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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are increasingly becoming a popular tool in the observation and study of marine mammals. However, the potential capabilities of these vehicles regarding autonomous operations are not being fully exploited for passive underwater acoustic monitoring in marine mammal research. This article presents results from the development of a UAV system equipped with an underwater acoustic recorder aimed at assisting with the monitoring of harbour porpoises in Special Areas of Conservation in the United Kingdom. The UAV is capable of autonomous navigation, persistent landing, take-off and automatic data acquisition at specified waypoints. The system architecture that enables autonomous UAV flight including waypoint planning and control is described. A bespoke lightweight underwater acoustic recorder (named the PorpDAQ) capable of transmitting the results of fast Fourier transforms (FFT) applied to incoming signals from a hydrophone was also designed. The system’s operation is successfully validated with a combination of outdoor experiments and indoor simulations demonstrating different UAVs capable of autonomously navigating and landing at specific waypoints while recording data in an indoor tank. Results from the recorder suggest that lightweight, relatively low-cost systems can be used in place of heavier more expensive alternatives.
Daniel Babatunde; Simon Pomeroy; Paul Lepper; Ben Clark; Rebecca Walker. Autonomous Deployment of Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Devices Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: The Flying Hydrophone. Sensors 2020, 20, 6064 .
AMA StyleDaniel Babatunde, Simon Pomeroy, Paul Lepper, Ben Clark, Rebecca Walker. Autonomous Deployment of Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Devices Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: The Flying Hydrophone. Sensors. 2020; 20 (21):6064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Babatunde; Simon Pomeroy; Paul Lepper; Ben Clark; Rebecca Walker. 2020. "Autonomous Deployment of Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Devices Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: The Flying Hydrophone." Sensors 20, no. 21: 6064.
Flooding is one of the most frequent and costly natural disasters affecting mankind. However, implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor river behavior may help mitigate or prevent future disasters. This article outlines the hardware development of an IoT system (RiverCore) and defines an application scenario in a specific hydrological region of the state of Colima (Mexico), highlighting the characteristics of data acquisition and data processing used. Both fixed position and moving drifter node systems are described along with web-based data acquisition platform developments integrated with IoT techniques to retrieve data through 3G cellular networks. The developed architecture uses the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, along with encryption and security mechanisms, to send real-time data packages from fixed nodes to a server that stores retrieved data in a non-relational database. From this, data can be accessed and displayed through different customizable queries and graphical representations, allowing future use in flood analysis and prediction systems. All of these features are presented along with graphical evidence of the deployment of the different devices and of several cellular communication and on-site data acquisition tests.
Carlos Moreno; Raúl Aquino; José Ibarreche; Ismael Pérez; Esli Castellanos; Elisa Álvarez; Raúl Rentería; Luis Anguiano; Arthur Edwards; Paul Lepper; Robert M. Edwards; Ben Clark. RiverCore: IoT Device for River Water Level Monitoring over Cellular Communications. Sensors 2019, 19, 127 .
AMA StyleCarlos Moreno, Raúl Aquino, José Ibarreche, Ismael Pérez, Esli Castellanos, Elisa Álvarez, Raúl Rentería, Luis Anguiano, Arthur Edwards, Paul Lepper, Robert M. Edwards, Ben Clark. RiverCore: IoT Device for River Water Level Monitoring over Cellular Communications. Sensors. 2019; 19 (1):127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Moreno; Raúl Aquino; José Ibarreche; Ismael Pérez; Esli Castellanos; Elisa Álvarez; Raúl Rentería; Luis Anguiano; Arthur Edwards; Paul Lepper; Robert M. Edwards; Ben Clark. 2019. "RiverCore: IoT Device for River Water Level Monitoring over Cellular Communications." Sensors 19, no. 1: 127.
