En tr Background: To evaluate the sacrococcygeal anatomy and morphometry with lower abdomen magnetic resonance (MR) images in asymptomatic adult subjects Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the images of 216 adult patients who underwent MR imaging of the lower abdomen for reasons other than coccydynia in the radiology clinic. In this evaluation, coccyx (Co) thickness (from Co1 middle section), sacrococcygeal angle, fusion between vertebrates, number of coccygeal vertebrae, sacrococcygeal joint angle, intercocsigeal joint angle, coccyx type, presence of subluxation, coccyx flat length, coccyx curvature length, sacrum flat length, sacrum curvature length, sacrococcygeal flat length, sacrococcygeal curvature length, sacral angle, coccyx curvature index, sacrum curvature index, sacrococcygeal curvature index were measured. Results: The mean number of coccyx vertebrae was 3.5 ± 0.75 in females and 3.8 ± 0.78 in males. The mean coccyx thickness was 7.3 ±1.4 mm in females and 8.4±1.8 in males. Subluxation was determined in 59 (27.3%) cases, and not in 157(72.7%) cases. The mean length of the coccyx was 35.4±6.6 mm in females and 38.9±8.7 mm in males. The mean length of the coccyx curvature was 37.5±7.2 mm in females and 41.7±9.1 mm in males. The most common coccyx type in both males and females was type II coccyx in 98 (45.4%) patients. The sacrococcygeal angle was 109±15 degrees in females and 113±13 in males. Conclusion: Knowledge of the vertebrae anatomy of asymptomatic patients may prevent unnecessary surgery in coccydynia. Wide ranges of similar studies are needed to be done with patients with coccydynia. Keywords: coccyx anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging, sacrococcygeal angle, coccygeal angle Amaç: Sakrokoksigeal anatomi ve morfometrinin asemptomatik erişkin bireylerde alt abdomen manyetik rezonans (MR) görüntüleriyle değerlendirilmesi Materyal ve Metot: Radyoloji kliniğinde koksidini dışındaki nedenlerle alt abdomen MR incelemesi yapılmış erişkin 216 hastanın görüntüleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Bu değerlendirmede koksiks (Co) kalınlığı (Co1 orta kesimden), sakrokoksigeal açı, vertebralar arasında füzyon varlığı, koksiksteki vertebra sayısı, sakrokoksigeal eklem açısı, interkoksigeal eklem açısı, koksiks tipi, subluksasyon varlığı, koksiks düz uzunluğu, koksiks eğrisel uzunluğu, sakrum düz uzunluğu, sakrum eğrisel uzunluğu, sakrokoksigeal düz uzunluk, sakrokoksigeal eğrisel uzunluk, sakral açı, koksiks kurvatur indeks, sakrum kurvatur indeks, sakrokoksigeal kurvatur indeks ölçüldü. Bulgular: Koksiksteki ortalama vertebra sayısı kadınlarda 3,5±0,75, erkeklerde 3,8±0,78 idi. Ortalama koksiks kalınlığı kadınlarda 7,3±1,4 mm erkeklerde 8,4±1,8 mm idi. Vakaların 59 unda (%27,3) subluksasyon izlenirken, 157 (%72,7) sinde subluksasyon saptanmadı. Koksiksin ortalama düz uzunluğu kadınlarda 35,4±6,6 mm, erkeklerde 38,9±8,7 mm olarak ölçüldü. Koksiks eğrisel uzunluğu ise kadınlarda37,5±7,2 mm, erkeklerde 41,7±91 mm idi. Kadın ve erkeklerde en yaygın koksiks tipi 98 (%45,4) kişi ile tip 2 koksiksti. Sakrokoksigeal açı kadınlarda 109±15 derece iken erkeklerde 113±13 derece olarak ölçüldü. Sonuç: Asemptomatik bireylerdeki koksiks vertebra anatomisinin bilinmesi koksidinideki gereksiz cerrahi girişimleri önleyebilir. Ayrıca koksidinili hastaları da içeren daha geniş kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Anahtar Kelimeler: Koksiks anatomisi, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, sakrokoksigeal açı, koksigeal açı

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between disc displacement and the presence of reduction by comparing condyle anteroposterior (AP) diameter, condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and mandibular fossa depth. Methods: A total of 588 joints of 294 patients were included in the study for evaluation. Disc displacement and the presence of reduction, condyle AP diameter, condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and mandibular fossa depth were evaluated. Results: Of the 588 temporomandibular joint examined in the study, there was disc displacement in 141 (24%) and no disc displacement in 447 (76%). Of the joints with disc displacement, reduction was observed in 53 (9%) and not in 88 (15%). A statistically significant correlation was determined between condyle AP diameter and disc displacement (P = 0.00); in the cases with disc displacement, the condyle AP diameter was measured smaller. A statistically significant correlation was determined with condyle height, mandibular fossa AP diameter, and fossa depth. In the patients with disc displacement, the condyle height value was lower and the measured values of the mandibular fossa AP diameter and mandibular fossa depth were higher (P = 0.00). A statistically significant relationship was determined between the presence of reduction and age, condyle AP diameter, condyle height, and articular eminence depth. Conclusions: In conclusion, a deep and wide mandibular fossa, and a short and small condyle lay the ground for disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint.

