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John S. Richardson
University of British Columbia

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Chapter
Published: 01 July 2021 in The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems
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Leaf litter decomposition supports the provision of numerous ecosystem services—that is, the benefits nature provides to humans—through its contribution to the reduction and storage of organic materials that could negatively impact water supplies, and its support of the productivity of freshwater ecosystems. The magnitude of these services varies spatially, and with land use. Leaf litter decomposition contributes a large fraction of energy supporting production in small streams, and to downstream production through supplies of finer particles produced by consumers. Decomposition results in storage of carbon as biomass in biological communities, and reduces the amounts of organic materials that could impact water quality downstream. Changes in water quality that result from decomposition can also influence the aesthetic and recreational value of waterways. Land use can influence decomposition, for instance elevated nutrient concentrations can result in higher decomposition rates, but high temperatures and sediment loads may diminish those rates. Changes in the rates of such ecosystem functions may be proportional to changes in the associated benefits provided to humans. While decomposition is a key ecosystem function that can contribute to the provision of numerous services, there are few estimates of the human value of this process in freshwaters.

ACS Style

John S. Richardson; Dalal E.L. Hanna. Leaf Litter Decomposition as a Contributor to Ecosystem Service Provision. The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems 2021, 511 -523.

AMA Style

John S. Richardson, Dalal E.L. Hanna. Leaf Litter Decomposition as a Contributor to Ecosystem Service Provision. The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems. 2021; ():511-523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John S. Richardson; Dalal E.L. Hanna. 2021. "Leaf Litter Decomposition as a Contributor to Ecosystem Service Provision." The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems , no. : 511-523.

Chapter
Published: 01 July 2021 in The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems
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Riparian ecosystems occupy land-water interfaces along upland-to-lowland and coastal gradients of river networks. Global changes in riparian vegetation alter the types and processing of organic matter at these interfaces and throughout river networks. Dominant pathways of structural changes in riparian vegetation are associated with (i) temperature increases and changes in precipitation and hydrology, (ii) range expansion/contraction of native and non-native species, (iii) altered land-use for agriculture/forest plantations and harvesting, and urban development, (iv) shifts in disturbance regimes, such as fire, disease, pest outbreaks, and storms, and (v) saltwater intrusion. Widespread changes in riparian vegetation alter above and belowground carbon (C) stores and shift the relative proportion of algal and detrital basal resources in aquatic ecosystems. Global changes in riparian vegetation likely shift the sources and sinks of organic matter along river networks from upland headwaters to lowland rivers and coastal wetlands. Climate and global changes are expanding and contracting continental vegetation species ranges while sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion are transgressing coastal ecosystems landward. Understanding the general pathways and functional consequences of changes in riparian vegetation is vital to conserving ecosystem functions and services throughout continental river networks and coastal wetlands that are supported by organic matter processing.

ACS Style

John S. Kominoski; Samantha K. Chapman; Walter K. Dodds; Jennifer J. Follstad Shah; John S. Richardson. Causes and Consequences of Changes in Riparian Vegetation for Plant Litter Decomposition Throughout River Networks. The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems 2021, 273 -296.

AMA Style

John S. Kominoski, Samantha K. Chapman, Walter K. Dodds, Jennifer J. Follstad Shah, John S. Richardson. Causes and Consequences of Changes in Riparian Vegetation for Plant Litter Decomposition Throughout River Networks. The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems. 2021; ():273-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John S. Kominoski; Samantha K. Chapman; Walter K. Dodds; Jennifer J. Follstad Shah; John S. Richardson. 2021. "Causes and Consequences of Changes in Riparian Vegetation for Plant Litter Decomposition Throughout River Networks." The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems , no. : 273-296.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in Nature Communications
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The relationship between detritivore diversity and decomposition can provide information on how biogeochemical cycles are affected by ongoing rates of extinction, but such evidence has come mostly from local studies and microcosm experiments. We conducted a globally distributed experiment (38 streams across 23 countries in 6 continents) using standardised methods to test the hypothesis that detritivore diversity enhances litter decomposition in streams, to establish the role of other characteristics of detritivore assemblages (abundance, biomass and body size), and to determine how patterns vary across realms, biomes and climates. We observed a positive relationship between diversity and decomposition, strongest in tropical areas, and a key role of abundance and biomass at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that litter decomposition might be altered by detritivore extinctions, particularly in tropical areas, where detritivore diversity is already relatively low and some environmental stressors particularly prevalent.

