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Jean-Charles Leblanc
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in The Lancet Planetary Health
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Human dietary exposure to chemicals can result in a wide range of adverse health effects. Some substances might cause non-communicable diseases, including cancer and coronary heart diseases, and could be nephrotoxic. Food is the main human exposure route for many chemicals. We aimed to assess human dietary exposure to a wide range of food chemicals. We did a total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria. We assessed 4020 representative samples of foods, prepared as consumed, which covered more than 90% of the diet of 7291 households from eight study centres. By combining representative dietary surveys of countries with findings for concentrations of 872 chemicals in foods, we characterised human dietary exposure. Exposure to lead could result in increases in adult blood pressure up to 2·0 mm Hg, whereas children might lose 8·8-13·3 IQ points (95th percentile in Kano, Nigeria). Morbidity factors caused by coexposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus, and sterigmatocystin and fumonisins, suggest several thousands of additional liver cancer cases per year, and a substantial contribution to the burden of chronic malnutrition in childhood. Exposure to 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from consumption of smoked fish and edible oils exceeded levels associated with possible carcinogenicity and genotoxicity health concerns in all study centres. Exposure to aluminium, ochratoxin A, and citrinin indicated a public health concern about nephropathies. From 470 pesticides tested across the four countries, only high concentrations of chlorpyrifos in smoked fish (unauthorised practice identified in Mali) could pose a human health risk. Risks characterised by this total diet study underscore specific priorities in terms of food safety management in sub-Saharan Africa. Similar investigations specifically targeting children are crucially needed. Standards and Trade Development Facility.

ACS Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Philippe Verger; Marie-Madeleine Gimou; Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye; Samson B Adebayo; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D Dzossa; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J Diallo; Petru Jitaru; Thierry Guérin; Lionel Lopes-Pereira; Renwei Hu; Michael Sulyok; Rudolf Krska; Philippe Marchand; Bruno Le Bizec; Sara Eyangoh; Jean Kamanzi; Blaise Ouattara; Caroline Merten; Markus Lipp; Renata Clarke; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Human dietary exposure to chemicals in sub-Saharan Africa: safety assessment through a total diet study. The Lancet Planetary Health 2020, 4, e292 -e300.

AMA Style

Luc Ingenbleek, Philippe Verger, Marie-Madeleine Gimou, Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye, Samson B Adebayo, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Eric Jazet, Anaclet D Dzossa, Julius Ogungbangbe, Sylvestre Dansou, Zima J Diallo, Petru Jitaru, Thierry Guérin, Lionel Lopes-Pereira, Renwei Hu, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska, Philippe Marchand, Bruno Le Bizec, Sara Eyangoh, Jean Kamanzi, Blaise Ouattara, Caroline Merten, Markus Lipp, Renata Clarke, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Human dietary exposure to chemicals in sub-Saharan Africa: safety assessment through a total diet study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2020; 4 (7):e292-e300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Philippe Verger; Marie-Madeleine Gimou; Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye; Samson B Adebayo; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D Dzossa; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J Diallo; Petru Jitaru; Thierry Guérin; Lionel Lopes-Pereira; Renwei Hu; Michael Sulyok; Rudolf Krska; Philippe Marchand; Bruno Le Bizec; Sara Eyangoh; Jean Kamanzi; Blaise Ouattara; Caroline Merten; Markus Lipp; Renata Clarke; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2020. "Human dietary exposure to chemicals in sub-Saharan Africa: safety assessment through a total diet study." The Lancet Planetary Health 4, no. 7: e292-e300.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2019 in Environment International
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For the first time, a multi-centre Total Diet Study was carried out in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. We collected and prepared as consumed 528 typical fatty foods from those areas and pooled these subsamples into 44 composites samples. These core foods were tested for a wide spectrum of POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), organochlorine compounds (OCs), perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) and chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs). The POPs contamination levels were similar or lower than those reported in total diet studies previously conducted worldwide. In most cases, core foods belonging to fish food group presented higher POPs concentrations than the other food groups. Interestingly, we observed a difference in both contamination profile and concentration for smoked fish compared to non-smoked fish. Such finding suggests that the smoking process itself might account for a large proportion of the contamination. Further investigation would require the assessment of combustion materials used to smoke fish as a potential vehicle, which may contribute to the dietary exposure of the studied populations to POPs.

