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This paper presents the results of investigations into the effect of the use of recycled waste paper cellulose fibers on the properties of fiber cement boards subjected to contamination by moisture. Four series of fiber cement boards were tested. A reference fiber cement board manufactured without the use of recycled cellulose fibers constituted as one of the series. The other three series consisted of boards differing in their recycled cellulose fiber content-ranging from 10% to 50% of the total cellulose fiber content. Specimens of the fiber cement boards were subjected to contamination by moisture by storing them in water for 1–96 h. Subsequently, their basic physical and mechanical parameters, i.e., mass moisture content, absorbability, and modulus of rupture (MOR), were tested. Then, the specimens were investigated by means of acoustic emission during three-point bending. Artificial neural networks were employed to analyze the acoustic emission test results. The tests clearly showed the amount of recycled waste paper cellulose fibers and the length of storage in water to have an adverse effect on the boards, contributing to their degradation. This was reflected in the decrease of the acoustic emission (AE) events count recognized by the artificial neural networks, accompanying the rupture of fibers during the three-point bending of the specimens. In order to gain a more detailed insight into the changes taking place in the structure of the tested fiber cement boards, optical examinations were carried out by means of a scanning electron microscope. Interesting findings crucial for building practice were noted.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers. Materials 2020, 13, 2758 .
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Mateusz Szymków. Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers. Materials. 2020; 13 (12):2758.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. 2020. "Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers." Materials 13, no. 12: 2758.
The main goal of the paper was to identify mechanical anisotropy of cellulose cement boards at micro scale in order to evaluate the direct cause of the mechanical behavior of boards in the scale of engineering applications (macro scale). Moreover, microstructural anisotropy of thermally treated boards (exposed to a temperature of 230 °C for 3 h) was also investigated. Four specimens were fabricated by applying the Hatschek forming method and examined by the means of nanoindentation. These were labeled A_x1, A_x3 (air-dry reference specimen), B_x1 and B_x3 (heated in electric oven). The “x1” or “x3” symbol denotes direction of nanoindentation tests – parallel or perpendicular to fibres’ spatial orientation, respectively. Obtained results, in the statistical sense, revealed the existence of evident microstructural anisotropy with respect to indentation modulus and hardness. This means that the production process of cellulose fibre cement boards causes the existence of intrinsic microstructural anisotropy which is a direct cause of macroscale mechanical behavior of this material. In the case of thermally treated specimens the microstructural anisotropy with respect to mechanical parameters is even more evident compared to the reference samples.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Identification of microstructural anisotropy of cellulose cement boards by means of nanoindentation. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 257, 119515 .
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Michał Pachnicz, Adrian Różański, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Identification of microstructural anisotropy of cellulose cement boards by means of nanoindentation. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 257 ():119515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2020. "Identification of microstructural anisotropy of cellulose cement boards by means of nanoindentation." Construction and Building Materials 257, no. : 119515.
The methodology of multi-scale structural assessment of the different cellulose fibre cement boards subjected to high temperature treatment was proposed. Two specimens were investigated: Board A (air-dry reference specimen) and Board B (exposed to a temperature of 230 °C for 3 h). At macroscale all considered samples were subjected to the three-point bending test. Next, two methodologically different microscopic techniques were used to identify evolution (caused by temperature treatment) of geometrical and mechanical morphology of boards. For that purpose, SEM imaging with EDS analysis and nanoindentation tests were utilized. High temperature was found to have a degrading effect on the fibres contained in the boards. Most of the fibres in the board were burnt-out, or melted into the matrix, leaving cavities and grooves which were visible in all of the tested boards. Nanoindentation tests revealed significant changes of mechanical properties caused by high temperature treatment: "global" decrease of the stiffness (characterized by nanoindentation modulus) and "local" decrease of hardness. The results observed at microscale are in a very good agreement with macroscale behaviour of considered composite. It was shown that it is not sufficient to determine the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards solely on the basis of bending strength; advanced, microscale laboratory techniques can reveal intrinsic structural changes.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment. Materials 2019, 12, 2449 .
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Michał Pachnicz, Adrian Różański, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment. Materials. 2019; 12 (15):2449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment." Materials 12, no. 15: 2449.
