Na metal batteries (NMBs) have received extensive attention due to their high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical redox potential. However, dendrite growth and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer in Na anodes limit the development of NMBs. In this work, we attempt to introduce potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) as an NMB salt additive in electrolyte and find that this KFSI-containing electrolyte can enable highly reversible and nondendritic plating–stripping of Na metal anodes. Excellent cycling stability for 400 h at 0.5 mA cm⁻² in a Na‖Na symmetric cell and a high coulombic efficiency of 97.7% after 200 cycles in a Na‖carbon cloth (CC) asymmetric cell can be achieved in KFSI containing electrolyte. From our results, we find that K-ions from KFSI can show electrostatic shielding on the tip of the dendrite and then guide the uniform deposition of Na ions due to the lower potential of the K/K⁺ couple (−2.93 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) compared with that of the Na/Na⁺ couple (−2.71 V vs. SHE). In addition, the S–F bond cleavage from the FSI anion presents low dissociation energy of S–F from density functional theory calculation, contributing to the formation of a stable fluoride (NaF and KF) rich solid electrolyte interfacial layer on the Na anode surface, which is also in favor of a tough Na plating–stripping process. We believe our findings will guide salt engineering to enhance the electrochemical performance of the Na metal anode.

Ruthenium (Ru) is a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), despite suffering from low activity in non‐acidic conditions due to the high kinetic energy barrier of H₂O dissociation. Herein, the synthesis of carbon nanosheet‐supported RuP/Ru heterostructures (RuP/Ru@CNS) from a natural polysaccharide is reported and demonstrates its behavior as an effective HER electrocatalyst in non‐acidic conditions. The RuP/Ru@CNS exhibits low overpotential (106 mV at 200 mA·cm⁻²) in alkaline electrolyte, exceeding most reported Ru‐based electrocatalysts. The electron shuttling between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface results in a lowered energy barrier for H₂O dissociation by electron‐deficient Ru atoms in the pure Ru phase, as well as optimized H^* adsorption of electron‐gaining Ru atoms in the neighboring RuP. A low H^* spillover energy barrier between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface further boosts HER kinetics. This study demonstrates a sustainable method for the fabrication of efficient Ru‐based electrocatalysts and provides a more detailed understanding of interface effects in HER catalysis.

Two-step anodization process is used to grow TiO₂ nanotube arrays in an organic electrolyte consisting of water, NH₄F, and ethylene glycol. The growth of TiO₂ nanotubes is dependent on temperature, anodization voltage and growth time.