ACS Style

Vincent Vaccher; Luc Ingenbleek; Abimobola Adegboye; Sétondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Reinwei Hu; Inas Adbel Malak; Ronan Cariou; Anaïs Vénisseau; Bruno Veyrand; Philippe Marchand; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Gaud Dervilly-Pinel; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec. Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in foods from the first regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Environment International 2019, 135, 105413 .

AMA Style

Vincent Vaccher, Luc Ingenbleek, Abimobola Adegboye, Sétondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Reinwei Hu, Inas Adbel Malak, Ronan Cariou, Anaïs Vénisseau, Bruno Veyrand, Philippe Marchand, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Gaud Dervilly-Pinel, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec. Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in foods from the first regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Environment International. 2019; 135 ():105413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vincent Vaccher; Luc Ingenbleek; Abimobola Adegboye; Sétondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Reinwei Hu; Inas Adbel Malak; Ronan Cariou; Anaïs Vénisseau; Bruno Veyrand; Philippe Marchand; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Gaud Dervilly-Pinel; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec. 2019. "Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in foods from the first regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study." Environment International 135, no. : 105413.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Environment International
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The purpose of this study was to propose an approach to predict the distribution of chemicals in food in developing countries to assess consumer risk and access to the international market with a limited number of laboratory analyses. The first step consists of identifying the GEMS/Food Contaminants database and the chemical/food combination relevant for a particular country. The identification of critical chemical/food combination should be used to prioritize the analysis to be performed in a total diet study (TDS). The second step consists of modelling a distribution model based on the mean concentration generated from TDS associated with the variability observed in a larger dataset consisting of individual food contamination data from the GEMS food database. The simulated distributions may provide information regarding how to establish food safety standards and to assess the potential for accessing international market in the context of a value chain. This method is illustrated by case studies from the recent Regional TDS (RTDS) conducted in Sub Saharan Africa. We concluded that further work is needed to gain experience and to fully validate this approach. However, organized data sharing and developing harmonized methods for data analysis are key roles for international organizations, such as FAO, WHO, and WTO. Finally, it is important to remember that such a data-driven approach still requires significant investments in terms of human resources and analytical capacity.

ACS Style

E. Armaroli; C. Bechaux; R. Delagrave; Luc Ingenbleek; J.Ch. Leblanc; P. Verger. A method to prioritize the surveillance of chemicals in food commodities to access international market and its application to four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environment International 2019, 135, 105386 .

AMA Style

E. Armaroli, C. Bechaux, R. Delagrave, Luc Ingenbleek, J.Ch. Leblanc, P. Verger. A method to prioritize the surveillance of chemicals in food commodities to access international market and its application to four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environment International. 2019; 135 ():105386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Armaroli; C. Bechaux; R. Delagrave; Luc Ingenbleek; J.Ch. Leblanc; P. Verger. 2019. "A method to prioritize the surveillance of chemicals in food commodities to access international market and its application to four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environment International 135, no. : 105386.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in Environment International
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This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a multi-regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Herein, 2700 samples grouped in 225 food composite samples corresponding to 13 food groups: cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, fish, milk/dairy, oil/fats, and beverages from eight locations in four countries, namely Benin (Littoral/Borgou), Cameroon (Duala/North), Mali (Bamako/Sikasso), and Nigeria (Lagos/Kano) were prepared as consumed, pooled, and analysed using a validated method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurrence data for Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as regulated by the Codex Alimentarius are discussed herein. Although the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were above the limit of quantification, they were below the maximum limits set by the Codex in most samples analysed. A distinct feature was observed for cereals and tubers, as they were mostly contaminated with Al and Pb. A pilot study regarding the impact of using artisanal cookware (made from recycled aluminium) on the contamination of food samples was performed. Relevant contamination with Al and Pb when cooking tomato samples from Cameroon and Nigeria using artisanal aluminium cookware was compared to that when cooked using stainless-steel.

ACS Style

Petru Jitaru; Luc Ingenbleek; Nathalie Marchond; Clémence Laurent; Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Bruno Le Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Thierry Guérin. Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study: Focus on Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Environment International 2019, 133, 105197 .

