Targeted drug delivery by nanoparticles (NPs) is an essential technique to achieve the ideal therapeutic effect for cancer. However, it requires large amounts of work to imitate the biomarkers on the surface of the cell membrane and cannot fully retain the bio-function and interactions among cells. Cell membranes have been studied to form biomimetic NPs to achieve functions like immune escape, targeted drug delivery, and immune modulation, which inherit the ability to interact with the in vivo environments. Currently, erythrocyte, leukocyte, mesenchymal stem cell, cancer cell and platelet have been applied in coating photothermal agents and anti-cancer drugs to achieve increased photothermal conversion efficiency and decreased side effects in cancer ablation. In this review, we discuss the recent development of cell membrane-coated NPs in the application of photothermal therapy and cancer targeting. The underlying biomarkers of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMNPs) are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.

Autologous fat grafting has been widely used in plastic surgery in recent years, but the unstable retention of fat graft has always been a key clinical problem. Adipose tissue has poor tolerant to ischemia, so the transplanted adipose tissue needs to rebuild blood supply at an early stage in order to survive stably. Our previous study has found that comparing to human foreskin fibroblast exosome (HFF-Exo), human adipose-derived stem cells exosome (hADSC-Exo) can significantly improve the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and the angiogenic effect of artificial dermal preconstructed flaps. Therefore, the ability of hADSC-Exo to improve the retention of adipose grafts and its potential regenerative mechanism aroused our strong interest. In this study, we applied hADSC-Exo and HFF-Exo to adipose grafts and explored the potential regeneration mechanism through various means such as bioinformatics, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and adipogenic differentiation. The results showed that hADSC-Exo can significantly promote grafts angiogenesis and adipogenic differentiation of ADSC to improve the retention of fat grafts and may downregulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote the adipogenic differentiation. In summary, our results provide a theoretical basis for the clinical translation of hADSC-Exo in fat grafting.

Reconstruction of the auricular conchal cavity is relatively difficult because of its unique structure, shape, and location. We compared different methods of repair of the auricular concha to determine the method that would cause the least injury to the donor site. The method selected was based on the location and size of the defect. If the defect was located in the upper part of the concha, or if the defect was >15 mm in diameter, we used a post-auricular subcutaneous pedicle island flap that was pulled through a post-auricular sulcus tunnel to cover the wound. If the defect was located in the lower part of the concha and was <15 mm in diameter, we used a pre-auricular translocation flap that was passed through the intertragic notch to cover the wound. The donor site was closed primarily. All flaps survived well and any scars associated with the surgery were unnoticeable. No tumor relapse or metastasis was observed over a mean follow-up period of 35 months. All patients were satisfied with the outcome. The periauricular flap technique chosen for reconstruction of skin defects in the auricular concha depends on the size and location of the defect. With appropriate flap selection, excellent functional, and aesthetic outcomes are achieved.

The healing of infected tendons is hindered by mechanical dysfunction, tissue adhesion, bacterial colonization, and immune imbalance. Inspired by the biphasic “adhesion-lubrication” structure of tendon sheaths, we developed a Janus hydrogel, named HAPP@H-EXO, for spatiotemporal repair. The material exhibits antifatigue properties and redistributes mechanical stress through a dynamic network formed by norbornylated PVA and boronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid-PVA. Its high-adhesion side integrates tissue via borate and hydrogen bonds, whereas the lotus leaf-induced low-adhesion side prevents postsurgical adhesion. The incorporation of oligo-polyethyleneimine and phenylboronic acid groups traps and kills bacteria, overcoming resistance. The pH-responsive release of hypoxic tendon stem cell exosomes reprogrammes macrophages via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, reducing inflammation and promoting regeneration. In an infected Achilles tendon model, HAPP@H-EXO eliminated MRSA, suppressed early inflammation, and enhanced regeneration. Within 8 weeks, it significantly improved biomechanical strength, prevented adhesion, and restored motor function, establishing a mechanoimmunotherapeutic strategy for infected tissue regeneration.

Background: Vaginal agenesis, a rare condition, is treated by various surgical techniques to achieve neovaginal reconstruction. The main difference between the approaches lies in the graft material used to cover the newly formed cavity. Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the surgical procedure and outcomes of autologous buccal mucosal grafting in neovaginal reconstruction. Methods: Sixteen patients with vaginal agenesis admitted to our department between January 2016 and January 2019 were included in our study. A reconstruction procedure, described in detail here, involving autologous buccal mucosa as graft material was successfully conducted in all of the patients. Long-term anatomic and functional outcomes were evaluated. Results: The blood loss during operation was estimated to be 15 to 20 mL in all cases. No rectal or bladder injury occurred. The buccal mucosal wound completely healed 10 to 14 days after the operation. All patients had a well-formed neovagina 8 to 10 cm in length, with a mean diameter of >3 finger-breadths. Conclusions: The application of autologous buccal mucosa in neovaginal construction is a simple procedure. Autologous buccal mucosa is an ideal material to achieve excellent cosmetic and functional results in patients with vaginal agenesis. Level of Evidence: 4: