People spend two-thirds of their time in buildings. Building materials are, therefore, natural shielding for us. Many studies describe the shielding effect of non-building materials. This study evaluates the shielding effectiveness (SE) of electromagnetic fields for various building materials over a frequency range of 1 GHz to 9 GHz. Measurements of SE, reflection (R), and calculated absorption (A) were conducted to determine the shielding properties of mineral wool (MW), hardened polystyrene (PT), extruded polystyrene (PE), polyurethane board (PUR), brick wall (BW), brick wall filled with mineral wool (BW-MW), and concrete wall. The results demonstrate that MW, PT, PE, and PUR exhibit low SE and R, indicating minimal shielding capabilities, with absorption values that do not significantly deviate from the level of measurement uncertainty. Conversely, BW, BW-MW, and concrete wall materials exhibit high SE, with notably increased absorption at higher frequencies, highlighting their potential for effective EMI shielding. Particularly, the concrete wall presents the highest absorption values, making it a superior choice for shielding applications. Reflection trends revealed a plateau for BW in the 6 GHz to 9 GHz range, indicating a frequency-dependent behavior of shielding mechanisms. This study underscores the importance of balancing reflective and absorptive properties in shielding materials and suggests that composite materials may offer enhanced performance. The findings of this research provide guidance for the selection and design of shielding materials in environments with a frequency spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies from 1 GHz to 9 GHz.

Many problems arise in the operation of photovoltaic systems. Each of these problems affects the operation of photovoltaic systems by reducing the power of the entire system. Some problems can be avoided during the design of photovoltaic systems. For example, when designing photovoltaic systems, it is possible to eliminate the shading of photovoltaic panels from surrounding objects. It is also necessary to look at the shading from neighboring photovoltaic panels when designing photovoltaic systems. It is necessary to calculate the inclination of the sunlight based on the position of the sun and calculate the distance between the two panels accordingly. However, some problems appear during the operation of photovoltaic systems. These problems can be partially eliminated. The magnitude of the series resistance can be eliminated by reducing the transition resistance throughout the system. The paper describes these problems and their possible solutions in practice. In the practical part, we focused on simulations and experiments in the field of photovoltaic systems (PV). The simulations focused on both the influence of temperature and the series resistance of photovoltaic panels on the production of electricity. The experiments were focused on the influence of various faults/defects on the power and V-A characteristics of photovoltaic panels connected in strings. The paper also discusses the impact of bypass diodes on the operation of photovoltaic systems and determines the need to use bypass diodes.

This article deals with the prosumer behavior, specifically on an on-grid electrical network that is connected to a larger synchronous electrical network, as well as an off-grid system. In the Simulink (Matlab) application, two models were constructed for this purpose. The modeling of the operation of the electrical network’s on-grid system takes place in one of the models. The simulation of the operation of the electrical network’s off-grid system takes place in the other. We examined the model’s behavior in the provided simulated period from the standpoint of transient states and qualitative indicators of electrical energy under various connection configurations in both systems. The simulations resulted in the possibility of incorporating new sources of energy accumulation, such as pumped storage hydropower plants based on energy storage systems (ESSs), and modifying the model to the user’s needs.

This article deals with magnetic nano-fluids, which are the part of transformer oil ITO 100 and their behavior is influenced by a permanent magnetic field. We performed an IRC analysis in the time domain on the three different samples. Measurements were made before and after radiation of an electromagnetic field. The main objective was to examine changes in the properties of the samples due to the influence of the electromagnetic field. The measurements depend on the orientation of the external magnetic field. This behavior occurs especially during the structuring of the nanoparticles in the sample exposed to the magnetic field. These processes change the polarization of the liquid because the nanoparticles concentration is contained in the fluid.

Equivalent power system impedance is an important electrical quantity from many points of view. Areas in which this parameter plays an important role include, in particular: Voltage stability analysis, power quality, or fault condition analysis. Power system impedance estimation in real operation conditions can be performed by one of the non-invasive methods described by different authors. This paper aims to investigate and compare seven different methods for power system impedance estimation based on voltage and current variations measurement. After a brief description of selected methods, these methods were applied for power system impedance estimation in the case of two simple simulation tests and then in the case of three real measured data. Voltage and current changes used for power system impedance estimation in real conditions were measured in high voltage (HV) and medium voltage (MV) substations feeding steel mill with the electric arc furnace (EAF) operation. As the results presented in this paper have shown, not all of the methods analyzed are suitable for determining the power system impedance based on the fast step changes of voltage and current that occur, for example, during an EAF operation. Indeed, some of the tested methods were originally designed to determine the power system impedance from changes in voltages and currents recorded at steady state.