Tidal stream energy converters (turbines) are currently being installed in tidally energetic coastal sites. However, there is currently a high level of uncertainty surrounding the potential environmental impacts on marine mammals. This is a key consenting risk to commercial introduction of tidal energy technology. Concerns derive primarily from the potential for injury to marine mammals through collisions with moving components of turbines. To understand the nature of this risk, information on how animals respond to tidal turbines is urgently required. We measured the behaviour of harbour seals in response to acoustic playbacks of simulated tidal turbine sound within a narrow coastal channel subject to strong, tidally induced currents. This was carried out using data from animal-borne GPS tags and shore-based observations, which were analysed to quantify behavioural responses to the turbine sound. Results showed that the playback state (silent control or turbine signal) was not a significant predictor of the overall number of seals sighted within the channel. However, there was a localised impact of the turbine signal; tagged harbour seals exhibited significant spatial avoidance of the sound which resulted in a reduction in the usage by seals of between 11% and 41% at the playback location. The significant decline in usage extended to 500 m from the playback location at which usage decreased by between 1% and 9% during playback. Synthesis and applications. This study provides important information for policy makers looking to assess the potential impacts of tidal turbines and advise on development of the tidal energy industry. Results showing that seals avoid tidal turbine sound suggest that a proportion of seals encountering tidal turbines will exhibit behavioural responses resulting in avoidance of physical injury; in practice, the empirical changes in usage can be used directly as avoidance rates when using collision risk models to predict the effects of tidal turbines on seals. There is now a clear need to measure how marine mammals behave in response to actual operating tidal turbines in the long term to learn whether marine mammals and tidal turbines can coexist safely at the scales currently envisaged for the industry.
Gordon D. Hastie; Debbie Jf Russell; Paul Lepper; Jim Elliott; Ben Wilson; Steven Benjamins; David Thompson. Harbour seals avoid tidal turbine noise: Implications for collision risk. Journal of Applied Ecology 2017, 55, 684 -693.
AMA StyleGordon D. Hastie, Debbie Jf Russell, Paul Lepper, Jim Elliott, Ben Wilson, Steven Benjamins, David Thompson. Harbour seals avoid tidal turbine noise: Implications for collision risk. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2017; 55 (2):684-693.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGordon D. Hastie; Debbie Jf Russell; Paul Lepper; Jim Elliott; Ben Wilson; Steven Benjamins; David Thompson. 2017. "Harbour seals avoid tidal turbine noise: Implications for collision risk." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 2: 684-693.
Traditional operations such as oil and gas exploration and production have long undergone sound field and environmental impact assessments of underwater acousticnoise. More recently emerging industries such as renewables (wind, wave, and tidal energy production) have also required scrutiny in terms of underwaternoisesound fields. To make these assessments, sound fields are typically measured using hydrophones deployed from boats, drifting systems or moored acoustic data loggers. These measurements are often complex and expensive requiring complicated equipment deployments, boat operations and personnel in often-dangerous or hazardous environments. Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAV) or drone based technologies offer the opportunity for rapid deployment of smart hydrophone systems arrays over a large spatial area with significantly lower operator and boat interaction improving deployment flexibility, cost and minimising safety concerns for boat based deployments. Results presented are from tests of a prototype multi-rotor system in an open water site, capable of flying to site, landing on the water, deploying a wideband hydrophone for underwaternoise assessment and then returning to base. These developments and trials have demonstrated the overall feasibility of wide-scale rapid hydrophone deployment using UAV based sensors and its potential application to underwater sound field assessment across a variety of industries.
Paul A. Lepper; Steven Lloyd; Simon Pomeroy. Underwater noise assessment for energy extraction and production systems using unmanned arial vehicles (UAVs). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2017, 141, 3847 -3847.
AMA StylePaul A. Lepper, Steven Lloyd, Simon Pomeroy. Underwater noise assessment for energy extraction and production systems using unmanned arial vehicles (UAVs). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2017; 141 (5):3847-3847.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul A. Lepper; Steven Lloyd; Simon Pomeroy. 2017. "Underwater noise assessment for energy extraction and production systems using unmanned arial vehicles (UAVs)." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5: 3847-3847.
There has be significant growth in recent year in the requirement for high quality long-term underwater acoustic data acquisition. One of the primary drivers has been the assessment of long-term trends in noise in our oceans and potential impacts from anthropogenic noise on marine wildlife. These recorders usually fulfill a number of key roles in this sector. These include providing acoustic data on long-term trends in ambient or background noise, data on trends in system or device noise of interest and data on vocalizing marine species and potential associated behaviors. Many marine sectors now routinely use these data types to assess any impact from their operations and commonly they form part of ocean operators consenting processes. However no single technology is widely available to perform all of these functions efficiently within a single deployment package.
