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G. Cultrone
Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

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Review
Published: 06 August 2021 in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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Mortars are heterogeneous building materials whose raw materials, manufacturing processes and application conditions have evolved continuously throughout history. The fact that apparently small changes in the components or dosages of mortars can affect their overall performance in the masonry makes the study of historic mortars a complex task that needs to be tackled via a multidisciplinary approach, with the support of complementary analytical techniques from the field of chemistry, mineralogy, physics and engineering, among others. This review is intended to be a useful tool for researchers working in the field of archaeology and/or cultural heritage conservation, as it offers a complete overview of the most widely accepted analytical techniques and physical-mechanical tests used in the characterisation of historic mortars and plasters. Although the methods described here are common to both air-hardening and hydraulic mortars, we focus above all on the latter, paying special attention to aspects relating to the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic investigation of the calcium silicate and aluminate hydrated phases that may indicate the use of one or other hydraulic binder in historic mortars, all this taking into account and discussing the practical aspects, drawbacks and limitations of each technique. European standards for the study of mortars are also addressed in this paper.

ACS Style

Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone. Mortars and plasters—how to characterise hydraulic mortars. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2021, 13, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Anna Arizzi, Giuseppe Cultrone. Mortars and plasters—how to characterise hydraulic mortars. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2021; 13 (9):1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2021. "Mortars and plasters—how to characterise hydraulic mortars." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, no. 9: 1-22.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Minerals
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Representative and very uneven texturally bricks having yellow/beige or pale or dark red colors from the Renaissance walls (16th century) of Padua, Northeast Italy, were studied by means of colorimetric, petrographic (MOP), chemical (XRF), mineralogical (PXRD) and microstructural analysis (FESEM-EDS). Starting from the color measurements of the ceramic bodies, the manufacturing technologies and their influence on the physical behavior and durability of the bricks were established. The porous system was characterized by means of hygric tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry; the compactness and structural anisotropy were defined through ultrasound velocity; the uniaxial compressive strength was determined; and durability to salt crystallization and frost action of the bricks was assessed. Mg- and Ca-rich illitic clays fired at temperatures ≥900 °C were used to manufacture the beige hue bodies, while the pale red bricks were made out with Ca- and Fe-rich illitic clays fired at 850–900 °C. A lower carbonate content on the base clays and a lower firing temperature were the main causes responsible for the changing colors from beige to red hue. The increase of the red color was associated to higher silicate inclusions content and lower development of reaction rims around grains. The low sintering degree achieved yielded highly porous bodies with diverse porous systems, leading to differential physical performance and durability of the bricks that may turn out beneficial for the conservation of the historic walls.

ACS Style

Elena Pérez-Monserrat; Lara Maritan; Enrico Garbin; Giuseppe Cultrone. Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time. Minerals 2021, 11, 744 .

AMA Style

Elena Pérez-Monserrat, Lara Maritan, Enrico Garbin, Giuseppe Cultrone. Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time. Minerals. 2021; 11 (7):744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Pérez-Monserrat; Lara Maritan; Enrico Garbin; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2021. "Production Technologies of Ancient Bricks from Padua, Italy: Changing Colors and Resistance over Time." Minerals 11, no. 7: 744.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Mineralogical, chemical and physical characterization of archaeological lime mortars from different structures at Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain) was accomplished in order to comprehend their durability. Mortars from the south-west of the 16th century filling and bastion, and the south-east mortars of the17th century bastion are the most susceptible to deterioration due to their textural features. The high porosity and water absorption capacity, the poor interconnection of pores and slow drying are the main factors contributing to deterioration of mortar at Amaiur Castle. The mineralogical study enabled an approach to the technological knowledge used in the lime mortar manufacturing process at Amaiur Castle. Hydrotalcite and hydromagnesite identified in the mortar binder support the use of the traditional hot-mixing method during mortar manufacturing. This work provides valuable references for the formulation of compatible repair mortars to ensure suitable conservation of the castle as well as of other ancient structures built with similar materials.

ACS Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón; Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone; Maria Cruz Zuluaga; Luis Angel Ortega; Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. Investigating the manufacturing technology and durability of lime mortars from Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain): A chemical–mineralogical and physical study. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 299, 123975 .

AMA Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón, Anna Arizzi, Giuseppe Cultrone, Maria Cruz Zuluaga, Luis Angel Ortega, Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. Investigating the manufacturing technology and durability of lime mortars from Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain): A chemical–mineralogical and physical study. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 299 ():123975.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón; Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone; Maria Cruz Zuluaga; Luis Angel Ortega; Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. 2021. "Investigating the manufacturing technology and durability of lime mortars from Amaiur Castle (Navarre, Spain): A chemical–mineralogical and physical study." Construction and Building Materials 299, no. : 123975.