ACS Style

Luz Boyero; Naiara López-Rojo; Alan M. Tonin; Javier Pérez; Francisco Correa-Araneda; Richard G. Pearson; Jaime Bosch; Ricardo J. Albariño; Sankarappan Anbalagan; Leon A. Barmuta; Ana Basaguren; Francis J. Burdon; Adriano Caliman; Marcos Callisto; Adolfo R. Calor; Ian C. Campbell; Bradley J. Cardinale; J. Jesús Casas; Ana M. Chará-Serna; Eric Chauvet; Szymon Ciapała; Checo Colón-Gaud; Aydeé Cornejo; Aaron M. Davis; Monika Degebrodt; Emerson S. Dias; María E. Díaz; Michael M. Douglas; Andrea C. Encalada; Ricardo Figueroa; Alexander S. Flecker; Tadeusz Fleituch; Erica A. García; Gabriela García; Pavel E. García; Mark O. Gessner; Jesús E. Gómez; Sergio Gómez; Jose F. Gonçalves; Manuel A. S. Graça; Daniel C. Gwinn; Robert O. Hall; Neusa Hamada; Cang Hui; Daichi Imazawa; Tomoya Iwata; Samuel K. Kariuki; Andrea Landeira-Dabarca; Kelsey Laymon; María Leal; Richard Marchant; Renato T. Martins; Frank O. Masese; Megan Maul; Brendan G. McKie; Adriana O. Medeiros; Charles M. M’ Erimba; Jen A. Middleton; Silvia Monroy; Timo Muotka; Junjiro N. Negishi; Alonso Ramírez; John S. Richardson; José Rincón; Juan Rubio-Ríos; Gisele M. dos Santos; Romain Sarremejane; Fran Sheldon; Augustine Sitati; Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano; Scott D. Tiegs; Janine R. Tolod; Michael Venarsky; Anne Watson; Catherine M. Yule. Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Luz Boyero, Naiara López-Rojo, Alan M. Tonin, Javier Pérez, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Richard G. Pearson, Jaime Bosch, Ricardo J. Albariño, Sankarappan Anbalagan, Leon A. Barmuta, Ana Basaguren, Francis J. Burdon, Adriano Caliman, Marcos Callisto, Adolfo R. Calor, Ian C. Campbell, Bradley J. Cardinale, J. Jesús Casas, Ana M. Chará-Serna, Eric Chauvet, Szymon Ciapała, Checo Colón-Gaud, Aydeé Cornejo, Aaron M. Davis, Monika Degebrodt, Emerson S. Dias, María E. Díaz, Michael M. Douglas, Andrea C. Encalada, Ricardo Figueroa, Alexander S. Flecker, Tadeusz Fleituch, Erica A. García, Gabriela García, Pavel E. García, Mark O. Gessner, Jesús E. Gómez, Sergio Gómez, Jose F. Gonçalves, Manuel A. S. Graça, Daniel C. Gwinn, Robert O. Hall, Neusa Hamada, Cang Hui, Daichi Imazawa, Tomoya Iwata, Samuel K. Kariuki, Andrea Landeira-Dabarca, Kelsey Laymon, María Leal, Richard Marchant, Renato T. Martins, Frank O. Masese, Megan Maul, Brendan G. McKie, Adriana O. Medeiros, Charles M. M’ Erimba, Jen A. Middleton, Silvia Monroy, Timo Muotka, Junjiro N. Negishi, Alonso Ramírez, John S. Richardson, José Rincón, Juan Rubio-Ríos, Gisele M. dos Santos, Romain Sarremejane, Fran Sheldon, Augustine Sitati, Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano, Scott D. Tiegs, Janine R. Tolod, Michael Venarsky, Anne Watson, Catherine M. Yule. Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luz Boyero; Naiara López-Rojo; Alan M. Tonin; Javier Pérez; Francisco Correa-Araneda; Richard G. Pearson; Jaime Bosch; Ricardo J. Albariño; Sankarappan Anbalagan; Leon A. Barmuta; Ana Basaguren; Francis J. Burdon; Adriano Caliman; Marcos Callisto; Adolfo R. Calor; Ian C. Campbell; Bradley J. Cardinale; J. Jesús Casas; Ana M. Chará-Serna; Eric Chauvet; Szymon Ciapała; Checo Colón-Gaud; Aydeé Cornejo; Aaron M. Davis; Monika Degebrodt; Emerson S. Dias; María E. Díaz; Michael M. Douglas; Andrea C. Encalada; Ricardo Figueroa; Alexander S. Flecker; Tadeusz Fleituch; Erica A. García; Gabriela García; Pavel E. García; Mark O. Gessner; Jesús E. Gómez; Sergio Gómez; Jose F. Gonçalves; Manuel A. S. Graça; Daniel C. Gwinn; Robert O. Hall; Neusa Hamada; Cang Hui; Daichi Imazawa; Tomoya Iwata; Samuel K. Kariuki; Andrea Landeira-Dabarca; Kelsey Laymon; María Leal; Richard Marchant; Renato T. Martins; Frank O. Masese; Megan Maul; Brendan G. McKie; Adriana O. Medeiros; Charles M. M’ Erimba; Jen A. Middleton; Silvia Monroy; Timo Muotka; Junjiro N. Negishi; Alonso Ramírez; John S. Richardson; José Rincón; Juan Rubio-Ríos; Gisele M. dos Santos; Romain Sarremejane; Fran Sheldon; Augustine Sitati; Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano; Scott D. Tiegs; Janine R. Tolod; Michael Venarsky; Anne Watson; Catherine M. Yule. 2021. "Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-11.