AMA Style

Petru Jitaru, Luc Ingenbleek, Nathalie Marchond, Clémence Laurent, Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Bruno Le Bizec, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Thierry Guérin. Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study: Focus on Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Environment International. 2019; 133 ():105197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petru Jitaru; Luc Ingenbleek; Nathalie Marchond; Clémence Laurent; Abimbola Opeyemi Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Bruno Le Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Thierry Guérin. 2019. "Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study: Focus on Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb." Environment International 133, no. : 105197.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2019 in Food Chemistry: X
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In the framework of the first regional Total Diet Study in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3696 foodstuffs, commonly consumed in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 308 composite samples. Those core foods were tested for up to 470 pesticides residues by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. 39 pesticides were detected with 294 total occurrences, including 47.3% organophosphate pesticides and 35.7% pyrethroids. More specifically, 6 substances represented 75.5% of all 3 organophosphates and 3 pyrethroids: chlorpyrifos (22.4%) cypermethrin (18.0%) dichlorvos (13.6%), lambda cyhalothrin (8.2%), permethrin (7.5%) and profenofos (5.8%). One pesticide or more was detected in 45.8% of samples. Strikingly, several pesticides were quantified in 2 composite samples of smoked fish from Mali: chlorpyrifos (5236–18 084 μg/kg), profenofos (30–182 μg/kg), cypermethrin (22–250 μg/kg), cyfluthrin (16–117 μg/kg), lambda cyhalothrin (9–17 μg/kg) and permethrin (3–6 μg/kg).

ACS Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Renwei Hu; Lionel Lopes Pereira; Anaïs Paineau; Isabelle Colet; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Yara Dembélé; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec. Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria: Pesticides occurrence in foods. Food Chemistry: X 2019, 2, 100034 .

AMA Style

Luc Ingenbleek, Renwei Hu, Lionel Lopes Pereira, Anaïs Paineau, Isabelle Colet, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Yara Dembélé, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec. Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria: Pesticides occurrence in foods. Food Chemistry: X. 2019; 2 ():100034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Renwei Hu; Lionel Lopes Pereira; Anaïs Paineau; Isabelle Colet; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Yara Dembélé; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K.J. Kisito; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec. 2019. "Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria: Pesticides occurrence in foods." Food Chemistry: X 2, no. : 100034.

Correction
Published: 28 February 2019 in Toxins
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The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper

ACS Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins 2019, 11, 134 .

AMA Style

Luc Ingenbleek, Michael Sulyok, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec, Rudolf Krska. Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. 2019. "Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods." Toxins 11, no. 3: 134.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2019 in Toxins
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In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.

ACS Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins 2019, 11, 54 .

AMA Style

Luc Ingenbleek, Michael Sulyok, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec, Rudolf Krska. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. 2019. "Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods." Toxins 11, no. 1: 54.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Food Chemistry
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This study describes an optimisation and validation process on a method using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify furan in foods consumed mainly by infants and toddlers. The method that we developed allowed for low limits of quantification for liquid (1 µg kg-1) and solid (2 µg kg-1) samples. Our method was then applied to 134 food samples from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers. Furan was detected in 84% and quantified in 61% of the samples, at average lower and upper bound (LB/UB) concentrations ranging from 0 to 44 µg kg-1. The sugar and sugar derivatives, milk, growth milk, infant formulae and “other hot beverages categories contained the lowest average content (LB/UB ≤ 1 µg kg-1) and breakfast cereals contained the highest (LB/UB =44 µg kg-1).

ACS Style

Marine Lambert; Chanthadary Inthavong; Caroline Desbourdes; Frédéric Hommet; Véronique Sirot; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Marion Hulin; Thierry Guérin. Levels of furan in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers. Food Chemistry 2018, 266, 381 -388.

AMA Style

Marine Lambert, Chanthadary Inthavong, Caroline Desbourdes, Frédéric Hommet, Véronique Sirot, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Marion Hulin, Thierry Guérin. Levels of furan in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers. Food Chemistry. 2018; 266 ():381-388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marine Lambert; Chanthadary Inthavong; Caroline Desbourdes; Frédéric Hommet; Véronique Sirot; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Marion Hulin; Thierry Guérin. 2018. "Levels of furan in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers." Food Chemistry 266, no. : 381-388.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Food Chemistry
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This study describes an optimisation and validation process using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to quantify acrylamide in foods mainly consumed by infants and toddlers. A limit of quantification of 5µg.kg(-1) for both solid and liquid samples was achieved, except for unprepared infant cereals (LOQ of 18µg.kg(-1)). The method was then applied to 141 food samples from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Acrylamide was detected in most samples at mean LB/UB concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 102µg.kg(-1). The "Follow-on formula" and "Infant formula" products contained the lowest average content (LB/UB of 0.14/2.2µg.kg(-1) and 0.60/2.9µg.kg(-1) respectively) and the "Sweet and savoury biscuits and bars" (102µg.kg(-1); n=1 represented by a plain dry biscuit) contained the highest.