Research article
Published: 24 August 2020 in Geoarchaeology
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The northern slope of Mt. Vesuvius contains some interesting archaeological sites, including the site discovered in the town of Pollena Trocchia, where the remains, dated to between the 79 and 472 CE eruptions, document the transition from the Roman to late Roman cultural and socioeconomic settings. Profound changes occurred in this time interval, which can be inferred from changes in the ceramic manufacturing processes. Common wares, as the most widespread ceramic class in the archaeological record, are a useful example that illustrates this technological transformation. Seventeen samples of tableware, distinguished into three ceramic classes according to the method of slip application (i.e., Slipped Ware, Painted Ware “a straccio,” and Painted Ware), were analyzed. The results highlight the use of high‐CaO clayey raw materials compositionally similar to Apennine clayey deposits. The clay bodies were occasionally tempered with sandy‐silt materials composed of volcanic grains with lesser amounts of siliciclastic fragments. Firing temperatures ranged from 800 to 950°C, as suggested by quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction and microstructural analyses combined with colorimetric measurements of the ceramic bodies. Micro‐Raman analyses performed on slips revealed the use of ochre for decorating the vessels; it was applied in a different way, representing an actual technological change.

ACS Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alberto De Bonis; Girolamo F. De Simone; Michele Gorrasi; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Caterina S. Martucci; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Christopher R. Vyhnal; Celestino Grifa. Production technology of late Roman decorated tableware from the Vesuvius environs: Evidence from Pollena Trocchia (Campania region, Italy). Geoarchaeology 2020, 36, 34 -53.

AMA Style

Chiara Germinario, Giuseppe Cultrone, Alberto De Bonis, Girolamo F. De Simone, Michele Gorrasi, Francesco Izzo, Alessio Langella, Caterina S. Martucci, Mariano Mercurio, Vincenzo Morra, Christopher R. Vyhnal, Celestino Grifa. Production technology of late Roman decorated tableware from the Vesuvius environs: Evidence from Pollena Trocchia (Campania region, Italy). Geoarchaeology. 2020; 36 (1):34-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alberto De Bonis; Girolamo F. De Simone; Michele Gorrasi; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Caterina S. Martucci; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Christopher R. Vyhnal; Celestino Grifa. 2020. "Production technology of late Roman decorated tableware from the Vesuvius environs: Evidence from Pollena Trocchia (Campania region, Italy)." Geoarchaeology 36, no. 1: 34-53.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Many industrial by-products contain Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) that normally represent a cost in terms of monitoring, risk management and storage. When included in new mix designs of bricks, these materials may become a valuable sustainable resource. Before marketing, companies involved in development and commercialization of these new building materials ensure safety related to radiation, usually by assessing radon-related risk. According to the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom, both raw materials and final products used in building constructions need to be tested for activity concentration. The present work explores the radionuclide concentration and the radon exhalation of bricks obtained recycling different types of potentially radioactive wastes: i) trachyte as by-product resulting from quarrying operations, and ii) two different types of industrial sludge derived from ceramic tiles industry. Raw materials were studied to foresee any potential radioactive risk derived from their use as secondary raw materials, while bricks were investigated to assess the influence of mineralogy and texture on their radioactive properties and their effective radon-risk. The results obtained here show that, although radon emanation in bricks is primarily determined by radionuclide concentration in the raw materials, textural features significantly affect radon mobility and exhalation.

ACS Style

Chiara Coletti; Erika Brattich; Giorgia Cinelli; Giuseppe Cultrone; Lara Maritan; Claudio Mazzoli; Domiziano Mostacci; Laura Tositti; Raffaele Sassi. Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 260, 119820 .

