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Forest evaporation exports a vast amount of water vapor from land ecosystems into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, evaporation during rain events is neglected or considered of minor importance in dense ecosystems. Air convection moves the water vapor upwards leading to the formation of large invisible vapor plumes, while the identification of visible vapor plumes has not yet been studied. This work describes the formation process of vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest as evidence of evaporation processes happening during rain events. In the dry season of 2018 at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) in Costa Rica it was possible to spot visible vapor plumes within the forest canopy. The combination of time-lapse videos at the canopy top with conventional meteorological measurements along the canopy profile allowed us to identify the driver conditions required for this process to happen. This phenomenon happened only during rain events. Visible vapor plumes during the daytime occurred when the following three conditions are accomplished: presence of precipitation (P), air convection, and a lifting condensation level value smaller than 100 m at 43 m height (zlcl.43).
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Bart Schilperoort; Adriana Del Pilar González-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2021, 25, 619 -635.
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Adriana Del Pilar González-Angarita, Hubert Savenije. Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2021; 25 (2):619-635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Bart Schilperoort; Adriana Del Pilar González-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. 2021. "Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2: 619-635.
Complex ecosystems such as forests make accurately measuring atmospheric energy and matter fluxes difficult. One of the issues that can arise is that parts of the canopy and overlying atmosphere can be turbulently decoupled from each other, meaning that the vertical exchange of energy and matter is reduced or hampered. This complicates flux measurements performed above the canopy. Wind above the canopy will induce vertical exchange. However, stable thermal stratification, when lower parts of the canopy are colder, will hamper vertical exchange. To study the effect of thermal stratification on decoupling, we analyze high-resolution (0.3 m) vertical temperature profiles measured in a Douglas fir stand in the Netherlands using distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The forest has an open understory (0–20 m) and a dense overstory (20–34 m). The understory was often colder than the atmosphere above (80 % of the time during the night, >99 % during the day). Based on the aerodynamic Richardson number the canopy was regularly decoupled from the atmosphere (50 % of the time at night). In particular, decoupling could occur when both u*
Bart Schilperoort; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; César Jiménez Rodríguez; Christiaan Van Der Tol; Bas Van De Wiel; Hubert Savenije. Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles. Biogeosciences 2020, 17, 6423 -6439.
AMA StyleBart Schilperoort, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Christiaan Van Der Tol, Bas Van De Wiel, Hubert Savenije. Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles. Biogeosciences. 2020; 17 (24):6423-6439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBart Schilperoort; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; César Jiménez Rodríguez; Christiaan Van Der Tol; Bas Van De Wiel; Hubert Savenije. 2020. "Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles." Biogeosciences 17, no. 24: 6423-6439.
Complex ecosystems such as forests make accurately measuring atmospheric energy and matter fluxes difficult. One of the issues that can arise is that parts of the canopy and overlying atmosphere can be turbulently decoupled from each other, meaning that the vertical exchange of energy and matter is reduced or hampered. This complicates flux measurements performed above the canopy. Wind above the canopy will induce vertical exchange. However, stable thermal stratification, when lower parts of the canopy are colder, will hamper vertical exchange. To study the effect of thermal stratification on decoupling, we analyze high resolution (0.3 m) vertical temperature profiles measured in a Douglas fir stand in the Netherlands using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The forest has an open understory (0–20 m) and a dense overstory (20–34 m). The understory was often colder than the atmosphere above (80 % of the time during the night, > 99 % during the day), and was regularly decoupled from the atmosphere (50 % of the time at night). The relationship between the temperature gradients and the friction velocity (u*) showed a clear threshold between coupling regimes. In particular, decoupling occurred when u*
Bart Schilperoort; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; César Jiménez Rodríguez; Christiaan Van Der Tol; Bas Van De Wiel; Hubert Savenije. Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles. 2020, 2020, 1 -25.
AMA StyleBart Schilperoort, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Christiaan Van Der Tol, Bas Van De Wiel, Hubert Savenije. Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles. . 2020; 2020 ():1-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBart Schilperoort; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; César Jiménez Rodríguez; Christiaan Van Der Tol; Bas Van De Wiel; Hubert Savenije. 2020. "Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles." 2020, no. : 1-25.
