Various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process parameters must be considered as they can independently affect the properties of end-product. However, many studies simply examine one or two LPBF process parameters. Laser power, scan speed, scan spacing, and layer height are the four primary LPBF process parameters that contribute to volumetric energy density (VED) used in LPBF. VED is often used as an optimization metric for LPBF process parameters, because it takes all four major parameters into consideration. Thus, this paper focuses on the effect of VED on the morphology and properties of part, and also discusses on the interrelationship between all four parameters. Common range used for each parameter is 70–400 W for laser power, 70–1800 mm/s for scan speed, 50–140 µm for scan spacing, and 20–50 µm for layer height. It can be seen as the VED increased, the microstructure of as-built titanium alloy Ti6Al4V components exhibited smaller α’ martensite size and larger columnar β grain. High VED can also reduce porosity and defect formation, which will help in increasing part density. The lowest surface roughness reported for LPBF Ti6Al4V is 4.91 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum microhardness obtained is 443 HV and the highest tensile strength achieved is 1400 MPa. The VED used for studies that obtained these results are in the range of 55–65 J/mm³. Thus, it can be concluded that the most suitable VED for LPBF printing of Ti6Al4V is around 55–65 J/mm³.

Recently, nano- and micro air vehicles have been intensely attractive among researchers due to their small size and ultralightweight. Hence, in this article, wave propagation of micro air vehicle wings is studied based on mathematical modeling as the main novelty of this article. In addition, assuming porous functionally graded materials (FGM) and magnetostrictive nanocomposite layers for the wing for improving the stiffness and control of the wave propagation is another important innovation of this study. The effects of size are considered based on strain gradient theory and the Halpin-Tsai model is employed for calculating the effective material characteristic of the magnetostrictive nanocomposite layer. For modeling the structure mathematically, refined zigzag theory (RZT) is used. According to Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are gained and solved by exact solutions for obtaining the phase velocity, cut-off, and escape frequencies. In this novel work, influences of dispersion kinds of GPLs, various core and face sheets thickness, damping of structure, porosity constant, FG index, auxetic honeycombs core characteristics, size parameters, and magnetic field are investigated on wave propagation of the micro air vehicle wings. It is found that by imposing the magnetic field on the magnetostrictive layer, the wave velocity is enhanced.