This paper presents the results of investigations into the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the failure of fibre-cement boards and on the changes taking place in their structure. Fibre-cement board specimens were subjected to one and ten freeze-thaw cycles and then investigated under three-point bending by means of the acoustic emission method. An artificial neural network was employed to analyse the results yielded by the acoustic emission method. The investigations conclusively proved that freeze-thaw cycling had an effect on the failure of fibre-cement boards, as indicated mainly by the fall in the number of acoustic emission (AE) events recognized as accompanying the breaking of fibres during the three-point bending of the specimens. SEM examinations were carried out to gain better insight into the changes taking place in the structure of the tested boards. Interesting results with significance for building practice were obtained.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network. Materials 2019, 12, 2181 .
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network. Materials. 2019; 12 (13):2181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network." Materials 12, no. 13: 2181.
Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature. Automation in Construction 2019, 101, 190 -198.
AMA StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature. Automation in Construction. 2019; 101 ():190-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. 2019. "Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature." Automation in Construction 101, no. : 190-198.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber cement board (FCB), which was exposed to environmental hazards, resulting in thermal impact on the microstructure of the board. The process of structural degradation was conducted under laboratory conditions by storing the FCB specimens in a dry, electric oven for 3 h at a temperature of 230 °C. Five sets of specimens, that differed in cement and fiber content, were tested. Due to the applied heating procedure, the process of carbonization and resulting embrittlement of the fibers was observed. The fiber reinforcement morphology and the mechanical properties of the investigated compositions were identified both before, and after, their carbonization. Visual light and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro tomography, flexural strength, and work of flexural test Wf measurements were used. A dedicated instrumentation set was prepared to determine the ultrasound testing (UT) longitudinal wave velocity cL in all tested sets of specimens. The UT wave velocity cL loss was observed in all cases of thermal treatment; however, that loss varied from 2% to 20%, depending on the FCB composition. The results obtained suggest a possible application of the UT method for an on-site assessment of the degradation processes occurring in fiber cement boards.
Zbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact. Materials 2019, 12, 944 .
AMA StyleZbigniew Ranachowski, Przemysław Ranachowski, Tomasz Dębowski, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact. Materials. 2019; 12 (6):944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact." Materials 12, no. 6: 944.
This paper presents the results of research aimed at identifying the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards exposed to fire. The fibre-cement board samples were initially exposed to fire at various durations in the range of 1–15 min. The samples were then subjected to three-point bending and were investigated using the acoustic emission method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed to analyse the results yielded by the acoustic emission method. Fire was found to have a degrading effect on the fibres contained in the boards. As the length of exposure to fire increased, the fibres underwent gradual degradation, which was reflected in a decrease in the number of acoustic emission (AE) events recognised by the artificial neural networks as accompanying the breaking of the fibres during the three-point bending of the sample. It was shown that it is not sufficient to determine the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards solely on the basis of bending strength (MOR).
Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks. Materials 2019, 12, 656 .
AMA StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks. Materials. 2019; 12 (4):656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. 2019. "Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks." Materials 12, no. 4: 656.
The paper describes two different techniques of ultrasound measurements performed in fibre cement boards, the material widely applied in building technology. An in-house device dedicated for fibre-cement board testing is also presented. To overcome the difficulty of determining the arrival time of the waveform of a longitudinal wave travelling across a thin and inhomogeneous body, a cross-correlation method of signal processing was proposed and applied.
Zbigniew Ranachowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelanczyk; Marcin Lewandowski; Damian Cacko; Tomasz Katz; Tomasz Debowski. Investigation of Acoustic Properties of Fibre-Cement Boards. 2018 Joint Conference - Acoustics 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleZbigniew Ranachowski, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelanczyk, Marcin Lewandowski, Damian Cacko, Tomasz Katz, Tomasz Debowski. Investigation of Acoustic Properties of Fibre-Cement Boards. 2018 Joint Conference - Acoustics. 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZbigniew Ranachowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelanczyk; Marcin Lewandowski; Damian Cacko; Tomasz Katz; Tomasz Debowski. 2018. "Investigation of Acoustic Properties of Fibre-Cement Boards." 2018 Joint Conference - Acoustics , no. : 1-5.