Tropical wet forests are complex ecosystems with a large number of plant species. These environments are characterized by a high water availability throughout the whole year and a complex canopy structure. However, how the different sections of the canopy contribute to total evaporation is poorly understood. The aim of this work is to estimate the total evaporation flux and differentiate the contribution among canopy layers of a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. The fluxes were monitored during the dry season by making use of the energy balance to quantify the fluxes and stable water isotopes to trace the sources of water vapor. Total evaporation was 275.5 mm and represents 55.9 % of the recorded precipitation (498.8 mm), with 11.7 % of the precipitation being intercepted and evaporated along the forest canopy. The understory beneath 8 m contributed 23.6 % of the evaporation, and almost half of it comes from the first 2 m of the understory. Stable water isotope signatures show different soil water sources depending on the plant type. Palms make use of a water source with an isotope signature similar to precipitation and throughfall. Soil water with a fractionated signature is used by trees, bushes and lianas. The isotope signature of water vapor samples overlap among different heights, but it was not possible to make use of the Keeling plot method due to the similar isotope signature of the possible sources of water vapor as well as the high water concentration even on the dryer days.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Jochen Wenninger; Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2020, 24, 2179 -2206.
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Jochen Wenninger, Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita, Hubert Savenije. Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2020; 24 (4):2179-2206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Jochen Wenninger; Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. 2020. "Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4: 2179-2206.
Drought‐related tree mortality is now a widespread phenomenon predicted to increase in magnitude with climate change. However, the patterns of which species and trees are most vulnerable to drought, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive, in part due to the lack of relevant data and difficulty of predicting the location of catastrophic drought years in advance. We used long‐term demographic records and extensive databases of functional traits and distribution patterns to understand the responses of 20–53 species to an extreme drought in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica, which occurred during the 2015 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Overall, species‐specific mortality rates during the drought ranged from 0% to 34%, and varied little as a function of tree size. By contrast, hydraulic safety margins correlated well with probability of mortality among species, while morphological or leaf economics spectrum traits did not. This firmly suggests hydraulic traits as targets for future research.
Jennifer S. Powers; German Vargas G.; Timothy J. Brodribb; Naomi B. Schwartz; Daniel Pérez‐Aviles; Chris M. Smith‐Martin; Justin M. Becknell; Filippo Aureli; Roger Blanco; Erick Calderón‐Morales; Julio C. Calvo‐Alvarado; Ana Julieta Calvo‐Obando; María Marta Chavarría; Dorian Carvajal‐Vanegas; César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Evin Murillo Chacon; Colleen M. Schaffner; Leland K. Werden; Xiangtao Xu; David Medvigy. A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species. Global Change Biology 2020, 26, 3122 -3133.
AMA StyleJennifer S. Powers, German Vargas G., Timothy J. Brodribb, Naomi B. Schwartz, Daniel Pérez‐Aviles, Chris M. Smith‐Martin, Justin M. Becknell, Filippo Aureli, Roger Blanco, Erick Calderón‐Morales, Julio C. Calvo‐Alvarado, Ana Julieta Calvo‐Obando, María Marta Chavarría, Dorian Carvajal‐Vanegas, César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Evin Murillo Chacon, Colleen M. Schaffner, Leland K. Werden, Xiangtao Xu, David Medvigy. A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species. Global Change Biology. 2020; 26 (5):3122-3133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJennifer S. Powers; German Vargas G.; Timothy J. Brodribb; Naomi B. Schwartz; Daniel Pérez‐Aviles; Chris M. Smith‐Martin; Justin M. Becknell; Filippo Aureli; Roger Blanco; Erick Calderón‐Morales; Julio C. Calvo‐Alvarado; Ana Julieta Calvo‐Obando; María Marta Chavarría; Dorian Carvajal‐Vanegas; César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Evin Murillo Chacon; Colleen M. Schaffner; Leland K. Werden; Xiangtao Xu; David Medvigy. 2020. "A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species." Global Change Biology 26, no. 5: 3122-3133.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to Referee #1. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to Referee #1. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2020. "Reply to Referee #1." , no. : 1.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to Referee #2. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to Referee #2. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2020. "Reply to Referee #2." , no. : 1.