AMA Style

Chiara Coletti, Erika Brattich, Giorgia Cinelli, Giuseppe Cultrone, Lara Maritan, Claudio Mazzoli, Domiziano Mostacci, Laura Tositti, Raffaele Sassi. Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 260 ():119820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Coletti; Erika Brattich; Giorgia Cinelli; Giuseppe Cultrone; Lara Maritan; Claudio Mazzoli; Domiziano Mostacci; Laura Tositti; Raffaele Sassi. 2020. "Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture." Construction and Building Materials 260, no. : 119820.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2019 in Applied Clay Science
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This paper studies the mineralogical and textural changes that take place during the firing in an electric kiln at 800, 950 and 1100 °C of brick samples made with or without additives. Samples were made with a clayey raw material which was mixed with either halite or calcined diatomite sludge and then fired. These samples were then compared with control samples made without additives. Different analytical techniques (X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses, X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) were used to reconstruct the changes that took place inside the bricks from a mineralogical and textural point of view, changes that are similar to those that take place in nature during pyrometamorphism. The carbonates decomposed and reacted with silicates to form gehlenite, diopside and wollastonite; the plagioclase was enriched in calcium and the quartz concentration fell; the clay minerals favoured the melting of the matrix and the appearance of mullite, and K-feldspar changed from microcline to sanidine. The extent of vitrification increased in line with the increase in the firing temperature. When halite was added, new silicates appeared earlier at lower firing temperatures and molysite was formed, while the most important mineralogical difference in the bricks made with added calcined diatomite sludge was the presence of cristobalite, a component of the sludge. It is interesting to observe that the newly-formed phases contain certain chemical elements that are not normally found in their standard chemical composition.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Cultrone; Francisco Javier Carrillo Rosua. Growth of metastable phases during brick firing: Mineralogical and microtextural changes induced by the composition of the raw material and the presence of additives. Applied Clay Science 2019, 185, 105419 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Cultrone, Francisco Javier Carrillo Rosua. Growth of metastable phases during brick firing: Mineralogical and microtextural changes induced by the composition of the raw material and the presence of additives. Applied Clay Science. 2019; 185 ():105419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Cultrone; Francisco Javier Carrillo Rosua. 2019. "Growth of metastable phases during brick firing: Mineralogical and microtextural changes induced by the composition of the raw material and the presence of additives." Applied Clay Science 185, no. : 105419.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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This paper studies the influence of sawdust on the petrophysical properties of solid bricks. Brick samples without additives were handmade using a clayey earth that is rich in quartz and phyllosilicates and has some carbonate content. Similar bricks were made with added sawdust at 2.5%, 5% and 10% weight. The bricks were fired in an electric kiln at 800 °C, 950 °C and 1100 °C. The addition of sawdust did not change the mineralogy of the fired bricks. As the firing temperature increased, the quartz content fell and carbonates and phyllosilicates disappeared causing new silicates (gehlenite, wollastonite, anorthite and diopside) to develop. There was an increase in the vitrification of bricks, which also became more compact. At high firing temperature, the bricks had a higher water absorption capacity and worse interconnection between the pores. The high level of vitrification reached at 1100 °C enabled greater transmission of heat inside the bricks. The most refractory bricks were those fired at 800 °C with a 10% sawdust content. When subjected to the salt crystallization test, the most resistant bricks were those with the lowest sawdust content and the highest firing temperature.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Cultrone; Itziar Aurrekoetxea; Carmen Casado; Anna Arizzi. Sawdust recycling in the production of lightweight bricks: How the amount of additive and the firing temperature influence the physical properties of the bricks. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 235, 117436 .

AMA Style

Giuseppe Cultrone, Itziar Aurrekoetxea, Carmen Casado, Anna Arizzi. Sawdust recycling in the production of lightweight bricks: How the amount of additive and the firing temperature influence the physical properties of the bricks. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 235 ():117436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Cultrone; Itziar Aurrekoetxea; Carmen Casado; Anna Arizzi. 2019. "Sawdust recycling in the production of lightweight bricks: How the amount of additive and the firing temperature influence the physical properties of the bricks." Construction and Building Materials 235, no. : 117436.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2019 in Applied Clay Science
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Glazed ceramics -both original and replacement- from Chamberí Metro Station (built in 1919) in Madrid (Spain) were studied using a multidisciplinary approach aimed at finding out more about the materials and technologies used to make them. The original white tiles, which help illuminate these underground spaces, were manufactured in Onda, Castellón (Spain) with very calcareous clays fired at ≈950 °C and coated with lead alkali-glazes. The original decorative pieces, with a metallic sheen, were made in Triana, Seville (Spain) with calcareous and illite clays fired at temperatures of between 850 and 950 °C and treated with transparent lead glazes. The replacement pieces had the same appearance as the originals but were more resistant. The white tiles were made out of quartz-rich, illite-kaolinite and calcareous clays fired at temperatures of >950 °C with an alkali-glaze that was very rich in zircon and aluminium. The decorative pieces were made from illite-kaolinite clays very rich in aluminium and fired at <850 °C. These included an additive in the form of a highly refractory grog and were covered with an aluminium-rich lead‑potassium glaze. The manufacturing techniques used to make each type of piece varied depending on their particular function within the station.

