A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Nafion/AuNPs/Cyt c/Nafion, where ERGO-Nafion was deposited by dropping graphene oxides-Nafion mixed droplet first and following electrochemical reduction, AuNPs were directly deposited on the surface of the ERGO-Nafion modified electrode by electrochemical reduction, and other components were deposited by the dropping-dry method. The effect of the deposition amount of AuNPs on direct electrochemistry of Cyt c in the proposed electrode was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide was taken to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. The results showed that the biosensor has great analytical performance, including a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and good stability, reproducibility, and reliability.

Phenolic antioxidants such as tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) can prolong the shelf life of edible oils by delaying the oxidation process. The excessive use of TBHQ can damage food quality and public health, so it is necessary to develop an efficient TBHQ detection technique. In this work, nickel-aluminum double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) was grown on glucose carbon spheres (GC), which formed porous carbon nanomaterials (named NiAl-LDH@GC-800) after pyrolysis at 800 °C. The successful synthesis of the material was verified by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained NiAl-LDH@GC-800 was dopped onto a glass carbon electrode to prepare an electrochemical sensor for TBHQ. The synergistic effect of porous carbon and Ni metal reduced from NiAl-LDH by high-temperature calcination accelerated the electron transfer rate and improved the sensitivity of the sensor. The prepared sensor showed a low limit of detection (LOD) of 8.2 nM, a high sensitivity (4.2 A·M⁻¹), and a good linear range (20~300 µM) in detecting TBHQ. The sensor was also successfully used for TBHQ detection in edible oils, including chili oil, peanut oil, and rapeseed oil.

A simple copper-catalyzed redox coupling of sodium sulfinates and nitroarenes is described. In this process, abundant and stable nitroarenes serve as both the nitrogen sources and oxidants, and sodium sulfinates act as both reactants and reductants. A variety of aromatic sulfonamides were obtained in moderate to good yields with broad substrate scope. No external additive is employed for this kind of transformation.

An esterification and amination of benzylic C–H bonds was developed by using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) under metal- and iodide-free conditions. Both carboxylic acids and amines could be used as ideal coupling partners for the oxidative coupling reactions with various diarylmethanes. A close to equal amount of coupling reagents was enough to afford the product in good to high yields.