Paul Lepper; L. Simon; L. Dufrechou. Autonomous recording system for simultaneous long-term ambient noise and marine mammal monitoring. OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey 2016, 1 -5.
AMA StylePaul Lepper, L. Simon, L. Dufrechou. Autonomous recording system for simultaneous long-term ambient noise and marine mammal monitoring. OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey. 2016; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Lepper; L. Simon; L. Dufrechou. 2016. "Autonomous recording system for simultaneous long-term ambient noise and marine mammal monitoring." OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey , no. : 1-5.
Marine surveys carried out by Passive Acoustic Monitors conventionally use towed hydrophone arrays, which requires dedicated surface observation boats. This is a costly and slow process, which could be made cheaper and quicker by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAVs. Presented in this paper are the initial findings from using UAVs to capture underwater acoustic signals from an acoustic test tank.
Steven Lloyd; Paul Lepper; Simon Pomeroy. Evaluation of UAVs as an underwater acoustics sensor deployment platform. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2016, 38, 2808 -2817.
AMA StyleSteven Lloyd, Paul Lepper, Simon Pomeroy. Evaluation of UAVs as an underwater acoustics sensor deployment platform. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2016; 38 (8-10):2808-2817.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteven Lloyd; Paul Lepper; Simon Pomeroy. 2016. "Evaluation of UAVs as an underwater acoustics sensor deployment platform." International Journal of Remote Sensing 38, no. 8-10: 2808-2817.
This paper describes underwater sound pressure measurements obtained in close proximity (∼50 m) to two individual wind turbines, over a 21-day period, capturing the full range of turbine operating conditions. The sound radiated into the water was characterised by a number of tonal components, which are thought to primarily originate from the gearbox for the bandwidth measured. The main signal associated with the turbine operation had a mean-square sound pressure spectral density level which peaked at 126 dB re 1 μPa2 Hz−1 at 162 Hz. Other tonal components were also present, notably at frequencies between about 20 and 330 Hz, albeit at lower amplitudes. The measured sound characteristics, both in terms of frequency and amplitude, were shown to vary with wind speed. The sound pressure level increased with wind speed up to an average value of 128 dB re 1 μPa at a wind speed of about 10 ms−1, and then showed a general decrease. Overall, differences in the mean-square sound pressure spectral density level of over 20 dB were observed across the operational envelope of the turbine.
Tanja Pangerc; Peter D. Theobald; Lian S. Wang; Stephen P. Robinson; Paul A. Lepper. Measurement and characterisation of radiated underwater sound from a 3.6 MW monopile wind turbine. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2016, 140, 2913 -2922.
AMA StyleTanja Pangerc, Peter D. Theobald, Lian S. Wang, Stephen P. Robinson, Paul A. Lepper. Measurement and characterisation of radiated underwater sound from a 3.6 MW monopile wind turbine. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2016; 140 (4):2913-2922.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanja Pangerc; Peter D. Theobald; Lian S. Wang; Stephen P. Robinson; Paul A. Lepper. 2016. "Measurement and characterisation of radiated underwater sound from a 3.6 MW monopile wind turbine." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4: 2913-2922.
The use of autonomous recorders is motivated by the need to monitor underwater noise, such as in response to the requirements of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The performance of these systems is a crucial factor governing the quality of the measured data, providing traceability for future underwater noise-monitoring programs aimed at the protection of the marine environment from anthropogenic noise. In this paper, a discussion is presented of measurement methodologies for the key acoustic performance characteristics of the recorders, including self-noise, dynamic range, and the absolute sensitivity as a function of frequency of the hydrophone and recorder system.
Gary Hayman; Stephen Robinson; Paul Lepper. Calibration and Characterization of Autonomous Recorders Used in the Measurement of Underwater Noise. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2016, 875, 441 -445.