Forest evaporation exports a vast amount of water vapor from land ecosystems into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, evaporation during rain events is neglected or considered of minor importance in dense ecosystems. Air convection moves the water vapor upwards leading the formation of large invisible vapor plumes, while the identification of visible vapor plumes has not been studied yet. This work describes the formation process of vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest as evidence of evaporation processes happening during rain events. In the dry season of 2018 at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) in Costa Rica it was possible to spot visible vapor plumes within the forest canopy. The combination of time-lapse videos at the canopy top with meteorological measurements along the canopy profile allowed to identify the conditions required for this process to happen. This phenomenon happened only during rain events, where evaporation measurements showed contributions of 1.8 mm d−1. Visible vapor plumes during day time occurred on the presence of precipitation (P), air convection identified by the temperature gradient (Δϴv / Δz) at 2 m height, and a lifting condensation level at 43 m height (Zlcl.43) smaller than 100 m.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Bart Schilperoort; Adriana González-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation. 2020, 2020, 1 -20.
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Adriana González-Angarita, Hubert Savenije. Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation. . 2020; 2020 ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Bart Schilperoort; Adriana González-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. 2020. "Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation." 2020, no. : 1-20.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #3. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #3. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2019. "Reply to comments of Referee #3." , no. : 1.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #1. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #1. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2019. "Reply to comments of Referee #1." , no. : 1.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #3. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #3. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2019. "Reply to comments of Referee #3." , no. : 1.
The implementation of afforestation programs in arid environments in northern China had modified the natural vegetation patterns. This increases the evaporation flux; however, the influence of these new covers on the soil water conditions is poorly understood. This work aims to describe the effect of Willow bushes (Salix psammophila C. Wang and Chang Y. Yang) and Willow trees (Salix matsudana Koidz.) on the soil water conditions after the summer. Two experimental plots located in the Hailiutu catchment (Shaanxi province, northwest China), and covered with plants of each species, were monitored during Autumn in 2010. The monitoring included the soil moisture, fine root distribution and transpiration fluxes that provided information about water availability, access and use by the plants. Meanwhile, the monitoring of stable water isotopes collected from precipitation, soil water, groundwater and xylem water linked the water paths. The presence of Willow trees and Willow bushes reduce the effect of soil evaporation after summer, increasing the soil moisture respect to bare soil conditions. Also, the presence of soil water with stable water isotope signatures close to groundwater reflect the hydraulic lift process. This is an indication of soil water redistribution carried out by both plant species.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Jochen Wenninger. What Do Plants Leave after Summer on the Ground?—The Effect of Afforested Plants in Arid Environments. Water 2019, 11, 2559 .
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Stefan Uhlenbrook, Jochen Wenninger. What Do Plants Leave after Summer on the Ground?—The Effect of Afforested Plants in Arid Environments. Water. 2019; 11 (12):2559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Stefan Uhlenbrook; Jochen Wenninger. 2019. "What Do Plants Leave after Summer on the Ground?—The Effect of Afforested Plants in Arid Environments." Water 11, no. 12: 2559.
Tropical wet forests are complex ecosystems with a large number of plant species. These environments are characterized by a high water availability throughout the whole year and a complex canopy structure. However, how the different sections of the canopy contribute to total evaporation is poorly understood. The aim of this work is to estimate the total evaporation flux and differentiate the contribution among canopy layers of a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Monitoring the fluxes during the dry season by making use of the energy balance to quantify the fluxes and stable water isotopes to trace the sources of water vapor. Total evaporation was 275.5 mm and represents 55.9 % of the recorded precipitation (498.8 mm), with 11.7 % of the precipitation being intercepted and evaporated along the forest canopy. The understory beneath 8 m contributed with 23.6 % of the evaporation and almost half of it comes from the first 2 m of the understory. Stable water isotope signatures show different soil water sources depending on the plant type. Palms make use of a water source with an isotope signature similar to precipitation and throughfall. Soil water with a fractionated signature is used by trees, bushes and lianas. The isotope signature of water vapor samples overlap among different heights, but it was not possible to make use of the keeling plot method due to the similar isotope signature of the possible sources of water vapor as well as the high water concentration even on the dryer days.