ACS Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science 2019, 175, 102 -114.

AMA Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat, Giuseppe Cultrone, Jesús María Rincón, Antonio Perla, Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science. 2019; 175 ():102-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. 2019. "Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value." Applied Clay Science 175, no. : 102-114.

Article
Published: 15 February 2019 in Materials
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Archaeological lime mortars from the Tower Keep and West perimeter wall of Irulegi Castle (Navarre, Spain) were analysed to determine susceptibility to deterioration. Chemical, mineralogical, textural and physical characterisation was performed by different tests and multianalysis techniques in order to determine the intrinsic features of the original historical mortars at the castle. Samples from the Tower Keep are more prone to deteriorate compared with the West perimeter wall due to high water absorption capacity and high porosity. A high degree of pore interconnection, high desorption index and the presence of high pore volume in the 0.01 to 1 µm size range affect the mortar durability since pores retain water longer inside the mortar. Local environment conditions with persistent annual rainfall, high humidity and temperature variations contribute to the decay process of the original mortar. Characterisation of historical mortars not only allows better understanding of susceptibility to deterioration but also helps the design of compatible and durable repair mortar for future interventions on historical heritage. Compatibility of new materials with the historical mortar will be ensured by studying mortar characteristics and properties.

ACS Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón; Anna Arizzi; Maria Cruz Zuluaga; Giuseppe Cultrone; Luis Angel Ortega; Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain). Materials 2019, 12, 584 .

AMA Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón, Anna Arizzi, Maria Cruz Zuluaga, Giuseppe Cultrone, Luis Angel Ortega, Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain). Materials. 2019; 12 (4):584.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graciela Ponce-Antón; Anna Arizzi; Maria Cruz Zuluaga; Giuseppe Cultrone; Luis Angel Ortega; Juantxo Agirre Mauleon. 2019. "Mineralogical, Textural and Physical Characterisation to Determine Deterioration Susceptibility of Irulegi Castle Lime Mortars (Navarre, Spain)." Materials 12, no. 4: 584.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2019 in Minerals
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Solid bricks manufactured out of clayey earth from a quarry near the city of Granada (Spain) were studied and compared with others to which two additives were added during the kneading of the raw material: Calcined diatomite sludge and sodium chloride. Samples with and without additives were fired at 800 °C, 950 °C, and 1100 °C. New mineral phases were formed in the bricks after firing. These included gehlenite, diopside, and plagioclase, which is gradually enriched in calcium, and microcline, which is transformed into sanidine. Mullite and molysite also appeared in the bricks made with added salt. Porosity increased substantially in the bricks that contained diatomite sludge, while the addition of sodium chloride accelerated the mineralogical transformations and caused sintering at relatively low temperatures of 800 °C. The bricks became more compact and less anisotropic as the firing temperature increased. This behaviour was less evident in the bricks with added diatomite sludge, which alters the orientation of the phyllosilicates. The bricks fired at 1100 °C had the best physical parameters. However, the bricks with added sodium chloride fired at 800 °C reached hygric and compactness values that were at least similar to bricks from the other groups fired at 950 °C.

ACS Style

María Laura Elias; Giuseppe Cultrone. On the Use of Sodium Chloride and Calcined Diatomite Sludge as Additives to Improve the Engineering Properties of Bricks Made with a Clay Earth from Jun (Granada, Spain). Minerals 2019, 9, 64 .

AMA Style

María Laura Elias, Giuseppe Cultrone. On the Use of Sodium Chloride and Calcined Diatomite Sludge as Additives to Improve the Engineering Properties of Bricks Made with a Clay Earth from Jun (Granada, Spain). Minerals. 2019; 9 (1):64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Laura Elias; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2019. "On the Use of Sodium Chloride and Calcined Diatomite Sludge as Additives to Improve the Engineering Properties of Bricks Made with a Clay Earth from Jun (Granada, Spain)." Minerals 9, no. 1: 64.

Research article
Published: 24 September 2018 in Geoarchaeology
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Archaeological excavations performed in a funerary complex in Cuma (Campania region, Italy) unearthed excellently preserved common wares dated to the third century A.D. Archaeometric analyses were focused on Campanian pitchers, Aegean‐like cooking pots, and pyriform pitchers, the latter recorded for the first time in an Italian context. The local pitchers were manufactured with a high‐CaO clay (CaO = ca. 12 wt.%) and local volcanic temper, fired at ca. 800–850°C, as suggested by the presence of calcite. The Aegean‐like pots and the pyriform pitchers were made with low‐CaO clay (CaO ≤ 4.0 wt.%) mixed with a calcite‐bearing temper, along with volcanic and siliciclastic grains, and fired at 800–950°C. The comparison with raw materials inferred that local vessels were made with low‐CaO basinal clays which outcrop in the northern Campania region, and sands from the shoreline north of Cuma where carbonate, siliciclastic and volcanic phases mix together. Our results suggest that the Phlegraean Late Roman workshops produced their traditional vases along with imitations of Aegean‐like pottery. Thus, microregional production responded to a market demand requiring shapes and styles similar to imports from the eastern Mediterranean, with which commercial trade was still quite active.

