Purpose: This study was designed to assess the pituitary functions of patients with traumatic maxillofacial fractures and compare the results with healthy controls. Methods: Thirty patients (mean age, 38.14 ± 14.15 years; twenty-six male, four female) with a traumatic maxillofacial fracture at least 12 months ago (mean 27.5 ± 6.5 months) and thirty healthy controls (mean age, 42.77 ± 11.36 years; twenty-five male, five female) were included. None of the patients were unconscious following head trauma, and none required hospitalization in intensive care. Basal pituitary hormone levels of the patients were evaluated. All patients and controls had a glucagon stimulation test and an ACTH stimulation test to evaluate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the GH–IGF-1 axis. Results: Five of thirty patients (16.6%) had isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency based on a glucagon stimulation test (GST). The mean peak GH level after GST in patients with hypopituitarism (0.54 ng/ml) was significantly lower than those without hypopituitarism (7.01 ng/ml) and healthy controls (11.70 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). No anterior pituitary hormone deficiency was found in the patients, except for GH. Conclusion: Our study is the first to evaluate the presence of hypopituitarism in patients with traumatic maxillofacial fractures. Preliminary findings suggest that hypopituitarism and GH deficiency pose significant risks to these patients, particularly during the chronic phase of their trauma. However, these findings need to be validated in larger scale prospective studies with more patients.

Summary: We assessed bone health in over 2500 adults with diabetes across Türkiye. T1DM patients had lower BMD, while T2DM patients showed higher fracture risk despite higher BMD. Several modifiable factors were linked to osteoporosis. These findings support personalized bone assessments in diabetic populations. Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a recognized risk factor for bone fragility. While type 1 DM (T1DM) is typically associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), type 2 DM (T2DM) often presents with higher BMD despite increased fracture risk. Large-scale comparative studies remain limited. Objective: To evaluate bone health, including osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture risk, in adults with T1DM and T2DM. Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 2562 patients (224 with T1DM, 2338 with T2DM) from 27 centers across Türkiye. BMD was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fracture risk was estimated via the Turkish-adapted FRAX® algorithm in patients aged ≥ 40 years. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of low BMD. Results: Osteoporosis prevalence was 5.5% in T1DM and 9.6% in T2DM (femoral neck T-score). Adjusted BMD was significantly lower in T1DM at all skeletal sites, while FRAX-based fracture risk and fall-related fractures were higher in T2DM. Independent predictors of osteoporosis included older age, female sex, lower BMI, reduced calcium levels, corticosteroid use, albuminuria, hypertension, and less frequent sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use. T1DM was independently associated with osteopenia but not osteoporosis. Conclusion: This multicenter study demonstrates distinct patterns of BMD and fracture risk across diabetes subtypes and supports individualized bone health assessment in routine diabetes care.

Mild autonomous cortisol secretion is the most prevalent hormonal disorder identified in adrenal incidentalomas. Previous studies suggest a potential correlation between adrenal adenoma size and cortisol secretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of maximum adenoma diameter and adenoma volume with 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels and post-1-mg dexamethasone suppression test cortisol levels in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion. This cross-sectional observational study included 48 patients aged 18–65 years diagnosed with mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Mild autonomous cortisol secretion is defined as a serum cortisol level of ≥ 1.8 µg/dL after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test and a low morning adrenocorticotropic hormone. The 24-hour urinary free cortisol level was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A radiologist blinded to hormonal test results assessed the maximum adenoma diameter and adenoma volume. The study population comprised 48 patients (women/men=43/5) with a mean age of 56.79±8.81 years. The mean maximum adenoma diameter and adenoma volume were 31.39±9.43 mm and 10.00±7.71 cm3, respectively. The mean 24-hour urinary free cortisol level was 25.34±18.21 µg/24 h. The 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels were positively correlated with both the maximum adenoma diameter and adenoma volume (ρ=0.518, p<0.001 and ρ=0.520, p<0.001, respectively), whereas no significant correlations were observed between post-1-mg dexamethasone suppression test cortisol levels and either the maximum adenoma diameter or adenoma volume. In patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion, 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels were positively associated with maximum adenoma diameter and adenoma volume, whereas no significant associations were observed for post-1-mg dexamethasone suppression test cortisol levels. The clinical significance of these cross-sectional associations requires further investigation in large prospective longitudinal studies.

Objective: Sarcopenia, characterized by reduced muscle mass and strength, commonly affects the elderly. This study aimed to assess sarcopenia in middle-aged, overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and examine its relationship with glycemic control. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 60 patients with T2D, including 30 individuals with poor glycemic control (PGC; glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >7%, mean age 54 Å} 5 years, 46.6% women) and 30 with adequate glycemic control (AGC; HbA1c ≤ 7%, mean age 54 Å} 6 years, 50% women). Sarcopenia was evaluated using handgrip strength (HGS), skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), and the 4-meter walk test, as well as the Sarcopenia Quality of Life (SARQoL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQ) questionnaires. Results: Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 5 patients (16.6%), all from the PGC group. These patients had significantly lower median HGS (15.4 kg) and SMMI (7.4 kg/m2) compared to those with AGC (29.8 kg and 10.6 kg/m2; P = .021 and .006, respectively). HbA1c negatively correlated with HGS (r = −0.424; P = .001). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that higher HbA1c levels were independently associated with lower SMMI (β: −0.293; 95% CI: −0.483 to −0.102; P = .003) and lower HGS (β: −2.016; 95% CI: −2.885 to −1.147; P < .001). The SARQoL score was lower in patients with sarcopenia (P = .022), while the PSQ score was similar. Conclusion: Sarcopenia may develop in non-elderly, overweight patients with poorly controlled diabetes, negatively affecting quality of life. Early screening for sarcopenia should be considered if diabetes is uncontrolled. Cite this article as: Daloglu OO, Unal MC, Guller PU, et al. Evaluation of sarcopenia in overweight and middle-aged patients with diabetes and its association with poor glycemic control. Endocrinol Res Pract. Published online June 1, 2026. doi: 10.5152/erp.2026.25873