Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.

Oral mucosal lesions have many etiologies, including viral or bacterial infections, local trauma or irritation, systemic disorders, and even excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. Folk knowledge on medicinal plants and phytochemicals in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions has gained special attention among the scientific community. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the traditional knowledge of plants in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions. This review was carried out consulting reports between 2008 and 2018 of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The chosen keywords were plant, phytochemical, oral mucosa, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral health. A special emphasis was given to certain plants (e.g., chamomile, Aloe vera, green tea, and coffea) and plant-derived bioactives (e.g., curcumin, lycopene) with anti-oral mucosal lesion activity. Finally, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies examining both the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived phytochemicals were also carefully addressed.

Myristicin is an allylbenzene and a major key constituent of many plant species, such as Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), and Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (parsley). Their plant parts have been used in traditional medicine and as a flavoring seasoning for cooking but, and as biopesticides with natural compounds. Myristicin has been related with several biological effects, such as anticarcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, analgesic, and hepatoprotective. The traditional uses include the treatment of complications related to gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and gynecological disorders. However, several studies have been reported contraindications associated to high dose consumption of myristicin. This review summarizes the biological activities of myristicin and myristicin‐rich plants, toxicological effects along with its bioavailability, and metabolism. In addition, their traditional uses and their role as ecological remedy in plants protection has been reviewed. Nutmeg is the myristicin‐rich plant with more pharmacological effects reported but also with most contraindication and toxically reports.

The growing field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between genetic makeup and dietary factors, particularly in the context of cardiovascular health. As cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality globally, there is a need to better understand how individual genetic variations influence dietary responses. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, omega‐3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fats, has been widely studied for its cardioprotective effects. Recent advances in omics technologies have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of the MedDiet. This narrative review focuses on the intersection of nutrigenomics and cardiovascular health, examining how the MedDiet influences gene expression and metabolic pathways, particularly those related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. It also discusses the role of specific nutrients and bioactive compounds in modulating gene expression and their potential to reduce CVD risk. Furthermore, the review explores how personalized nutrition, guided by genetic information, could enhance the efficacy of dietary interventions for CVD prevention and management. Although significant progress has been made in understanding gene–diet interactions, further research is needed to refine individualized dietary guidelines and integrate multi‐omics approaches for improved cardiovascular health outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by alterations in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status. Nuts have been shown to mitigate these alterations; however, limited evidence is available regarding their effects in the Chilean population using a native nut species. This study aimed to assess the impact of a six-month Chilean-adapted Mediterranean diet supplemented with Gevuina avellana Molina, compared with a low-fat regimen, on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from adults with hypercholesterolemia. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a 6-month nutritional intervention. Of 106 hypercholesterolemic adults randomized, 81 completed the study, allocated to two groups: one following a Chilean diet supplemented with Chilean hazelnuts (n = 47) and the other a low-fat diet (n = 34) (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT07087704). Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers in PBMCs were assessed as secondary outcomes. In PBMCs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GRd) were analysed, along with oxidative damage markers (malondialdehyde, carbonyls, and nitrotyrosine) and gene expression (SOD, CAT, GRd, IL-10, and TNF-α). Results: Both dietary interventions were associated with similar improvements in PBMC redox status, characterized by reduced oxidative damage and enhanced antioxidant defence capacity. Malondialdehyde and carbonyl levels decreased in both groups following the dietary intervention. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities increased, with SOD showing a concomitant increase in gene expression level, whereas CAT gene expression decreased despite enhanced enzymatic activity. No significant differences between groups were observed for the assessed oxidative stress, antioxidant, or inflammatory markers. Conclusions: A Chilean diet supplemented with Chilean hazelnuts and a low-fat diet produced similar improvements in PBMC redox status in hypercholesterolemic adults. These findings suggest that improving dietary fat quality and increasing antioxidant-rich food intake may contribute to favourable changes in cellular redox homeostasis, although the specific contribution of Chilean hazelnuts requires further investigation.