ACS Style

Marine Lambert; Chanthadary Inthavong; Frédéric Hommet; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Marion Hulin; Thierry Guérin. Levels of acrylamide in foods included in ‘the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers’. Food Chemistry 2018, 240, 997 -1004.

AMA Style

Marine Lambert, Chanthadary Inthavong, Frédéric Hommet, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Marion Hulin, Thierry Guérin. Levels of acrylamide in foods included in ‘the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers’. Food Chemistry. 2018; 240 ():997-1004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marine Lambert; Chanthadary Inthavong; Frédéric Hommet; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Marion Hulin; Thierry Guérin. 2018. "Levels of acrylamide in foods included in ‘the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers’." Food Chemistry 240, no. : 997-1004.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Food Chemistry
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Infants and toddlers are highly vulnerable to exposure to lead due to its higher absorption in small children than in adults. This study describes the optimisation and validation of a very sensitive method for the determination of low levels of lead in foods mostly consumed by infants and toddlers. This method, based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with a programmable temperature cyclonic spray chamber, attained a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.6 or 0.9µgPbkg-1 for a liquid or a solid sample, that was improved by a factor 5.6-8.3 compared to the previous method (LOQ: 5µgkg-1). The analytical method was then applied to 291 food samples from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Lead was detected in most samples at relatively low concentrations (range 0.0-16µgkg-1). The highest lead concentrations were mainly found in processed food products (e.g. products containing chocolate).

ACS Style

Thierry Guérin; Emilie Le Calvez; Julie Zinck; Nawel Bemrah; Véronique Sirot; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Rachida Chekri; Marion Hulin; Laurent Noël. Levels of lead in foods from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Food Chemistry 2017, 237, 849 -856.

AMA Style

Thierry Guérin, Emilie Le Calvez, Julie Zinck, Nawel Bemrah, Véronique Sirot, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Rachida Chekri, Marion Hulin, Laurent Noël. Levels of lead in foods from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Food Chemistry. 2017; 237 ():849-856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thierry Guérin; Emilie Le Calvez; Julie Zinck; Nawel Bemrah; Véronique Sirot; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Rachida Chekri; Marion Hulin; Laurent Noël. 2017. "Levels of lead in foods from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers." Food Chemistry 237, no. : 849-856.

Evaluation study
Published: 01 November 2017 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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The core food model was described more than three decades ago, and has been used ever since to identify main food contributors to dietary intakes for both nutrients and other food chemicals. The Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS) uses this model to describe the food consumption habits of some selected populations of Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria, prior to use in the completion of quantitative risk assessments with regard to food chemicals. Food consumption data were derived from food expenditure data contained in national household budget surveys that were provided by the national institutes of statistics in each country. A classification of African foods was established for the purpose of the study and core foods were selected, so as to reflect 96 ± 1% of the average national total diet expressed in weight. Populations from eight study centers were selected by national stakeholders. This approach involves the purchase of 4020 individual foods, prepared as consumed and pooled into 335 food composite samples, for analysis of mycotoxins, PAHs, PCBs and dioxins, pesticides, metals and trace elements, PFAs, and BFRs. This sampling plan aims to provide a representative, cost effective, and replicable approach for deterministic dietary exposure assessments in developing countries.

ACS Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D. Dzossa; Samson B. Adebayo; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J. Diallo; ChristianT Kouebou; Abimbola Adegboye; Epiphane Hossou; Salimata Coulibaly; Sara Eyangoh; Bruno Le Bizec; Philippe Verger; Jean Kamanzi; Caroline Merten; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 109, 155 -169.

