This review proposed dynamic structural reconstruction/transformation routes for OER and CO ₂ RR electrocatalysts based on in situ X-ray diffraction/absorption spectroscopy.

Cancer continues to be a significant international health issue, which demands the invention of new methods for early detection, precise diagnoses, and personalized treatments. Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly become a groundbreaking component in the modern era of oncology, offering sophisticated tools across the range of cancer care. In this review, we performed a systematic survey of the current status of AI technologies used for cancer diagnoses and therapeutic approaches. We discuss AI-facilitated imaging diagnostics using a range of modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, and digital pathology, highlighting the growing role of deep learning in detecting early-stage cancers. We also explore applications of AI in genomics and biomarker discovery, liquid biopsies, and non-invasive diagnoses. In therapeutic interventions, AI-based clinical decision support systems, individualized treatment planning, and AI-facilitated drug discovery are transforming precision cancer therapies. The review also evaluates the effects of AI on radiation therapy, robotic surgery, and patient management, including survival predictions, remote monitoring, and AI-facilitated clinical trials. Finally, we discuss important challenges such as data privacy, interpretability, and regulatory issues, and recommend future directions that involve the use of federated learning, synthetic biology, and quantum-boosted AI. This review highlights the groundbreaking potential of AI to revolutionize cancer care by making diagnostics, treatments, and patient management more precise, efficient, and personalized. Graphical Abstract This graphical abstract schematically illustrates the progressive role of artificial intelligence in the cancer treatment continuum.

Around the globe, surges of bacterial diseases are causing serious health threats and related concerns. Recently, the metal ion release and photodynamic and photothermal effects of nanomaterials were demonstrated to have substantial efficiency in eliminating resistance and surges of bacteria. Nanomaterials with characteristics such as surface plasmonic resonance, photocatalysis, structural complexities, and optical features have been utilized to control metal ion release, generate reactive oxygen species, and produce heat for antibacterial applications. The superior characteristics of nanomaterials present an opportunity to explore and enhance their antibacterial activities leading to clinical applications. In this review, we comprehensively list three different antibacterial mechanisms of metal ion release, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy based on nanomaterials. These three different antibacterial mechanisms are divided into their respective subgroups in accordance with recent achievements, showcasing prospective challenges and opportunities in clinical, environmental, and related fields.

An upsurge in the multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pestilence is a global cause for concern in terms of human health. Lately, nanomaterials with photothermal effects have assisted in the efficient killing of MDR bacteria, attributable to their uncommon plasmonic, photocatalytic, and structural properties. Examinations of substantial amounts of photothermally enabled nanomaterials have shown bactericidal effects in an optimized time under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. In this review, we have compiled recent advances in photothermally enabled nanomaterials for antibacterial activities and their mechanisms. Photothermally enabled nanomaterials are classified into three groups, including metal-, carbon-, and polymer-based nanomaterials. Based on substantial accomplishments with photothermally enabled nanomaterials, we have inferred current trends and their prospective clinical applications.