Cesar Dionisio Jimenez-Rodriguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Jochen Wenninger; Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest. 2019, 2019, 1 -32.
AMA StyleCesar Dionisio Jimenez-Rodriguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Jochen Wenninger, Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita, Hubert Savenije. Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest. . 2019; 2019 ():1-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCesar Dionisio Jimenez-Rodriguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Jochen Wenninger; Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita; Hubert Savenije. 2019. "Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest." 2019, no. : 1-32.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #2. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #2. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Jiménez-Rodríguez. 2019. "Reply to comments of Referee #2." , no. : 1.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to comments of Referee #1. 2019, 1 .
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Water vapor samples are key elements to describe the evaporation process thanks to the stable isotope signatures of δ2H and δ18O. However, its sampling is a difficult task that can introduce errors due to isotopic fractionation. This study investigates the consistency of different sampling techniques for atmospheric water vapor. The isotope signature of a parcel of air was determined with a cavity output spectroscopy device during a period of 3 hours (benchmark). This parcel of air was sampled simultaneously with 3 types of sampling bags made of different materials (metalized polyethylene -MPE-, polyvinyl fluoride -PVF-, low density polyethylene -LDPE-) and with 2 cryogenic baths running at two different pumping rates (3 L min-1 and 50 mL min-1). The tested water vapor sampling techniques differ in their ability to keep reliable measurements after sampling and are highly susceptible to procedural errors. MPE bags are the best option for measuring samples up to two weeks of storage after sampling. LDPE and PVF bags are only reliable if the measurement is performed on the same sampling day.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Thom Bogaard; Erika Vatiero; Hubert Savenije. Technical note: comparison of water vapor sampling techniques for stable isotope analysis. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Thom Bogaard, Erika Vatiero, Hubert Savenije. Technical note: comparison of water vapor sampling techniques for stable isotope analysis. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Thom Bogaard; Erika Vatiero; Hubert Savenije. 2019. "Technical note: comparison of water vapor sampling techniques for stable isotope analysis." , no. : 1.
The hydrology of tropical seasonal wetlands is affected by changes in the land cover. Changes from open water towards a vegetated cover imply an increase in the total evaporation flux, which includes the evaporation from open water bodies and the transpiration from vegetated surfaces. This study quantified the total evaporation flux of six covers of the Palo Verde wetland during dry season. The selected wetland covers were dominated by Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce, Thalia geniculata L., Typha dominguensis Pers., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, a mixture of these species, and open water conditions. The plants were collected from the wetland and placed in lysimeters (59.1 L) built from plastic containers. The lysimeters were located in an open area near the meteorological station of the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). The evaporated water volume and meteorological data were collected between December 2012–January 2013. A completely randomized design was applied to determine the total evaporation (E), reference evaporation ( E ref , Penman-Monteith method) and crop coefficient ( K c ) for all the covers. T. geniculata (E: 17.0 mm d − 1 , K c : 3.43) and open water (E: 8.2 mm d − 1 , K c : 1.65) showed the highest and lowest values respectively, for daily evaporation and crop coefficient. Results from the ANOVA indicate that E. crassipes and N. natans were statistically different (p = 0.05) from T. dominguensis and the species mixture, while the water and T. geniculata showed significant differences with regard to other plant covers. These results indicate that the presence of emergent macrophytes as T. geniculata and T. dominguensis will increase the evaporation flux during dry season more than the floating macrophytes or open water surfaces.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Catalina Esquivel-Vargas; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Mahmood Sasa-Marín. Quantification of the Evaporation Rates from Six Types of Wetland Cover in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Water 2019, 11, 674 .
AMA StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Catalina Esquivel-Vargas, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Mahmood Sasa-Marín. Quantification of the Evaporation Rates from Six Types of Wetland Cover in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Water. 2019; 11 (4):674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez; Catalina Esquivel-Vargas; Miriam Coenders-Gerrits; Mahmood Sasa-Marín. 2019. "Quantification of the Evaporation Rates from Six Types of Wetland Cover in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica." Water 11, no. 4: 674.
César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to Short Comments from B. Gralher. 2019, 1 .
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César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to anonymous review #2. 2019, 1 .
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César Jiménez-Rodríguez. Reply to anonymous review #1. 2019, 1 .
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