AMA Style

Luc Ingenbleek, Eric Jazet, Anaclet D. Dzossa, Samson B. Adebayo, Julius Ogungbangbe, Sylvestre Dansou, Zima J. Diallo, ChristianT Kouebou, Abimbola Adegboye, Epiphane Hossou, Salimata Coulibaly, Sara Eyangoh, Bruno Le Bizec, Philippe Verger, Jean Kamanzi, Caroline Merten, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 109 ():155-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc Ingenbleek; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D. Dzossa; Samson B. Adebayo; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J. Diallo; ChristianT Kouebou; Abimbola Adegboye; Epiphane Hossou; Salimata Coulibaly; Sara Eyangoh; Bruno Le Bizec; Philippe Verger; Jean Kamanzi; Caroline Merten; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2017. "Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria." Food and Chemical Toxicology 109, no. : 155-169.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2015 in Environment International
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One major concern regarding perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) is their potential role in onset of health troubles consecutive to early exposure during the perinatal period. In the present work, the internal exposure levels of 18 targeted PFAAs were determined in ca. 100 mother-newborn pairs recruited in France between 2010 and 2013. In serum, the cumulated concentrations of the 7 most frequently detected compounds were 5.70ng/mL and 2.83ng/mL (median values) in maternal and cord serum, respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexylesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) contributed to around 90% of the total PFAAs contamination, with concentration levels and contamination profiles in accordance with other published work in Europe. Levels measured in breast milk were far lower (20 to 150 fold) than those determined in serum. Associations between the different monitored substances as well as between levels determined in the different investigated biological matrices mostly do not appear statistically significant. The estimated materno-foetal transfer would be thus substance-dependant, mainly driven by the physico-chemical properties of the different PFAAs (nature of polar group and length of alkylated side chain). We conclude that trans-placental passage and breastfeeding are both significant routes of human exposure to PFAAs.

ACS Style

Ronan Cariou; Bruno Veyrand; Ami Yamada; Alain Berrebi; Daniel Zalko; Sophie Durand; Charles Pollono; Philippe Marchand; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Jean-Philippe Antignac; Bruno LE Bizec. Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns. Environment International 2015, 84, 71 -81.

AMA Style

Ronan Cariou, Bruno Veyrand, Ami Yamada, Alain Berrebi, Daniel Zalko, Sophie Durand, Charles Pollono, Philippe Marchand, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Bruno LE Bizec. Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns. Environment International. 2015; 84 ():71-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ronan Cariou; Bruno Veyrand; Ami Yamada; Alain Berrebi; Daniel Zalko; Sophie Durand; Charles Pollono; Philippe Marchand; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Jean-Philippe Antignac; Bruno LE Bizec. 2015. "Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns." Environment International 84, no. : 71-81.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
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The 2nd French Total Diet Study demonstrated that 0.6% of adults and 14.9% of children exceeded the tolerable weekly intake set by EFSA. The overexposure of several consumers (adults and children) can be partially due to the high consumption of bread and dried bread products, of bivalve mollusks and of potatoes. Except for mollusks, these foods are the main contributors identified for the general population. On this basis, the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (ANSES) assessed whether a decrease of the European maximum limits in foodstuffs could significantly reduce the level of exposure of French consumers. Applying ML set at P90 of the main contributors would neither significantly reduce exposure levels to cadmium for the general population, nor the percentage of subjects exceeding the TWI. To reduce background consumer exposure to cadmium, actions to be taken include efforts on sources that are at the origin of the soil contamination and the efficacy of consumption recommendations.

ACS Style

Julien Jean; Véronique Sirot; Paule Vasseur; Jean-François Narbonne; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Jean-Luc Volatier; Gilles Rivière. Impact of a modification of food regulation on cadmium exposure. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2015, 73, 478 -483.

AMA Style

Julien Jean, Véronique Sirot, Paule Vasseur, Jean-François Narbonne, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Jean-Luc Volatier, Gilles Rivière. Impact of a modification of food regulation on cadmium exposure. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2015; 73 (1):478-483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julien Jean; Véronique Sirot; Paule Vasseur; Jean-François Narbonne; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Jean-Luc Volatier; Gilles Rivière. 2015. "Impact of a modification of food regulation on cadmium exposure." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 73, no. 1: 478-483.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2015 in Science of The Total Environment
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Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants that are widespread in the environment and in foodstuffs, particularly in freshwater fish, which frequently exceed the maximum levels set by European regulations.First, we describe the consumption of freshwater fish and serum PCB levels in French anglers, a population expected to have the highest level of dietary PCB exposure. Second, we investigated whether there is a statistical relationship between serum PCB levels and the angler consumption of freshwater fish with high PCB bioaccumulation potential (PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish) in order to make recommendations with regard to safe consumption of freshwater fish.We conducted a survey of anglers from six sites with contrasting PCB contamination levels. The survey included a food consumption frequency questionnaire and blood samples were taken to assess serum PCB levels. We used a regression model to determine the main factors contributing to serum PCB levels.Consumption of PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish was relatively infrequent. Serum PCB levels of the study population and of women of childbearing age were in the same range as those observed in the French population and in neighbouring European countries, but higher than in the North American population. The two factors with the highest positive association with serum PCB levels were age (R(2)=61%) and the consumption of PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish (R(2)=2%). Using the regression model, we calculated, for several scenarios depending on the age and gender of the population, the maximum annual frequencies for PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish consumption that do not exceed the critical body burden threshold.Following the results of this study, the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (ANSES) issued an opinion and recommended some specific maximum freshwater fish consumption frequencies to protect the French general population.