En tr Background: We think that differences in patella types may play a role in the etiology of meniscus rupture by changing the load on the meniscus and causing changes in gait mechanics. In this study, we investigated the distribution of patella types and their relationship with meniscus rupture. Materials and Methods: In this study, the knee magnetic resonance (MR) examinations of 510 patients admitted to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic between January 2017 and July 2018 were re-evaluated retrospectively in the PACS system for the differentiation of patella types and the distribution of meniscus rupture. Clinical history, examination findings, age and sex of the patients were obtained from the hospital's registry. Patients under 18 years of age, patients with a history of major trauma and surgery were excluded. Knee MRI was performed using a 3-Tesla magnet power MRI (MagnetomSkyra, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a Standard knee coil. Patella type classification was based on axial PD images and Baumgartl et al. According to this; Type I: Concave and equal length medial and lateral facets. Type II: Th emedial facet is flator concave, with the later alfacet more prominent than the medialfacet. Type III: Smaller medialfacet is presentand convex. Type IV: There is no medial facetorcenteredge, called jockey hat. The numerical data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSSInc., Chicago IL, USA) statistical package program for ge, sex patella type and meniscus rupture. Results: A total of 510 patients (238 (46.7%) female and 272 (53.3%) male) were evaluated for patella type and meniscus rupture. The meanage of thepatientswas 38.83 ± 0.5 (minimum 18, maximum 76). Type I patella was found to be 132 (25.9%) Type II 354 (69.4%) Type III 24 (4.7%) in all patients. In 376 patients, 73.7% had no meniscus rupture and 134 (26.3%) had meniscus rupture. 68 (50.7%) of the meniscus tear were female and 66 (49.3%) were male. Conclusion: We thought that in different patella types, the tendency of meniscus rupture would increase as a result of disproportionateor asymmetric pressure on the meniscus as a result of symmetrical and asymmetrical loading. However, we could not find a statisticallysignificant relationship between meniscal rupture and patella types. Amaç: Patella tiplerindeki farklılıkların, menisküs üzerindeki yükü değiştirerek ve yürüme mekaniğinde değişikliğe neden olarak menisküs rüptürünün etiyolojisinde rol oynayabileceğini düşünüyoruz. Bu çalışmada patella tiplerinin dağılımı ve menisküs rüptürü ile ilişkisi araştırıldı. Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışmada, Ocak 2017- Temmuz 2018 tarihleri arasında Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon polikliniğine başvuran 510 hastanın diz manyetik rezonans (MR) incelemeleri patella tiplerinin ayırımı ve menisküs rüptürünün dağılımı açısından PACS sisteminde retrospektif olarak tekrar değerlendirildi. Hastaların klinik öyküleri, muayene bulguları, yaşları ve cinsiyetleri hastanenin kayıt sisteminden alındı. On sekiz yaş altındaki hastalar, majör travma öyküsü olan ve ameliyat edilen hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Diz MR incelemesi 3-Tesla magnet gücüne sahip MR cihazı (MagnetomSkyra, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Almanya) ile standart diz koili kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Patella tipi sınıflamasında aksiyel PD görüntüleri kullanılarak, Baumgartl ve arkadaşlarının yaptıkları sınıflama esas alındı. Buna göre; Tip I: İçbükey ve eşit uzunluktaki medial ve lateral fasetler. Tip II: Medial faset düz veya içbükeydir, lateral faset medial fasetten daha belirgindir. Tip III: Daha küçük medial faset mevcut ve dışbükeydir. Tip IV: Medial faset veya merkez kenarı yoktur, jokey şapkası olarak adlandırılır. Elde edilen sayısal veriler, yaş, cinsiyet patella tipi ve menisküs yırtılması açısından SPSS 20.0 (SPSSInc., Chicago IL, USA) versiyonu istatistik paket programı kullanılarak işlendi. Bulgular : Çalışmaya alınan 238 (%46,7) kadın, 272 (%53,3) erkek toplam 510 hasta, patella tipi ve menisküs rüptürü açısından değerlendirildi. Hastaların ortalama yaşları 38.83 ± 0.5 idi (en az 18, en çok 76). Tüm hastalarda Tip I patella 132 (%25,9) Tip II 354 (%69,4) Tip III 24 (%4,7) olarak bulundu. 