Background: Sex bias in immune function has been contributed in part to a preponderance of immune system-related genes (ISRG) on the X-chromosome. We verified whether ISRG are more abundant on the X chromosome as compared to autosomal chromosomes and reflected on the impact of our findings.Methods: Consulting freely accessible databases, we performed a comparative study consisting of three complementary strategies. First, among coding X/Y-linked genes, the abundance of ISRG was compared to the abundance of genes dedicated to other systems. Genes were assigned considering three criteria: disease, tissue expression, and function (DEF approach). In addition, we carried out two genome-wide approaches to compare the contribution of sex and autosomal chromosomes to immune genes defined by an elevated expression in lymphatic tissues (LTEEG approach) or annotation to an immune system process, GO:0002376 (GO approach).Results: The X chromosome had less immune genes than the median of the autosomal chromosomes. Among X-linked genes, ISRG ranked fourth after the reproductive and nervous systems and genes dedicated to development, proliferation and apoptosis. On the Y chromosome, ISRG ranked second, and at the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) first. According to studies on the expression of X-linked genes in a variety of (mostly non-lymphatic) tissues, almost two-thirds of ISRG are expressed without sex bias, and the remaining ISRG presented female and male bias with similar frequency. Various epigenetic controllers, X-linkedMSL3and Y-linkedKDM5DandUTY,were preferentially expressed in leukocytes and deserve further attention for a possible role in sex biased expression or its neutralisation.Conclusions: The X chromosome is not enriched for ISRG, though particular X-linked genes may be responsible for sex differences in certain immune responses. So far, there is insufficient information on sex-biased expression of X/Y-linked ISRG in leukocytes to draw general conclusions on the impact of X/Y-linked ISRG in immune function. More research on the regulation of the expression X-linked genes is required with attention to 1) femaleandmale mechanisms that may either augment or diminish sex biased expression and 2) tissue-specific expression studies.

Cuphea aequipetala (C. aequipetala) has been used in Mexican traditional medicine since prehispanic times to treat tumors. In this paper, we evaluated the antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. aequipetala on several cancer cell lines including the B16F10 cell line of murine melanoma and carried a murine model assay. In vitro assay analyzed the effect in the cellular cycle and several indicators of apoptosis, such as the caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure (Annexin-V), and induction of cell membrane permeabilization (propidium iodide) in the B16F10 cells. In vivo, groups of C57BL/6 female mice were subcutaneously injected with 5x10⁵ B16F10 cells and treated with 25 mg/mL of C. aequipetala extracts via oral. Aqueous and methanolic extracts showed a cytotoxic effect in MCF-7, HepG2, and B16F10 cell lines. The methanolic extract showed more antiproliferative effect with less concentration, and for this reason, the in vitro experiments were only continued with it. This extract was able to induce accumulation of cells on G1 phase of the cell cycle; moreover, it was able to induce DNA fragmentation and increase the activity of caspase-3 in B16F10 cells. On the other hand, in the murine model of melanoma, the aqueous extract showed a greater reduction of tumor size in comparison with the methanolic extract, showing an 80% reduction versus one of around 31%, both compared with the untreated control, indicating a better antitumor effect of C. aequipetala aqueous extract via oral administration. In conclusion, the in vitro data showed that both C. aequipetala extracts were able to induce cytotoxicity through the apoptosis pathway in B16F10 cells, and in vivo, the oral administration of aqueous extract reduces the melanoma tumoral mass, suggesting an important antitumoral effect and the perspective to search for effector molecules involved in it.

Background: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for humeral diaphyseal fractures could result in better outcomes than open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, the relationship between operative time, postoperative pain, and functional outcomes with respect to the use of standard dynamic compression plates (DCP) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between surgical duration, postoperative pain, and functional outcomes. Methods: A cohort case series of 28 patients with humeral shaft fractures was grouped into 12A1–12C3. MIPO and ORIF were performed in 13 and 15 patients, respectively. The study assessed demographic, surgical, complications, surgery duration (min), and pain levels 24 h postoperatively. Outcomes were measured using the UCLA shoulder rating score and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Bone union was assessed using the Radiographic Union Score for Humeral Fractures and bone bridges. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for the covariates. Spearman’s test assessed correlations. Results: Twenty-eight patients and 13 matches ( n = 26) were analyzed after PSM. 24 h pain levels were compared between groups (MIPO 4 vs. ORIF 6, P = 0.04). The MIPO group exhibited an inverse correlation between pain and UCLA scores at 3 months (Rho = − 0.48; P = 0.02). UCLA scores revealed differences at 3, 6, and 24 months (MIPO 29, 35, 35 vs. 25, 33, 34 for ORIF) ( P = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). Intragroup UCLA assessments in both groups were ( P < 0.001). MEPS demonstrated no differences within or between groups. Conclusions: UCLA assessment at 3 months in both groups manifests a weak inverse correlation with postoperative pain. MIPO could be associated with reduced operative time, blood loss, and pain. It may lead to expedited functionality recovery, less radial nerve lesions, and pseudarthrosis when using DCP, which may be beneficial in resource-limited hospitals with a high patient’s demand.

The Salter-Harris (S-H) classification establishes five types of physeal fractures and is the most widely used to describe them. However, the Peterson classification includes fracture patterns not covered by the S-H classification, such as fractures crossing the metaphysis and extending to the physis and open injuries with loss of physis. Nonetheless, it is necessary to validate and compare its reliability with that of the S-H to enhance diagnostic possibilities and clinical interpretation. This study aimed to compare the consistency of intra and interobserver agreement of the S-H and Peterson classifications. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of 100 radiographs in the anteroposterior and lateral views. Five pediatric orthopedic surgeons and five third- and fourth-year orthopedic residents were asked to classify both fracture types on two occasions, with an eight-week interval between the two occasions. The intraobserver agreement for S-H in the expert and resident groups was κ = 0.66 and 0.61, respectively; for Peterson, it was κ = 0.67 and 0.61, respectively. The mean total agreement percentages for S-H and Peterson were 84.5% vs. 83.9%, respectively (t = 0.254; P = 0.8; Cohen's d = 0.20). The overall interobserver agreement for S-H in the first and second observations was κ = 0.57 and 0.63, respectively, and for Peterson, κ = 0.58 and 0.62, respectively. The S-H and Peterson classifications may have comparable reliability and moderate-to-substantial interobserver agreement, with no significant differences in overall agreement percentages.

Rationale: Evaluation of clinical and radiologic abnormalities in patients with postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity (PHLE) for treatment decisions represents a major challenge, which is more complicated when PHLE is associated with congenital dislocation of the patella. Patient concerns: : Herein, we present the case of an 8-year-old female patient with evident length inequality in her left lower extremity and inability to walk. Diagnoses: Radiological evaluation revealed PHLE with fibular hemimelia, proximal femoral focal deficiency, tarsal coalition, and congenital patellar dislocation of the patella. The right lower extremity was also affected by fibular hemimelia. Interventions and outcomes: Surgical management included the Roux-Goldthwait technique for patellofemoral joint realignment, a medial knee stapled with Blount technique, and femur enlargement using the Wagner technique. The results from surgical intervention included a left femoral elongation of 6.7 cm featuring callus with angulation, displacement, and a discrepancy of 5 cm between femurs with a flexor contraction in the knee of −15° and a centralized knee. Lesson: PHLE accompanied by congenital dislocation of the patella has not been extensively described in the literature; therefore, there is no established management. Starting reconstruction at an early age, together with an adequate classification of the deformity, are essential factors when opting for limb reconstruction.