ACS Style

Virginie Desvignes; Jean-Luc Volatier; Frédéric de Bels; Abdelkrim Zeghnoun; Marie-Christine Favrot; Philippe Marchand; Bruno LE Bizec; Gilles Rivière; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Mathilde Merlo. Study on polychlorobiphenyl serum levels in French consumers of freshwater fish. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 505, 623 -632.

AMA Style

Virginie Desvignes, Jean-Luc Volatier, Frédéric de Bels, Abdelkrim Zeghnoun, Marie-Christine Favrot, Philippe Marchand, Bruno LE Bizec, Gilles Rivière, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Mathilde Merlo. Study on polychlorobiphenyl serum levels in French consumers of freshwater fish. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 505 ():623-632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Virginie Desvignes; Jean-Luc Volatier; Frédéric de Bels; Abdelkrim Zeghnoun; Marie-Christine Favrot; Philippe Marchand; Bruno LE Bizec; Gilles Rivière; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Mathilde Merlo. 2015. "Study on polychlorobiphenyl serum levels in French consumers of freshwater fish." Science of The Total Environment 505, no. : 623-632.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2015 in European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
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Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillance of the nutritional status of a population is a key element for public policies. This study aimed at providing a reliable nutritional risk assessment of the French population based on prevalences of inadequate and excessive intakes of eleven minerals and trace elements.

ACS Style

Esther Kalonji; Véronique Sirot; Laurent Noël; Thierry Guérin; Irène Margaritis; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Nutritional Risk Assessment of Eleven Minerals and Trace Elements: Prevalence of Inadequate and Excessive Intakes from the Second French Total Diet Study. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 2015, 5, 281 -296.

AMA Style

Esther Kalonji, Véronique Sirot, Laurent Noël, Thierry Guérin, Irène Margaritis, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Nutritional Risk Assessment of Eleven Minerals and Trace Elements: Prevalence of Inadequate and Excessive Intakes from the Second French Total Diet Study. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 2015; 5 (4):281-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esther Kalonji; Véronique Sirot; Laurent Noël; Thierry Guérin; Irène Margaritis; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2015. "Nutritional Risk Assessment of Eleven Minerals and Trace Elements: Prevalence of Inadequate and Excessive Intakes from the Second French Total Diet Study." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 4: 281-296.

Validation study
Published: 01 October 2014 in Journal of Chromatography A
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BPA-containing products are widely used in foodstuffs packaging as authorized within the European Union (UE no. 10/2011). Therefore, foods and beverages are in contact with BPA which can migrate from food contact material to foodstuffs. An accurate assessment of the exposure of the consumers to BPA is crucial for a non-ambiguous risk characterization. In this context, an efficient analytical method using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, was developed for the quantification of BPA in foodstuffs at very low levels (<0.5μgkg(-1)). A standard operating procedure, based on the combination of two successive solid phase extractions (SPE), was developed for various liquid and solid foodstuffs. The use of (13)C12-BPA as internal standard allowed accurate quantification of BPA by isotopic dilution. Control charts based on both blank and certified materials have been implemented to ensure analytical data quality. The developed analytical method has been validated according to in-house validation requirements. R(2) was better than 0.9990 within the range [0-100μgkg(-1)], the trueness was 4.2%. Repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 7.5% to 19.0% and 2.5% to 12.2%, respectively, at 0.5 and 5.0μgkg(-1) depending on the matrices tested for. The detection and quantification limits were 0.03 and 0.10μgkg(-1), respectively. The reporting limit was 0.35μgkg(-1), taking into account the mean of the laboratory background contamination. The global uncertainty was 22.2% at 95% confidence interval.