ACS Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Laetitia Cavassa; Alberto De Bonis; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Priscilla Munzi; Celestino Grifa. Local production and imitations of Late Roman pottery from a well in the Roman necropolis of Cuma in Naples, Italy. Geoarchaeology 2018, 34, 62 -79.

AMA Style

Chiara Germinario, Giuseppe Cultrone, Laetitia Cavassa, Alberto De Bonis, Francesco Izzo, Alessio Langella, Mariano Mercurio, Vincenzo Morra, Priscilla Munzi, Celestino Grifa. Local production and imitations of Late Roman pottery from a well in the Roman necropolis of Cuma in Naples, Italy. Geoarchaeology. 2018; 34 (1):62-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Laetitia Cavassa; Alberto De Bonis; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Priscilla Munzi; Celestino Grifa. 2018. "Local production and imitations of Late Roman pottery from a well in the Roman necropolis of Cuma in Naples, Italy." Geoarchaeology 34, no. 1: 62-79.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2018 in Applied Clay Science
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Fired-clay bricks are frequently object of conservative actions aimed at the preservation of cultural heritage. Information on firing conditions is relevant for the production of custom made replacement bricks, since, as a widely accepted principle, they should be close match to the pre-existing ones. In this work, the mineralogical and microstructural evolution of fired-clay bodies is described using a combination of analytical techniques, and an approach for the assessment of firing temperature using calibration curves built from the results of X-ray powder diffraction quantitative phase analysis with the Rietveld method, is presented. The weight fractions of hematite, mullite and the amorphous fraction, from two raw clays fired in the laboratory at different temperatures, have been used to assess the firing temperature of two industrially produced bricks. The values derived applying these three methods were in good agreement with the nominal temperatures of the industrial cycles. This approach might be of interest for the assessment of the firing conditions of a broader range of historical/archaeological fired-clay materials.

ACS Style

Alberto Viani; Giuseppe Cultrone; Konstantinos Sotiriadis; Radek Ševčík; Petr Šašek. The use of mineralogical indicators for the assessment of firing temperature in fired-clay bodies. Applied Clay Science 2018, 163, 108 -118.

AMA Style

Alberto Viani, Giuseppe Cultrone, Konstantinos Sotiriadis, Radek Ševčík, Petr Šašek. The use of mineralogical indicators for the assessment of firing temperature in fired-clay bodies. Applied Clay Science. 2018; 163 ():108-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Viani; Giuseppe Cultrone; Konstantinos Sotiriadis; Radek Ševčík; Petr Šašek. 2018. "The use of mineralogical indicators for the assessment of firing temperature in fired-clay bodies." Applied Clay Science 163, no. : 108-118.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2018 in Arqueología de la Arquitectura
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El palacio de Pedro I, dentro del Real Alcázar de Sevilla, es un elemento de gran importancia en el urbanismo sevillano. Se dirige esta investigación a esclarecer las intervenciones llevadas a cabo en los vestíbulos de entrada al palacio y en la zona este del Patio de las Doncellas, de forma que se pueda comprender cómo influyeron estos cambios en la compleja articulación de los espacios de la planta baja del palacio en el siglo XIX. Se ha realizado un estudio de las fuentes históricas, tanto gráficas como escritas, para comparar resultados con estudios propios de las ciencias experimentales como la termografía infrarroja. Se han obtenido datos sobre las aperturas realizadas en los paramentos y sus dimensiones, junto con las motivaciones para su ejecución que se relacionan con una mejor circulación e iluminación y con conceptos erróneos sobre la distribución inicial del palacio en su construcción en el siglo XIV.

ACS Style

Carmen Moral Ruiz; Ana García Bueno; Giuseppe Cultrone; Antonio Almagro Gorbea. Análisis de alteraciones murarias y modificaciones relacionales en dos áreas del palacio de Pedro I del Alcázar de Sevilla mediante estudio documental y verificación termográfica. Arqueología de la Arquitectura 2018, 068 .

