Water is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.

Land consolidation (LC) is of significant importance and is an application that decreases land fragmentation level and deformed parcels, which reduce agricultural production, increasing fuel consumption and labor cost in the agriculture sector. The present research focuses on parcel shapes and investigates a new index measuring complexity of parcels. The most commonly used indices (fractal dimension, shape index, form factor, areal form factor, area perimeter ratios, and the number of points) are compared with the new shape index. The new shape index is calculated with the parcel's area and minimum bounding geometry of the parcel using geographic information systems. The new approach was applied to the cadastral data consisting of different types of parcel shapes before LC in a village in Mersin, Turkey. The new shape index showed a good performance in terms of measuring shape complexity and is easily applicable. The presented method may be used to assess LC projects or to determine priority areas for LC.

Energy is one of the most important inputs for pressurized irrigation systems in the world’s agriculture sector. As in all areas of life, energy used in irrigation has become an important research subject for researchers. In studies performed with performance indicators in Türkiye, the use of energy indicators is limited. The scarcity of energy resources makes the efficiency of energy used in irrigation schemes extremely important. This study evaluated the performance of a pressurized irrigation scheme in the Yozgat water, energy and financial indicatorsater, energy and financial. The data obtained were compared with other countries in the Mediterranean region. As a result, it was concluded that, on average, the irrigation rate was 39%, annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigated area was 8229 m3 ha−1, specific energy was 0.33 kWh m−3, energy consumed per unit irrigated was 2671 kWh ha−1, total maintenance, operation and management cost per unit irrigation water supply was 403 € ha−1 in the years (2008-2017) when the study was conducted. The finding showed that the specific energy value was about three times lower than in other countries. However, when the energy consumed per unit in the irrigated area was examined, it was found that the irrigation scheme has a high consumption of energy.

Water is vital for agriculture and its effective use has become imperative. The largest share of freshwater use in the world is in the agricultural sector with a rate of approximately 70%. Therefore, the evaluation of irrigation schemes is of great importance. In Türkiye, irrigation schemes are managed and distributed by organizations such as water user associations, municipalities, and irrigation cooperatives. In Türkiye, irrigation schemes with a service area of 500 ha or more are managed by water user associations. In this study, Ahmetli, Salihli and Menemen water user associations’ irrigation schemes, where the Gediz River is used as a water source, were chosen as materials. The selected irrigation schemes service area constitutes 60% of the total service area in the region (DSI (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) 2nd Region (Aegean region)). The service area of Ahmetli irrigation scheme is 50,532 ha, 22,797 ha in Salihli and 22,865 ha in Menemen. The main crop pattern of the irrigation area is vineyards, corn and cotton. These irrigation schemes were evaluated using performance indicators such as water supply, irrigation rate, and amount of irrigation water used per unit area. The raw data sets obtained from DSI cover the years 2007 and 2021. As a result, when looking at the average performance, relative water supply, irrigation rate and amount of irrigation water used per unit area were found to be 0.70, 57.99 and 7682.45 m3 ha-1, respectively. Although 70% of the irrigation water need can be met with the water diversion to the system, the irrigation ratio was approximately 58% indicating the problems in transferring water to the system and the irrigation techniques used by farmers on the field are not modern. In addition, the main reasons for the unirrigated areas, are social and economic reasons (137 ha in the Menemen WUA) and the lack of water supply in the Salihli and Ahmetli WUAs, 2319 ha and 11320 ha cannot be irrigated, respectively. Modernization seems inevitable for more effective use of our water resources. The most effective techniques in this modernization are land consolidation, renewal of irrigation channels, extension and consultancy services to farmers, and making water fees according to volume can be counted.