohorts.

Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED; also known as thyroid - associated orbitopathy, Graves ophthalmopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease which presents in typical signs and symptoms such as deep orbital pain, chemosis with or without caruncular edema, unilateral or bilateral proptosis, eyelid retraction, eyelid edema or erythema, restrictive strabismus and compressive optic neuropathy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of thermal camera in the assessment of thyroid eye disease (TED) activity compared to the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) scale, exophthalmometry values, and thyroid hormone and antibody levels. Methods: A total of 50 patients participated in this cross-sectional study of whom 29 were in the active phase of TED according to the sum on CAS scale and 21 patients in the inactive phase. The Flir E8® thermal camera was used to measure the temperature of the orbital area and the values were compared with the CAS scale, exophthalmometry values and thyroid hormone and antibody levels. Results: Higher values of temperature (p>0.0001), CAS score (p>0.0001), exophthalmometry (p=0.022), FT4 (p=0.0176) and TRAb (p=0.0091) were found in patients in the active phase of TED. Temperature of orbital area showed statistically significant positive correlation with CAS scale (p=0.0001), exophthalmometry values (p=0.0022) and anti-TPO levels (p=0.019). Conclusion: Thermal camera showed higher values of the temperature of the orbital area in patients in the active phase of the disease and positively correlated with the CAS scale, exophthalmometry findings and anti-TPO levels.

The aim was to examine peripapillary and macular superficial vessel density, peripapillary thickness of the nerve fiber layer, and inner thickness of the macula in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) de...

Summary: Ocular and orbital dirofilariasis, though rare, can mimic common eye infections or other conditions and lead to misdiagnosis. We present a series of four patients with ocular and orbital dirofilariasis in Sisak-Moslavina County of Croatia, emphasizing the variable clinical presentations and diagnostic challenges. Ocular dirofilariasis should be considered in patients with unexplained symptoms, particularly in endemic or rural areas. Detailed anamnesis and timely surgical intervention are essential for accurate diagnosis and management.