ACS Style

Y. Deceuninck; E. Bichon; S. Durand; N. Bemrah; Z. Zendong; M.L. Morvan; P. Marchand; G. Dervilly-Pinel; J.P. Antignac; J.C. Leblanc; B. Le Bizec. Development and validation of a specific and sensitive gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenol A residues in a large set of food items. Journal of Chromatography A 2014, 1362, 241 -249.

AMA Style

Y. Deceuninck, E. Bichon, S. Durand, N. Bemrah, Z. Zendong, M.L. Morvan, P. Marchand, G. Dervilly-Pinel, J.P. Antignac, J.C. Leblanc, B. Le Bizec. Development and validation of a specific and sensitive gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenol A residues in a large set of food items. Journal of Chromatography A. 2014; 1362 ():241-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y. Deceuninck; E. Bichon; S. Durand; N. Bemrah; Z. Zendong; M.L. Morvan; P. Marchand; G. Dervilly-Pinel; J.P. Antignac; J.C. Leblanc; B. Le Bizec. 2014. "Development and validation of a specific and sensitive gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenol A residues in a large set of food items." Journal of Chromatography A 1362, no. : 241-249.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2014 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in a wide variety of products and objects for consumers use (digital media such as CD's and DVD's, sport equipment, food and beverage containers, medical equipment). Here, we demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of this contaminant in foods with a background level of contamination of less than 5μg/kg in 85% of the 1498 analysed samples. High levels of contamination (up to 400μg/kg) were found in some foods of animal origin. We used a probabilistic approach to calculate dietary exposure from French individual consumption data for infants under 36months, children and adolescents from 3 to 17years, adults over 18years and pregnant women. The estimated average dietary exposure ranged from 0.12 to 0.14μg/kg body weight per day (bw/d) for infants, from 0.05 to 0.06μg/kg bw/d for children and adolescents, from 0.038 to 0.040μg/kg bw/d for adults and from 0.05 to 0.06μg/kg bw/d for pregnant women. The main sources of exposure were canned foods (50% of the total exposure), products of animal origin (20%) and 30% as a background level. Based on the toxicological values set by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) for pregnant women, the risk was non negligible. Thus, we simulated scenarios to study the influence of cans and/or food of animal origin on the BPA-related risk for this specific population

ACS Style

Nawel Bemrah; Julien Jean; Gilles Rivière; Moez Sanaa; Stéphane Leconte; Morgane Bachelot; Yoann Deceuninck; Bruno LE Bizec; Xavier Dauchy; Alain-Claude Roudot; Valérie Camel; Konrad Grob; Cyril Feidt; Nicole Picard-Hagen; Pierre-Marie Badot; Franck Foures; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Assessment of dietary exposure to bisphenol A in the French population with a special focus on risk characterisation for pregnant French women. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2014, 72, 90 -97.

AMA Style

Nawel Bemrah, Julien Jean, Gilles Rivière, Moez Sanaa, Stéphane Leconte, Morgane Bachelot, Yoann Deceuninck, Bruno LE Bizec, Xavier Dauchy, Alain-Claude Roudot, Valérie Camel, Konrad Grob, Cyril Feidt, Nicole Picard-Hagen, Pierre-Marie Badot, Franck Foures, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Assessment of dietary exposure to bisphenol A in the French population with a special focus on risk characterisation for pregnant French women. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014; 72 ():90-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nawel Bemrah; Julien Jean; Gilles Rivière; Moez Sanaa; Stéphane Leconte; Morgane Bachelot; Yoann Deceuninck; Bruno LE Bizec; Xavier Dauchy; Alain-Claude Roudot; Valérie Camel; Konrad Grob; Cyril Feidt; Nicole Picard-Hagen; Pierre-Marie Badot; Franck Foures; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2014. "Assessment of dietary exposure to bisphenol A in the French population with a special focus on risk characterisation for pregnant French women." Food and Chemical Toxicology 72, no. : 90-97.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2014 in Science of The Total Environment
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To determine the exposure of the French population to toxic compounds contaminating the food chain, a total diet study was performed in France between 2007 and 2009. This study was designed to reflect the consumption habits of the French population and covered the most important foods in terms of consumption, selected nutrients and contribution to contamination. Based on French consumption data, the present study reports the dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (16 congeners) and brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane and polybrominated biphenyls). Comparison of the calculated dietary exposures with the generally accepted health-based guidance values revealed that most compounds do not pose any risk. There are however knowledge gaps for some congeners in these large chemical classes.