Original article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Ecology of Freshwater Fish
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Variation in seasonal survival rates, densities and growth rates of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) were assessed across a size gradient of small, forested streams in the Pacific Northwest. We used a robust, mark-recapture study, stratified seasonally to estimate monthly survival rates of trout in coastal British Columbia (not including young-of-the-year). Survival estimates showed that the summer season had the lowest monthly survival rates (0.907) across all streams in our study (0.927 remainder of year). Within the size range of the seven small streams studied, low-flow habitat availability (defined by residual pool depth in summer) was the best predictor of mean monthly survival rates, supporting the hypothesis that trout survival increases with the quantity of aquatic habitat, particularly depths of residual pools. In addition, there was an asymptotic relation between water depth and survival rates, where beyond ~20 cm of residual pool depth, greater depth did not confer greater rates of trout survival. Growth rates in all but the largest stream were also lowest during summer. While densities tended to be higher in streams with greater residual depth, this was not significant. Body mass in a given season was a good predictor of survival to the next sampling period. The distribution and success of resident cutthroat trout populations in small streams appear to be constrained by summer low-flow periods and specific geomorphologies that support deeper pools.

ACS Style

Kim A. Sheldon; John S. Richardson. Season‐specific survival rates and densities of coastal cutthroat trout across stream sizes in southwestern British Columbia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Kim A. Sheldon, John S. Richardson. Season‐specific survival rates and densities of coastal cutthroat trout across stream sizes in southwestern British Columbia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim A. Sheldon; John S. Richardson. 2021. "Season‐specific survival rates and densities of coastal cutthroat trout across stream sizes in southwestern British Columbia." Ecology of Freshwater Fish , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2021 in Water
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We studied how multiple-stresssors in tributaries affect function, diversity, and physical habitat of recipient downstream ecosystems. Using a mesocosm model of a stream network, we manipulated sediment and nutrients individually and in combination in tributaries of second-order channels, to test the effect of complex stressor interactions within tributaries on recipient channels. Sedimentation in second-order channels increased with the level of disturbance of the tributaries. Moreover, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) density and EPT richness were higher in second-order channels fed by tributaries where the stressors were applied separately, compared to those fed by tributaries where the stressors were applied simultaneously. Our observations suggest this result was due to the combination of the two stressors within the same tributary reducing EPT drift from the tributaries further than the addition of the stressors in separate tributaries. These results support the hypothesis that cumulative upstream disturbance can influence downstream recipient ecosystems in stream networks. However, contrary to our expectations, most observed effects were due to impacts on dispersal patterns of EPT taxa, rather than downstream accumulation of disturbances throughout the network. Our results underscore the importance of metacommunity frameworks to understand how tributary disturbance may influence population dynamics in downstream ecosystems.

ACS Style

Ana Chará-Serna; John Richardson. Multiple-Stressor Interactions in Tributaries Alter Downstream Ecosystems in Stream Mesocosm Networks. Water 2021, 13, 1194 .

AMA Style

Ana Chará-Serna, John Richardson. Multiple-Stressor Interactions in Tributaries Alter Downstream Ecosystems in Stream Mesocosm Networks. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Chará-Serna; John Richardson. 2021. "Multiple-Stressor Interactions in Tributaries Alter Downstream Ecosystems in Stream Mesocosm Networks." Water 13, no. 9: 1194.

Article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Ecosystems
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Increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs; CO2, CH4, N2O) cause climate change. Depending on the conditions, soils have the potential to store carbon or to be a source of GHGs to the atmosphere. Riparian soils in particular have high potential to store carbon, but also to be sources of CH4 and N2O. Headwater streams make up a large proportion of stream length in a drainage network, and their riparian zones have valuable ecosystem functions. In parallel, the riparian zones of headwater streams are particularly vulnerable to forest harvest. Studies of GHG fluxes from these unique ecosystems remain limited. Our objective was to quantify the effects of forestry practices and groundwater discharge (DIS) areas on GHG emissions from riparian forest soils in coastal British Columbia. We compared nine sites with three different forest management protocols: (1) harvesting with a riparian buffer, (2) no buffer, and (3) reference sites without harvesting. We measured gas fluxes, soil temperature, soil moisture and depth to the groundwater table alongside headwater streams monthly over one growing season. We found that CH4 uptake rates were 65% lower at the no buffer sites, and N2O emission rates were 52% lower at the no buffer sites, when compared to the reference sites. Additionally, CH4 uptake was 54% lower at DIS areas than in non-DIS areas. The results of our research help inform forest management by demonstrating that maintaining riparian buffers can be effective in protecting the ecosystem functions contributing to soil GHG fluxes.