376 hastada, %73,7 oranında menisküs yırtılması tespit edilmedi ve 134 (%26,3) hastada menisküs yırtılması vardı. Menisküs yırtığı olan hastaların 68'i (%50,7) kadın, 66'sı (%49,3) erkekti. Sonuç: Farklı patella tiplerinde simetrik ve simetrik olmayan yükleme sonucu menisküs üzerindeki orantısız veya simetrik olmayan basınç sonucu menisküs rüptürü eğiliminin artacağını düşündük. Ancak çalışmamızda meniskal rüptür ile patella tipleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulamadık.

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the levels of lumbar 1 - lumbar 4 total, femoral neck bone mineral density, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D values which are routinely used to evaluate bone health by age. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 713 patients over the age of 40 who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Patients with secondary osteoporosis were excluded. A total of 106 patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into four groups according to their ages: Group 1; 11 patients, 40-49 years, Group 2; 42 patients, 50-59 years, Group 3; 34 patients, 60-69 years and Group 4; 10 patients, 70-79 years. Lumbar 1–lumbar 4 total and femoral neck bone mineral density, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D values were extracted from the patient files and recorded. We examined the relationships between the groups. Results: Calcium, lumbar 1 - lumbar 4 total and femoral neck bone mineral density were statistically significant between the groups; the highest calcium value was observed among group 4 patients, and the comparison between the groups was statistically significant. There was no difference, in vitamin D, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels between the groups. Vitamin D levels were low in all groups. Discussion: Vitamin D levels were low in all groups. Older adults also observed low bone mineral density (BMD) and high calcium levels. Conclusion: Lower bone mineral density in patients with advanced age was as expected. In addition, a high calcium value was observed in this group; this result may be thought to be due to the immobilization of elderly patients.

Background: Fibromyalgia is recognized as a chronic pain syndrome. Widespread pain is a common symptom in fibromyalgia, indicating a potential dysfunction in the processing of painful sensations in the central nervous system. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate changes in the severity of clinical symptoms in fibromyalgia patients and to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficients and metabolites in the brain of these patients. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 28 female outpatients with complaints of widespread pain, who were diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor examinations were applied to evaluate patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia before treatment. Results: The mean age of the patients included in this study was 39.1 ± 8.6 years (range, 24 - 55 years). A statistically significant strong positive correlation was found between the scores of the visual analog scale and the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire. Besides, significant associations were found between the scores of the visual analog scale and fibromyalgia impact questionnaire and the results of fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, and peak values of some metabolites in spectroscopy. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that metabolites play an inhibitory or excitatory role in the central pain mechanisms of fibromyalgia as a chronic pain syndrome.