W artykule przedstawiono propozycję zastosowania do badania płyt włóknisto-cementowych nieniszczącą metodę emisji akustycznej. Badaniom poddano łącznie 4 serie materiałów włóknisto-cementowych oznaczonych literami A, AW, B i BW. Dwie serie A i B stanowiły losowo wybrane płyty dostępne na rynku budowlanym, które następnie poddano procesowi wypalenia w temperaturze 230 °C – seria AW i BW. Uzyskano ciekawe rezultaty badań, które pozwoliły odróżnić proces niszczenia zawartych w materiale włókien od procesu niszczenia samej matrycy. Non-destructive testing of fiber-cement board using acoustic emission method AbstractThis article show proposition of using acoustic emission as a non-destructive method for testing fiber-cement board. For testing was used four series of fiber-cement board marked A, AW, B, BW. Two series A and B was ran- domly selected from available board in market, which then were subjected to burn-out at 230 °C – a series of AW and BW. Obtained interesting results of research which helps describe destruction process of fibers and cement matrix.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. Nieniszczące badania płyt włóknisto-cementowych z wykorzystaniem emisji akustycznej. Welding Technology Review 2016, 88, 1 .
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Mateusz Szymków. Nieniszczące badania płyt włóknisto-cementowych z wykorzystaniem emisji akustycznej. Welding Technology Review. 2016; 88 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. 2016. "Nieniszczące badania płyt włóknisto-cementowych z wykorzystaniem emisji akustycznej." Welding Technology Review 88, no. 10: 1.
This paper presents a methodology for the non-destructive location and identification of cracks in unilaterally accessible massive concrete walls by means of the state-of-the-art acoustic methods of impulse response and ultrasound tomography. An example of the practical verification of the methodology used to investigate the concrete structure of a hydroelectric power plant is provided.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła; Łukasz Sadowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Non-destructive identification of cracks in unilaterally accessible massive concrete walls in hydroelectric power plant. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2016, 16, 413 -421.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Jerzy Hoła, Łukasz Sadowski, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Non-destructive identification of cracks in unilaterally accessible massive concrete walls in hydroelectric power plant. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2016; 16 (3):413-421.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła; Łukasz Sadowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2016. "Non-destructive identification of cracks in unilaterally accessible massive concrete walls in hydroelectric power plant." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3: 413-421.
Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk. A nondestructive methodology for the testing of fibre cement boards by means of a non-contact ultrasound scanner. Construction and Building Materials 2016, 102, 200 -207.
AMA StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk. A nondestructive methodology for the testing of fibre cement boards by means of a non-contact ultrasound scanner. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 102 ():200-207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk. 2016. "A nondestructive methodology for the testing of fibre cement boards by means of a non-contact ultrasound scanner." Construction and Building Materials 102, no. : 200-207.
Radosław Drelich; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pakuła; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Automated control of cellulose fibre cement boards with a non-contact ultrasound scanner. Automation in Construction 2015, 57, 55 -63.
AMA StyleRadosław Drelich, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Michał Pakuła, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Automated control of cellulose fibre cement boards with a non-contact ultrasound scanner. Automation in Construction. 2015; 57 ():55-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadosław Drelich; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pakuła; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2015. "Automated control of cellulose fibre cement boards with a non-contact ultrasound scanner." Automation in Construction 57, no. : 55-63.
This paper presents a synthetic review of the existing knowledge on the stress failure of cement concretes under compression, based on the available literature and the authors’ own research. It is pointed out that there is no knowledge on the stress failure of new-generation concretes, which needs to be acquired through proper research. The usefulness of the knowledge on the stress failure of concrete under compression for building practice is highlighted.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła. STRESS FAILURE OF CEMENT CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION – SYNTHESIS OF KNOWLEDGE, CONCLUSIONS. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2014, 21, 1 -10.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Jerzy Hoła. STRESS FAILURE OF CEMENT CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION – SYNTHESIS OF KNOWLEDGE, CONCLUSIONS. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. 2014; 21 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła. 2014. "STRESS FAILURE OF CEMENT CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION – SYNTHESIS OF KNOWLEDGE, CONCLUSIONS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 21, no. 1: 1-10.