AMA StyleGary Hayman, Stephen Robinson, Paul Lepper. Calibration and Characterization of Autonomous Recorders Used in the Measurement of Underwater Noise. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2016; 875 ():441-445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGary Hayman; Stephen Robinson; Paul Lepper. 2016. "Calibration and Characterization of Autonomous Recorders Used in the Measurement of Underwater Noise." Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 875, no. : 441-445.
The increasing international growth in the development of marine and freshwater wave and tidal energy harvesting systems has been followed by a growing requirement to understand any associated underwater impact. Radiated noise generated during operation is dependent on the device's physical properties, the sound-propagation environment, and the device's operational state. Physical properties may include size, distribution in the water column, and mechanics/hydrodynamics. The sound-propagation environment may be influenced by water depth, bathymetry, sediment type, and water column acoustic properties, and operational state may be influenced by tidal cycle and wave height among others This paper discusses some of the challenges for measurement of noise characteristics from these devices as well as a case study of the measurement of radiated noise from a full-scale wave energy converter.
Paul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson. Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2016, 875, 615 -622.
AMA StylePaul A. Lepper, Stephen P. Robinson. Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2016; 875 ():615-622.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson. 2016. "Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices." Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 875, no. : 615-622.
Assessment of the potential impact of underwater acoustic noise from both construction and operation of almost all human marine activities is now commonplace within many international regulatory frameworks. More recent industries like offshore renewables (wind, wave and tidal) have experienced an increasing requirement to understand how their energy conversion devices interact with existing acoustic environments and what their potential for impacts might be. Assessing the potential for impact, however, results in a number of measurement challenges, for example, many of these devices represent highly complex, multi-modal, distributed sources which can be anything from arrays of many small (few meters) devices to larger systems with dimensions of hundreds of meters. The systems can also vary in nature from a floating device, for example a wave energy surface attenuator, or can be distributed throughout the water column, as can be the case for both wave and tidal systems, or wind turbine. In the case of an offshore wind turbine for example, the device is coupled to the seabed, and extends throughout the water column and in to the air. This distribution and configuration can make the measured acoustic characteristics strongly dependent on the environment, with the potential for propagation through the seabed, water and air, with complex interactions, particularly between the seabed and waterborne components of the sound. The environments themselves are also often acoustically complicated. For example, many of the devices are being developed in relatively shallow water where there is often strong bathymetric variation, and other natural and manmade noise sources. The devices themselves often also exhibit time variant characteristics. They can become more energetic with tidal speed, wave height wind speed increase, for example. Furthermore, these properties also alter the `natural' acoustic environment or baseline condition. The relationship between device noise and background or ambient noise is also likely to be fundamental to the effect these devices have on marine species, for example, by causing a change in behaviour or creating a masking effect. It may effect the detection capability of an animal, which may be important for collision avoidance. This paper discusses analysis of some of these challenges in the context of a number of emerging technology types. In particular, the paper considers the dynamically varying nature of the ratio of the noise radiated from the device to the background noise. Data is presented of the operational noise levels against the background noise levels, under different sea-states for a full-scale attenuator wave energy system.
Paul Lepper; P. D. Theobald; S. P. Robinson; T. Pangerc. Significance of dynamic variation in renewable energy device noise to background noise levels under varying conditions. 2014 Oceans - St. John's 2014, 1 -4.
AMA StylePaul Lepper, P. D. Theobald, S. P. Robinson, T. Pangerc. Significance of dynamic variation in renewable energy device noise to background noise levels under varying conditions. 2014 Oceans - St. John's. 2014; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul Lepper; P. D. Theobald; S. P. Robinson; T. Pangerc. 2014. "Significance of dynamic variation in renewable energy device noise to background noise levels under varying conditions." 2014 Oceans - St. John's , no. : 1-4.