AMA Style

Carmen Moral Ruiz, Ana García Bueno, Giuseppe Cultrone, Antonio Almagro Gorbea. Análisis de alteraciones murarias y modificaciones relacionales en dos áreas del palacio de Pedro I del Alcázar de Sevilla mediante estudio documental y verificación termográfica. Arqueología de la Arquitectura. 2018; (15):068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Moral Ruiz; Ana García Bueno; Giuseppe Cultrone; Antonio Almagro Gorbea. 2018. "Análisis de alteraciones murarias y modificaciones relacionales en dos áreas del palacio de Pedro I del Alcázar de Sevilla mediante estudio documental y verificación termográfica." Arqueología de la Arquitectura , no. 15: 068.

Thematic issue
Published: 16 April 2018 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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We performed a comparative study of the effectiveness of ethyl silicate (TEOS) and dibasic ammonium phosphate (DAP) on two varieties of natural stone used in the architectural heritage of Andalusia (Spain): Arenisca Ronda (calcarenite) and Molinaza Roja (arkose). The consolidants were applied on healthy samples with a paintbrush, a method frequently used in real building works, and the study was divided into three phases: (a) petrophysical analysis and analysis of the porous system prior to application of the consolidants; (b) evaluation of the changes that have taken place after each application; (c) evaluation of the durability of the two varieties of treated rock when subjected to the salt crystallization ageing test. The results obtained show that there is a compositional affinity between the consolidant and the rock and that this affinity has an influence on the efficacy of the product. This explains why DAP performed better in Arenisca Ronda, which is rich in carbonates, while TEOS was more effective for Molinaza Roja, which is rich in silicates. The change in the porous system was not important, although it showed positive aspects such as an improvement in the drainage of the water during the drying process. We also measured the level of penetration of both products, which reached a depth of 3–5 mm depending on the product applied. We also noticed a negative result, namely the change in the colour of both rocks after treatment with the consolidants, especially in the case of DAP. Finally, the stones were subjected to a salt crystallization test, the results of which show that the consolidants increased the durability of the materials.

ACS Style

Eduardo Molina; Caterina Fiol; Giuseppe Cultrone. Assessment of the efficacy of ethyl silicate and dibasic ammonium phosphate consolidants in improving the durability of two building sandstones from Andalusia (Spain). Environmental Earth Sciences 2018, 77, 302 .

AMA Style

Eduardo Molina, Caterina Fiol, Giuseppe Cultrone. Assessment of the efficacy of ethyl silicate and dibasic ammonium phosphate consolidants in improving the durability of two building sandstones from Andalusia (Spain). Environmental Earth Sciences. 2018; 77 (8):302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Molina; Caterina Fiol; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2018. "Assessment of the efficacy of ethyl silicate and dibasic ammonium phosphate consolidants in improving the durability of two building sandstones from Andalusia (Spain)." Environmental Earth Sciences 77, no. 8: 302.

Original articles
Published: 22 February 2018 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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The architectural remains at Pasargadae were built of three different stones classified according to their colors (beige, dark-gray, and green-gray). The stones show different macroscopic features, such as texture and decay patterns. The aim of this study is to identify the composition of the stones and to evaluate the main decay factors through petrographic studies in order to make conservation decisions more compatible. Petrochemical analyses show that the stones are in fact limestones with different features; two of them have a compact texture (beige and dark-gray stones), while the third has a fairly porous structure (green-gray stone). In some beige stone samples, dolomite was identified. Despite the fact that the presence of salt is a possible decay factor, X-ray diffraction analysis did not report any salt. According to SEM observations, the main reasons for decay in dark-gray and green-gray stones are the dissolution of calcite crystals and the swelling of clay minerals. The main decay factor in the beige stone, by contrast, is dissolution induced by microorganism activity. However, a patina formed by lichens on the surface of the beige stone, although aesthetically detrimental, protects it against further decay.

ACS Style

Atefeh Shekofteh; Eduardo Molina; Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone; Hossein Ahmadi; Mehdi Yazdi. Characterization and damage assessment of stones used in the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Achaemenian period. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2018, 13, 521 -536.

