Under the scenario of global warming, the response of greenhouse gas emissions from alpine wetlands remains unclear. In this study, fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ were measured during daytime for the microtopographic features of hollows and hummocks in a wetland in the Tibetan Plateau under two elevated temperatures, increments of ∼1°C (T1 treatment) and ∼2°C (T2 treatment), during the growing season in 2019. The results showed that warming significantly increased the cumulative net ecosystem CO₂ exchanges (NEE) for both microtopographic features in the wetland compared to the control due to a combination of the increased gross primary production (GPP) with an increase in ecosystem respiration (ER). Similarly, warming also increased cumulative CH₄ emission significantly. The effect was stronger for T2 than that for T1 for all component fluxes (GPP, ER, NEE, and CH₄). Generally, NEE and CH₄ fluxes both rose at first and then decreased. NEE peaked at the end of July for both hollows and hummocks, while CH₄ emissions peaked in the middle of August. The cumulative CH₄ emissions from the hummocks were significantly higher than those of the hollows, and CH₄ emissions under illumination were significantly higher than those in darkness, which may be caused by the irradiation-sensitive vegetable internal convective gas transport system which diffuses CH₄ from the pedosphere. This study revealed that warming strengthened the function of the CO₂ sink but also increased CH₄ emissions from the alpine wetlands on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

The Calloviane-Oxfordian carbonates in the northeastern Amu Darya Basin of southeastern Turkmenistan are composed of medium- to thick-bedded, mostly grainy limestones with various skeletal (bivalves, brachiopods, echinoderms, foraminifera, corals, and sponge) and non-skeletal grains (intraclasts, ooids and peloids). Two facies zones, six standard facies belts and some microfacies types were recognized, and sedimentary model “carbonate ramp-rimmed platform” was proposed and established that can be compared with the classical carbonate sedimentary models. In this model, favorable reservoirs not only developed in the intraplatform shoal of open platform, or reef and shoal on the platform margin, but also in the patch reefs, shoal and mound facies on the upper slope. The reservoir’s pore space is dominated by intergranular and intragranular pores and fissure-pore reservoirs exist with medium porosity and medium to low permeability. Sedimentary facies and diagenetic dissolution are the key controlling factors for the development of high-quality reservoirs.

Abundant hybrid sediments composed of clastic rocks and carbonate rocks were deposited in the Devonian Yangmaba Formation in the northwestern of Sichuan Basin. Based on the measurement of the Ganxi section in detail, combined with the observation of the 30 slices, the hybrid facies, and hybrid sequence, the hybrid deposit mechanism and its controlling factors of the Yangmaba Formation were analyzed. It shows that the hybrid facies consists of the hybrid shore at the lower and clastic hybrid shelf and carbonate hybrid shelf deposits at the middle-upper of the Yangmaba Formation. The hybrid sequence, which can be divided into four sedimentary system tracts: the shelf-margin systems tract (SMST), the transgressive system tract (TST), the early highstand systems tract (EHST), and the late highstand systems tract (LHST), was developed in the Yangmaba Formation. There are three hybrid mechanisms including punctuated mixing, facies mixing, and in situ mixing, and the first two are the main types in the Yangmaba Formation. The punctuated mixing and in situ mixing are the main hybrid mechanisms of hybrid shore and clastic hybrid shelf deposits, and the facies mixing is the main hybrid mechanism of clastic hybrid shelf and carbonate hybrid shelf deposits. The hybrid mechanisms are different among the system tracts: the punctuated mixing is the main mixing manner in the SMST and LHST and the facies mixing developed in the TST and EHST. Storm action is the most important controlling factor of punctuated mixing of the Yangmaba Formation. Relative sea level change, carbonate productivity or the rate of terrestrial clastic supply, and climate change are factors that control and affect hybrid deposits. SMST and HST are mainly related to changes in the relative sea level, while TST is controlled by sedimentary source recharge, and climate change affects the hybrid action of system tracts to varying degrees.