Pile-driving of marine foundations can radiate substantial levels of low-frequency impulsive noise into the water column, which given the right acoustic propagation environment conditions can propagate over large distances. Concern over the potential for impact on marine fauna often results in a regulatory requirement to measure the radiated noise level over distances which may extend tens of kilometres. Furthermore, if the transmission loss is to be established or validated it would be necessary to measure as a function of range at a number of positions. Because of the variation in hammer energy during the pile-driving activity, particularly if a soft-start is employed, it is also desirable to perform the measurement independent of distance for the duration of the pile-driving operation. A number of others factors will also influence the noise radiated into the water column, including the water depth (exposing a different amount of the surface area of the pile), the seabed properties, the penetration depth into the seabed by the pile, the pile dimensions, and the hammer energy. Importantly, some of these factors may change during pile-driving of an individual pile, for example tidal variation and sediment penetration, and this means that the acoustic output is likely to change during the driving of a specific pile. A method for the measurement of this underwater noise, that is generally in relatively shallow water, which considers both the spatial and temporal variation of the sound field is described. The method includes a combination of fixed autonomous recorders and vessel based hydrophone deployments. The paper describes the activities within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Technical Committee 43, Sub-Committee 3, Working Group 3 to produce an international standards document to define the appropriate measurement methodology, which should be followed when measuring underwater noise radiated from marine pile-driving.
P. D. Theobald; S. P. Robinson; T. Pangerc; Paul Lepper. Towards standardization of the measurement of underwater noise radiated from marine pile-driving. 2014 Oceans - St. John's 2014, 1 -4.
AMA StyleP. D. Theobald, S. P. Robinson, T. Pangerc, Paul Lepper. Towards standardization of the measurement of underwater noise radiated from marine pile-driving. 2014 Oceans - St. John's. 2014; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. D. Theobald; S. P. Robinson; T. Pangerc; Paul Lepper. 2014. "Towards standardization of the measurement of underwater noise radiated from marine pile-driving." 2014 Oceans - St. John's , no. : 1-4.
This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Continental Shelf Research and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.05.018.Three models were applied to obtaina first assessment of some of the potential impacts of large-scale operational wind turbine arrays on the marine ecosystem in a well-mixed area in a shelf sea: a biogeochemical model,a wave propagation model and an a coustic energy flux model.The results of the models are discussed separately and together to elucidate the combined effects. Overall,all three models suggested relatively weak environmental changes for the mechanisms included in this study, however these are only a subset of all the potential impacts,and a number of assumptions had to be made. Further work is required to address these assumptions and additional mechanisms. All three models suggested most of the changes with in the wind turbine array,and small changes up to several tens of km outside the array. Within the array, the acoustic model indicated the most concentrated, spatially repetitive changes to the environment,followed by the SWAN wave model,and the biogeochemical model being the most diffuse. Because of the different spatial scales of the response of the three models,the combined results suggested a spectrum of combinations of environmental changes with in the wind turbine array that marine organism smight respond to. The SWAN wave model and the acoustic model suggested a reduction in changes with increasing distance between turbines. The SWAN wave model suggested that the biogeochemical model, because of the in ability of its simple wave model to simulate wave propagation,over-estimated the biogeochemical changes by a factor of 2 or more. The biogeochemical model suggested that the benthic system was more sensitive to the environmental changes than the pelagic system
Johan van der Molen; Helen C.M. Smith; Paul Lepper; Sian Limpenny; Jon Rees. Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array development on a North Sea ecosystem. Continental Shelf Research 2014, 85, 60 -72.
AMA StyleJohan van der Molen, Helen C.M. Smith, Paul Lepper, Sian Limpenny, Jon Rees. Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array development on a North Sea ecosystem. Continental Shelf Research. 2014; 85 ():60-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohan van der Molen; Helen C.M. Smith; Paul Lepper; Sian Limpenny; Jon Rees. 2014. "Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array development on a North Sea ecosystem." Continental Shelf Research 85, no. : 60-72.
Commercial-scale devices to extract energy from tidal streams and waves may be new, but an associated industry is developing fast. In most countries, device introduction will require investigation and some level of proof that they do not unduly harm local wildlife. Of the impacts that they might have, the emission of acoustic energy (noise) into the marine environment is important. In operation, it is possible, though unlikely, that they will emit sufficient noise to cause auditory damage to sensitive species, but some level of area avoidance/attraction and masking is likely. Nevertheless, all such devices will require perceivable acoustic signatures for animals to detect and avoid colliding with them. To understand these issues, information on operational device acoustic characteristics is required along with information on existing background noise levels at sites suitable for extraction of marine energy. However, the energetic features of these locations with intense lateral, vertical or oscillatory motion mean that conventional methods of underwater sound recording are unsuitable. Here new methods for sound measurement specifically tailored to tidal-stream and wave-energy sites are introduced. The methods are illustrated following performance tests and real measurements at the European Marine Energy Centre tidal test site in Orkney, UK.