AMA Style

Atefeh Shekofteh, Eduardo Molina, Anna Arizzi, Giuseppe Cultrone, Hossein Ahmadi, Mehdi Yazdi. Characterization and damage assessment of stones used in the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Achaemenian period. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2018; 13 (4):521-536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Atefeh Shekofteh; Eduardo Molina; Anna Arizzi; Giuseppe Cultrone; Hossein Ahmadi; Mehdi Yazdi. 2018. "Characterization and damage assessment of stones used in the Pasargadae World Heritage Site, Achaemenian period." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 4: 521-536.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Measurement
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This paper reports the results of an archaeometric characterisation carried out on nineteen samples of Late Roman table and cooking ware by means of the combined use of spectroscopic techniques (colorimetry, FT-IR and μ-Raman). The study attempts at defining the technology adopted in the manufacturing of these ceramics, unearthed during archaeological surveys carried out within the Ancient Appia Landscapes project. Successful results were achieved and the reconstruction of the productive process was carried out. Second derivative profiles of IR spectra and μ-Raman analyses allowed defining the mineralogy of ceramic pastes, inferring the local provenance of raw materials and the low attention paid in their manufacturing. If good technological standards were achieved in the production of tableware, cooking ware shows colorimetric and mineralogical evidences of uncontrolled firing conditions, testifying a not-well standardized technological process

ACS Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alberto De Bonis; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Alfonso Santoriello; Stefania Siano; Celestino Grifa. The combined use of spectroscopic techniques for the characterisation of Late Roman common wares from Benevento (Italy). Measurement 2018, 114, 515 -525.

AMA Style

Chiara Germinario, Giuseppe Cultrone, Alberto De Bonis, Francesco Izzo, Alessio Langella, Mariano Mercurio, Vincenzo Morra, Alfonso Santoriello, Stefania Siano, Celestino Grifa. The combined use of spectroscopic techniques for the characterisation of Late Roman common wares from Benevento (Italy). Measurement. 2018; 114 ():515-525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Germinario; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alberto De Bonis; Francesco Izzo; Alessio Langella; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra; Alfonso Santoriello; Stefania Siano; Celestino Grifa. 2018. "The combined use of spectroscopic techniques for the characterisation of Late Roman common wares from Benevento (Italy)." Measurement 114, no. : 515-525.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Applied Clay Science
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Celestino Grifa; Chiara Germinario; Alberto De Bonis; Mariano Mercurio; Francesco Izzo; Francesco Pepe; Piero Bareschino; Ciro Cucciniello; Vincenzo Monetti; Vincenzo Morra; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alessio Langella. Traditional brick productions in Madagascar: From raw material processing to firing technology. Applied Clay Science 2017, 150, 252 -266.

AMA Style

Celestino Grifa, Chiara Germinario, Alberto De Bonis, Mariano Mercurio, Francesco Izzo, Francesco Pepe, Piero Bareschino, Ciro Cucciniello, Vincenzo Monetti, Vincenzo Morra, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Giuseppe Cultrone, Alessio Langella. Traditional brick productions in Madagascar: From raw material processing to firing technology. Applied Clay Science. 2017; 150 ():252-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Celestino Grifa; Chiara Germinario; Alberto De Bonis; Mariano Mercurio; Francesco Izzo; Francesco Pepe; Piero Bareschino; Ciro Cucciniello; Vincenzo Monetti; Vincenzo Morra; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Giuseppe Cultrone; Alessio Langella. 2017. "Traditional brick productions in Madagascar: From raw material processing to firing technology." Applied Clay Science 150, no. : 252-266.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Ceramics International
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Different techniques (X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, colorimetry, visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) were carried out to investigate the cause of colour changes of traditional ceramic materials. Two clayey materials of different composition, collected in the Bay of Naples, were fired in oxidising atmosphere at different temperatures resulting in different shades of red colour.\ud Hematite is responsible of the reddish hue of ceramics and its nucleation is strictly related to firing temperature and chemical composition of the raw materials. A low CaO concentration allowed hematite to form in higher amounts providing a more intense reddish hue at high firing temperatures (over 950 °C). At the highest temperature (1100 °C) all samples showed darker colour due to increased size of iron oxide particles. Black core developed in Ca-rich ceramics fired at low temperatures as the short time of firing is insufficient to complete iron oxidation within the matrix, except in those containing high temper amounts. Indeed, microstructural modification occurs due to the presence of discontinuities among temper grains and matrix, which improves the circulation of oxygen in the core of ceramics

ACS Style

Alberto De Bonis; Giuseppe Cultrone; Celestino Grifa; Alessio Langella; Antonio P. Leone; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra. Different shades of red: The complexity of mineralogical and physico-chemical factors influencing the colour of ceramics. Ceramics International 2017, 43, 8065 -8074.