ACS Style

G. Rivière; V. Sirot; A. Tard; J. Jean; P. Marchand; B. Veyrand; Bruno LE Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Food risk assessment for perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated flame retardants in the French population: Results from the second French total diet study. Science of The Total Environment 2014, 491-492, 176 -183.

AMA Style

G. Rivière, V. Sirot, A. Tard, J. Jean, P. Marchand, B. Veyrand, Bruno LE Bizec, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Food risk assessment for perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated flame retardants in the French population: Results from the second French total diet study. Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 491-492 ():176-183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Rivière; V. Sirot; A. Tard; J. Jean; P. Marchand; B. Veyrand; Bruno LE Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2014. "Food risk assessment for perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated flame retardants in the French population: Results from the second French total diet study." Science of The Total Environment 491-492, no. : 176-183.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2014 in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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In this study, French marine and freshwater fish perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) contamination are presented along with their fatty acid (FA) composition to provide further elements for a risk/benefit balance of fish consumption to be assessed. The 29 most consumed marine fish species were collected in four metropolitan French coastal areas in 2004 to constitute composite samples. Geographical differences in terms of consumed species and contamination level were taken into account. Three hundred and eighty-seven composite samples corresponding to 16 freshwater fish species collected between 2008 and 2010 in the six major French rivers or their tributaries were selected among the French national agency for water and aquatic environments freshwater fish sample library. The raw edible parts were analyzed for FA composition and PFAA contamination. Results show that freshwater fishes are more contaminated by PFAAs than marine fishes and do not share the same contamination profile. Freshwater fish contamination is mostly driven by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (75%), whereas marine fish contamination is split between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (24%), PFOS (20%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (15%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFHpA) (11%), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (11%). Common carp, pike-perch, European perch, thicklip grey mullet, and common roach presented the most unfavorable balance profile due to their high level of PFAAs and low level of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). These data could be used, if needed, in an updated opinion on fish consumption that takes into account PFAA contamination.

ACS Style

Ami Yamada; Nawel Bemrah; Bruno Veyrand; Charles Pollono; Mathilde Merlo; Virginie Desvignes; Véronique Sirot; Marine Oseredczuk; Philippe Marchand; Ronan Cariou; Jean-Philippe Antignac; Bruno LE Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Perfluoroalkyl Acid Contamination and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of French Freshwater and Marine Fishes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014, 62, 7593 -7603.

AMA Style

Ami Yamada, Nawel Bemrah, Bruno Veyrand, Charles Pollono, Mathilde Merlo, Virginie Desvignes, Véronique Sirot, Marine Oseredczuk, Philippe Marchand, Ronan Cariou, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Bruno LE Bizec, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Perfluoroalkyl Acid Contamination and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of French Freshwater and Marine Fishes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014; 62 (30):7593-7603.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ami Yamada; Nawel Bemrah; Bruno Veyrand; Charles Pollono; Mathilde Merlo; Virginie Desvignes; Véronique Sirot; Marine Oseredczuk; Philippe Marchand; Ronan Cariou; Jean-Philippe Antignac; Bruno LE Bizec; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2014. "Perfluoroalkyl Acid Contamination and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of French Freshwater and Marine Fishes." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 30: 7593-7603.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2014 in Food Control
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ACS Style

Alexandre Nougadère; Mathilde Merlo; Fanny Héraud; Josselin Réty; Eric Truchot; Gaëlle Vial; Jean-Pierre Cravedi; Jean-Charles Leblanc. How dietary risk assessment can guide risk management and food monitoring programmes: The approach and results of the French Observatory on Pesticide Residues (ANSES/ORP). Food Control 2014, 41, 32 -48.

AMA Style

Alexandre Nougadère, Mathilde Merlo, Fanny Héraud, Josselin Réty, Eric Truchot, Gaëlle Vial, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Jean-Charles Leblanc. How dietary risk assessment can guide risk management and food monitoring programmes: The approach and results of the French Observatory on Pesticide Residues (ANSES/ORP). Food Control. 2014; 41 ():32-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandre Nougadère; Mathilde Merlo; Fanny Héraud; Josselin Réty; Eric Truchot; Gaëlle Vial; Jean-Pierre Cravedi; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2014. "How dietary risk assessment can guide risk management and food monitoring programmes: The approach and results of the French Observatory on Pesticide Residues (ANSES/ORP)." Food Control 41, no. : 32-48.