Ben Wilson; Paul A. Lepper; Caroline Carter; Stephen P. Robinson. Rethinking Underwater Sound-Recording Methods to Work at Tidal-Stream and Wave-Energy Sites. The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline 2014, 111 -126.
AMA StyleBen Wilson, Paul A. Lepper, Caroline Carter, Stephen P. Robinson. Rethinking Underwater Sound-Recording Methods to Work at Tidal-Stream and Wave-Energy Sites. The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline. 2014; ():111-126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen Wilson; Paul A. Lepper; Caroline Carter; Stephen P. Robinson. 2014. "Rethinking Underwater Sound-Recording Methods to Work at Tidal-Stream and Wave-Energy Sites." The Coral Reef Era: From Discovery to Decline , no. : 111-126.
Paul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete D. Theobald; Tanja Pangerc. A Monte Carlo approach to determining marine mammal exposure risk to long term marine piling operations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2013, 134, 4059 -4059.
AMA StylePaul A. Lepper, Stephen P. Robinson, Pete D. Theobald, Tanja Pangerc. A Monte Carlo approach to determining marine mammal exposure risk to long term marine piling operations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013; 134 (5):4059-4059.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete D. Theobald; Tanja Pangerc. 2013. "A Monte Carlo approach to determining marine mammal exposure risk to long term marine piling operations." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5: 4059-4059.
The effects of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine life is of growing concern and assessment of impacts on marine life is often carried out using predictive underwater noise models to map zones of influence for marine species. However, these models do not predict how a species may react to that noise. In this paper, the results from a modified predictive underwater noise model and a hydrodynamic model are used in an individual based model (IBM) to predict the impacts on cod (Gadhus moruha) from noise generated during a pile driving event at an offshore wind farm in Liverpool Bay, UK. The model included cod which were sensitive to noise and those which were insensitive ('deaf'). Fish movement was from the outer bay into the Dee Estuary, a known feeding ground. The IBM indicated that the cod which could hear took up to 7 days longer to reach their destination than the cod which were deaf. This technique could be used during the consenting process for offshore projects to better understand the potential impact on marine species.
Kate Rossington; Tom Benson; Paul Lepper; Diane Jones. Eco-hydro-acoustic modeling and its use as an EIA tool. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2013, 75, 235 -243.
AMA StyleKate Rossington, Tom Benson, Paul Lepper, Diane Jones. Eco-hydro-acoustic modeling and its use as an EIA tool. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2013; 75 (1-2):235-243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKate Rossington; Tom Benson; Paul Lepper; Diane Jones. 2013. "Eco-hydro-acoustic modeling and its use as an EIA tool." Marine Pollution Bulletin 75, no. 1-2: 235-243.
A methodology is presented for measuring the radiated noise from a ship in shallow water, and deriving the source level spectrum. The method is applied to the measurement of dredgers in UK waters, vessels which are restricted to shallow water during aggregate extraction. Estimation of source level requires an estimate of the transmission loss which accounts for the effect of both the surface and seabed. The measurement method used involves the simultaneous measurement of the radiated noise at a number of measurement stations, each consisting of hydrophones which are either deployed from a stationary survey vessel, or from an autonomous recording buoy. The measurements at up to four ranges from the source vessel allow for empirical estimation of the source level using appropriate transmission loss models, with the data analysed in third-octave frequency bands. Measurement results presented are for trailing suction hopper dredgers, which lower a drag head and suction pipe to the sea floor to extract the sand or gravel, whilst returning unwanted material and water over the side.. Noise levels are shown for the same dredger under different operational modes illustrating that, for these vessels, the noise output level is partially dependent upon the aggregate type being extracted.