AMA Style

Alberto De Bonis, Giuseppe Cultrone, Celestino Grifa, Alessio Langella, Antonio P. Leone, Mariano Mercurio, Vincenzo Morra. Different shades of red: The complexity of mineralogical and physico-chemical factors influencing the colour of ceramics. Ceramics International. 2017; 43 (11):8065-8074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto De Bonis; Giuseppe Cultrone; Celestino Grifa; Alessio Langella; Antonio P. Leone; Mariano Mercurio; Vincenzo Morra. 2017. "Different shades of red: The complexity of mineralogical and physico-chemical factors influencing the colour of ceramics." Ceramics International 43, no. 11: 8065-8074.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Construction and Building Materials
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The high levels of atmospheric pollution in cities today are causing the decay of natural building stone, especially due to the formation of gypsum crusts on carbonate stones. For this reason we have assessed the efficacy of using the gypsum crust as an alternative source of calcium in the consolidation of building stone via the formation of calcium phosphates. Samples of Arenisca Ronda (southern Spain) were altered to develop a gypsum crust on the surface for subsequent application of a cellulose poultice with a solution of dibasic ammonium phosphate 3 M (DAP) at different application times. The best results were obtained by the samples treated for 60 min and they have indicated that the application time and the water saturation degree of the poultice affect the amount of gypsum removed and the quantity of fissures on the consolidant film. On the other hand, the DAP concentration of the solution and the pH controlled the calcium phosphate precipitation phases. The habit of the calcium phosphate crystals evolve over the time tending to a homogenization of the consolidant film. This procedure offers an important alternative for the treatment of altered carbonate stones, in which the stone can be cleaned and consolidated in a single application.This study was financially supported by Research Group RNM179 of the Junta de Andalucía and by Research Project MAT2012-34473. E. Ruiz-Agudo acknowledges funding from the Spanish Government (Grant MAT2012-37584) and the Junta de Andalucía (project P11-RNM-7550-ERDF funds), as well as the receipt of a Ramón y Cajal Grant from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad). A. Burgos-Cara acknowledges funding from the Junta de Andalucía (project P11-RNM-7550-ERDF funds)

ACS Style

Eduardo Molina; Lucía Rueda-Quero; David Benavente; Alejandro Burgos Cara; Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo; Giuseppe Cultrone. Gypsum crust as a source of calcium for the consolidation of carbonate stones using a calcium phosphate-based consolidant. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 143, 298 -311.

AMA Style

Eduardo Molina, Lucía Rueda-Quero, David Benavente, Alejandro Burgos Cara, Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo, Giuseppe Cultrone. Gypsum crust as a source of calcium for the consolidation of carbonate stones using a calcium phosphate-based consolidant. Construction and Building Materials. 2017; 143 ():298-311.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Molina; Lucía Rueda-Quero; David Benavente; Alejandro Burgos Cara; Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo; Giuseppe Cultrone. 2017. "Gypsum crust as a source of calcium for the consolidation of carbonate stones using a calcium phosphate-based consolidant." Construction and Building Materials 143, no. : 298-311.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Materials Characterization
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During the firing of bricks, mineralogical and textural transformations produce an artificial aggregate characterised by significant porosity. Particularly as regards pore-size distribution and the interconnection model, porosity is an important parameter to evaluate and predict the durability of bricks. The pore system is in fact the main element, which correlates building materials and their environment (especially in cases of aggressiveweathering, e.g., salt crystallisation and freeze-thawcycles) and determines their durability. Four industrial bricks with differing compositions and firing temperatures were analysed with “direct” and “indirect” techniques, traditional methods (mercury intrusion porosimetry, hydric tests, nitrogen adsorption) and newanalytical approaches based on digital image reconstruction of 2D and 3D models (back-scattered electrons and computerised X-ray micro-Tomography, respectively). The comparison of results from different analytical\ud methods in the “overlapping ranges” of porosity and the careful reconstruction of a cumulative curve, allowed overcoming their specific limitations and achieving better knowledge on the pore system of bricks

ACS Style

Chiara Coletti; Giuseppe Cultrone; Lara Maritan; Claudio Mazzoli. Combined multi-analytical approach for study of pore system in bricks: How much porosity is there? Materials Characterization 2016, 121, 82 -92.

AMA Style

Chiara Coletti, Giuseppe Cultrone, Lara Maritan, Claudio Mazzoli. Combined multi-analytical approach for study of pore system in bricks: How much porosity is there? Materials Characterization. 2016; 121 ():82-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Coletti; Giuseppe Cultrone; Lara Maritan; Claudio Mazzoli. 2016. "Combined multi-analytical approach for study of pore system in bricks: How much porosity is there?" Materials Characterization 121, no. : 82-92.