The paper deals with the nondestructive identification of defective concrete zones in unilaterally accessible massive members, for example, access galleries in hydroelectric power plants. The concrete in such zones is, for various reasons, excessively porous. The authors propose to use state-of-the-art acoustic testing techniques, including ultrasonic tomography, integratively to detect and identify defective zones. An original methodology for such tests has been developed. The methodology is illustrated with an example of its practical application to a real civil engineering structure.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła; Łukasz Sadowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. METHODOLOGY OF NONDESTRUCTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF DEFECTIVE CONCRETE ZONES IN UNILATERALLY ACCESSIBLE MASSIVE MEMBERS. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2013, 19, 775 -786.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Jerzy Hoła, Łukasz Sadowski, Krzysztof Schabowicz. METHODOLOGY OF NONDESTRUCTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF DEFECTIVE CONCRETE ZONES IN UNILATERALLY ACCESSIBLE MASSIVE MEMBERS. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. 2013; 19 (6):775-786.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła; Łukasz Sadowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2013. "METHODOLOGY OF NONDESTRUCTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF DEFECTIVE CONCRETE ZONES IN UNILATERALLY ACCESSIBLE MASSIVE MEMBERS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 19, no. 6: 775-786.
The paper presents the results of investigations into the influence of pore structure on the failure of self-compacting concretes modified with superplasticizers commonly used in construction. Pore structure examinations were carried out in practically the whole range of pore diameters by means of an image analyzer and a mercury porosimeter. The failure of the self-compacting concretes under compression, was investigated by the acoustic emission technique and other methods. The levels of cracking initiating stress σiand critical stress σcr, demarcating the different stages in the failure process, were determined. It has been shown that there is a relationship between the pore structure parameters and the levels. The fatigue strength of the self-compacting concretes was calculated from the experimental results and on this basis the suitability of the concretes for structures subject to cyclic loads was determined. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiami porų struktūros įtakos susitankinančio betono su superplastikliais susilpnėjimui tyrimų rezultatai. Buvo atlikti praktiškai visų skersmenų porų struktūros tyrimai naudojant vaizdo analizatorių ir gyvsidabrio porosimetrą. Susitankinančio betono susilpnėjimas esant gniuždymui buvo tiriamas akustinės emisijos ir kitais metodais. Nustatyti pleišėjimo lygiai ir įtampos, žymintys skirtingus susilpnėjimo lygius. Parodyta, kad yra ryšys tarp porų struktūros parametrų ir susilpnėjimo lygių. Pagal eksperimentinius rezultatus suskaičiuotas betono atsparumas ir nustatytas betono tinkamumas konstrukcijoms, atsižvelgiant į ciklines apkrovas.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk. ACOUSTICALLY ASSESSED INFLUENCE OF AIR PORE STRUCTURE ON FAILURE OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION / AKUSTIŠKAI ĮVERTINTA ORO PORŲ STRUKTŪROS ĮTAKA SUSITANKINANČIO BETONO SUSILPNĖJIMUI VEIKIANT GNIUŽDYMUI. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2012, 18, 60 -70.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk. ACOUSTICALLY ASSESSED INFLUENCE OF AIR PORE STRUCTURE ON FAILURE OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION / AKUSTIŠKAI ĮVERTINTA ORO PORŲ STRUKTŪROS ĮTAKA SUSITANKINANČIO BETONO SUSILPNĖJIMUI VEIKIANT GNIUŽDYMUI. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. 2012; 18 (1):60-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk. 2012. "ACOUSTICALLY ASSESSED INFLUENCE OF AIR PORE STRUCTURE ON FAILURE OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETES UNDER COMPRESSION / AKUSTIŠKAI ĮVERTINTA ORO PORŲ STRUKTŪROS ĮTAKA SUSITANKINANČIO BETONO SUSILPNĖJIMUI VEIKIANT GNIUŽDYMUI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 18, no. 1: 60-70.
The paper presents the results of investigations into the pore structure of self-compacting concretes made from the same components, except for the added (two most commonly used in building practice) superplasticizers. It is shown that the pore structure depends on the superplasticizer used. Also the results of tests carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the investigated concretes, including their compressive strength and the levels of cracking initiating stress and critical stress (demarcating the particular stages in failure under compression), are presented. It is shown that the properties depend on the pore structure.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła. Pore structure of self-compacting concretes made using different superplasticizers. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2011, 11, 611 -621.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk, Jerzy Hoła. Pore structure of self-compacting concretes made using different superplasticizers. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2011; 11 (3):611-621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk; Jerzy Hoła. 2011. "Pore structure of self-compacting concretes made using different superplasticizers." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3: 611-621.
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk. Moisture influence on the failure of self-compacting concrete under compression. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2011, 11, 45 -60.
AMA StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk. Moisture influence on the failure of self-compacting concrete under compression. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2011; 11 (1):45-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Gorzelańczyk. 2011. "Moisture influence on the failure of self-compacting concrete under compression." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1: 45-60.