Lian S. Wang; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete Theobald; Paul A. Lepper; Gary Hayman; Victor F. Humphrey. Measurement of radiated ship noise. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleLian S. Wang, Stephen P. Robinson, Pete Theobald, Paul A. Lepper, Gary Hayman, Victor F. Humphrey. Measurement of radiated ship noise. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian S. Wang; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete Theobald; Paul A. Lepper; Gary Hayman; Victor F. Humphrey. 2013. "Measurement of radiated ship noise." ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics , no. : 1.
Marine piling impact piling is a source of high-amplitude impulsive sound that can travel a considerable distance in the water column and has the potential for impact on marine mammals and fish. It involves steel piles being driven into the seabed using powerful hydraulic hammers, and is a commonly used construction method for fixing structures to the sea-bed in the offshore industry, and for the installation of offshore wind turbines in shallow coastal waters such as those around the UK. This paper describes methodologies developed for measurement of marine piling including estimation of the energy source level. Measurement results are presented of measurements made during the construction of an offshore windfarm, involving piles of typically 5 m in diameter driven by hammers with typical strike energies of around 1000 kJ. Acoustic data were recorded as a function of range from the source using hydrophones deployed form a vessel, allowing the transmission loss to be confirmed empirically. The use of fixed acoustic enabled recording of the entire piling sequence, including the increasing pulse energy during the soft start. The methodology of measurement is described along with the method of estimation of the energy source level.
Stephen P. Robinson; Peter D. Theobald; Paul A. Lepper. Underwater noise generated from marine piling. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics 2013, 70080 .
AMA StyleStephen P. Robinson, Peter D. Theobald, Paul A. Lepper. Underwater noise generated from marine piling. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics. 2013; ():70080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen P. Robinson; Peter D. Theobald; Paul A. Lepper. 2013. "Underwater noise generated from marine piling." ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics , no. : 70080.
Paul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete D. Theobald. Underwater radiated noise and impact assessment of marine piling operations during offshore windfarm construction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2012, 132, 2033 .
AMA StylePaul A. Lepper, Stephen P. Robinson, Pete D. Theobald. Underwater radiated noise and impact assessment of marine piling operations during offshore windfarm construction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2012; 132 (3):2033.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul A. Lepper; Stephen P. Robinson; Pete D. Theobald. 2012. "Underwater radiated noise and impact assessment of marine piling operations during offshore windfarm construction." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 3: 2033.
Paul R Barker; Paul Lepper. Development of a versatile platform for long-term underwater acoustic monitoring. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics 2012, 1 .
AMA StylePaul R Barker, Paul Lepper. Development of a versatile platform for long-term underwater acoustic monitoring. ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul R Barker; Paul Lepper. 2012. "Development of a versatile platform for long-term underwater acoustic monitoring." ECUA 2012 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics , no. : 1.
In the chapter “Whistles of Bottlenose Dolphins: Group Repertoires and Geographic Variations in Brazilian Waters” (DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7311-5_31), in The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life, the name of the corresponding author Lilian S. Hoffmann was incorrectly represented as Lisa S. Hoffmann. The author’s name is correct as it appears below.
Lilian S. Hoffmann; Elton Ferlin; Pedro F. Fruet; Rodrigo C. Genovês; Fernanda P. Valdez; Juliana Di Tullio; Glauco Caon; Thales R. Freitas; Michael A. Ainslie; Christ A. F. De Jong; Stephen P. Robinson; Paul A. Lepper. Erratum. Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates 2012, 730, E1 -E4.
AMA StyleLilian S. Hoffmann, Elton Ferlin, Pedro F. Fruet, Rodrigo C. Genovês, Fernanda P. Valdez, Juliana Di Tullio, Glauco Caon, Thales R. Freitas, Michael A. Ainslie, Christ A. F. De Jong, Stephen P. Robinson, Paul A. Lepper. Erratum. Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates. 2012; 730 ():E1-E4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLilian S. Hoffmann; Elton Ferlin; Pedro F. Fruet; Rodrigo C. Genovês; Fernanda P. Valdez; Juliana Di Tullio; Glauco Caon; Thales R. Freitas; Michael A. Ainslie; Christ A. F. De Jong; Stephen P. Robinson; Paul A. Lepper. 2012. "Erratum." Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates 730, no. : E1-E4.