Background: This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes.Methods: Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO₂max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min⁻¹. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO₂max, 75% VO₂max and 100% VO₂max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO₂max, 75% VO₂max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO₂max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.Results: There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO₂max and 100% VO₂max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO₂max and 75% VO₂max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO₂max; 50% VO₂max, and 100% VO₂max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons).Conclusions: Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Aim: Biathlon is a sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. The athlete is fast in the cross-country skiing section, in the gun shooting section, the heart rate should be low. This study aims to determine the hitting rate of the shots made with different training loads on low altitude in elite biathletes in terms of maximum speed and physiological variables. Methods: To evaluate shooting performances first with the resting pulse and then after 2.5 km skiing respectively with 50%, 70% and 100% pulse rate which is separately calculated for each athlete according to karvonen formula. Results: Our findings show that while there was negative relation between maximum speed and body fat there was a positive relation with lean body mass. It has been determined that low body fat percentage and high lean body mass are effective at the athletes' maximum speed and the pulse level with the highest target shooting accuracy rate was at rest and 70% in the second level. Conclusion: Since the pulse of the athlete who comes to the shooting area cannot be reduced to a resting level in a short time, focusing the 70% pulse zone may be beneficial in terms of shooting accuracy and acceleration after the shot. The lowest results in target shooting accuracy were seen at 50% and 100% loads.

The aim of this study is to compare the technical analysis of the successful and unsuccessful countries in the FIFA Women's World Cup held in France in 2019. The study group of the research consisted of the countries that finished their groups in the first 2 places and the countries that finished their groups in the last 2 places in the FIFA World Cup held in France in 2019. As match technical analysis criteria, Instat Index, Goal, Position, Successful Goal Position, Goal from Penalty, Counter attack, Corner, Shot, Accurate Shot, Pass, Accurate Key pass and midfield were considered. SPSS v25 package program was used to analyze the data obtained from the research. The data obtained are shown as mean and standard deviation. Independent T test was used for pairwise comparisons of the obtained data. Pearson correlation test was used in the relational evaluations of performance parameters. In all evaluations, the significance level was taken as p

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, kar sporlarındaki farklı branşların (alp disiplini, snowboard, kayaklı koşu, biathlon ve kayakla atlama) dikey sıçrama performansı ile anaerobik güç parametrelerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya toplam 40 sporcu katılmıştır ve sporcuların boy ölçümleri Charder boy ölçüm cihazı ve Tanita TBF 300 cihazı ile ölçüldü. Dikey sıçrama testi ise Optojump marka cihaz ile CMJ testi ile anaerobik güç testi ise 894 E marka cihaz ile yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi SPSS for Windows 22.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Ölçülen parametrelerin normallik dağılımı Skewness, Kurtosis ve Shapiro-Wilks testleriyle sınandıktan sonra verilerin normal dağılım göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Veriler normal dağılım göstermediğinden, spor branşları arasındaki farklılıkların tespit edilmesinde Kruskal Wallis testi, post-hoc için ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (Anova) kullanılmıştır. Farklılığın kaynağının tespitinde post-hoc testlerden Tamhane testi uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada anlamlılık düzeyi p0,05). Sıçradığı yükseklik ve ürettiği güç değerlerinde kayakla atlama sporcuları ile biathlon ve kayaklı koşu sporcuları arasında kayakla atlama sporcuları lehine, yorgunluk indeksi değerinde ise biathlon ve kayaklı koşu sporcuları ile kayaklı atlama sporcuları arasında biathlon ve kayaklı koşu sporcularının lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu görülmektedir (p<0,05). Sonuç: Araştırma sonunda elde edilen verilere göre gruplar arasındaki farklılığın sporcuların yaptıkları branş gereği uyguladıkları antrenman metotlarından kaynaklandığı ve bu uygulanan metodun iyi olan motorik özelliğini daha iyi seviyeye getirdiği için kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

The purpose of this study was to compare effects of 12-weeks tradinational resistance training (TRT) on total work (TW), relative peak work (RPW) and peak power (PP) in elite national curlers. Twenty-four participants were included in the study. Subjects were separated into two gorup, resistance training group (RES) and control group (CON). While RES performed 12-week TRT in addiction to curling training, CON just performed curling training. All twenty-four national elite curling athletes performed a body composition test and isokinetic strength test at 240-1/ms angular speed pre and post TRT. TW and PP values were directly obtained from isokinetic dynamometer and RPW was calculated by dividing the peak work values by the body weight of the person. The differences between RES/CON and pre-post in TW, RPW and PP variables were determined using an analysis of variance with Independent T Test. The data obtained from the research were shown as mean and standard deviation. Higher TW, RPW, and PP outputs were generated in the RES in comparison with the CON exercise (p 0.05).