ACS Style

Teresa K. Silverthorn; John S. Richardson. Forest Management Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Riparian Soils Along Headwater Streams. Ecosystems 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Teresa K. Silverthorn, John S. Richardson. Forest Management Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Riparian Soils Along Headwater Streams. Ecosystems. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa K. Silverthorn; John S. Richardson. 2021. "Forest Management Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Riparian Soils Along Headwater Streams." Ecosystems , no. : 1-13.

Research article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Science Advances
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Running waters contribute substantially to global carbon fluxes through decomposition of terrestrial plant litter by aquatic microorganisms and detritivores. Diversity of this litter may influence instream decomposition globally in ways that are not yet understood. We investigated latitudinal differences in decomposition of litter mixtures of low and high functional diversity in 40 streams on 6 continents and spanning 113° of latitude. Despite important variability in our dataset, we found latitudinal differences in the effect of litter functional diversity on decomposition, which we explained as evolutionary adaptations of litter-consuming detritivores to resource availability. Specifically, a balanced diet effect appears to operate at lower latitudes versus a resource concentration effect at higher latitudes. The latitudinal pattern indicates that loss of plant functional diversity will have different consequences on carbon fluxes across the globe, with greater repercussions likely at low latitudes.

ACS Style

Luz Boyero; Javier Pérez; Naiara López-Rojo; Alan M. Tonin; Francisco Correa-Araneda; Richard G. Pearson; Jaime Bosch; Ricardo J. Albariño; Sankarappan Anbalagan; Leon A. Barmuta; Leah Beesley; Francis J. Burdon; Adriano Caliman; Marcos Callisto; Ian C. Campbell; Bradley J. Cardinale; J. Jesús Casas; Ana M. Chará-Serna; Szymon Ciapała; Eric Chauvet; Checo Colón-Gaud; Aydeé Cornejo; Aaron M. Davis; Monika Degebrodt; Emerson S. Dias; María E. Díaz; Michael M. Douglas; Arturo Elosegi; Andrea C. Encalada; Elvira de Eyto; Ricardo Figueroa; Alexander S. Flecker; Tadeusz Fleituch; André Frainer; Juliana S. França; Erica A. García; Gabriela García; Pavel García; Mark O. Gessner; Paul S. Giller; Jesús E. Gómez; Sergio Gómez; Jose F. Gonçalves Jr.; Manuel A. S. Graça; Robert O. Hall Jr.; Neusa Hamada; Luiz U. Hepp; Cang Hui; Daichi Imazawa; Tomoya Iwata; Edson S. A. Junior; Samuel Kariuki; Andrea Landeira-Dabarca; María Leal; Kaisa Lehosmaa; Charles M’Erimba; Richard Marchant; Renato T. Martins; Frank O. Masese; Megan Camden; Brendan G. McKie; Adriana O. Medeiros; Jen A. Middleton; Timo Muotka; Junjiro N. Negishi; Jesús Pozo; Alonso Ramírez; Renan S. Rezende; John S. Richardson; José Rincón; Juan Rubio-Ríos; Claudia Serrano; Angela R. Shaffer; Fran Sheldon; Christopher M. Swan; Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano; Scott D. Tiegs; Janine R. Tolod; Michael Vernasky; Anne Watson; Mourine J. Yegon; Catherine M. Yule. Latitude dictates plant diversity effects on instream decomposition. Science Advances 2021, 7, eabe7860 .

AMA Style

Luz Boyero, Javier Pérez, Naiara López-Rojo, Alan M. Tonin, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Richard G. Pearson, Jaime Bosch, Ricardo J. Albariño, Sankarappan Anbalagan, Leon A. Barmuta, Leah Beesley, Francis J. Burdon, Adriano Caliman, Marcos Callisto, Ian C. Campbell, Bradley J. Cardinale, J. Jesús Casas, Ana M. Chará-Serna, Szymon Ciapała, Eric Chauvet, Checo Colón-Gaud, Aydeé Cornejo, Aaron M. Davis, Monika Degebrodt, Emerson S. Dias, María E. Díaz, Michael M. Douglas, Arturo Elosegi, Andrea C. Encalada, Elvira de Eyto, Ricardo Figueroa, Alexander S. Flecker, Tadeusz Fleituch, André Frainer, Juliana S. França, Erica A. García, Gabriela García, Pavel García, Mark O. Gessner, Paul S. Giller, Jesús E. Gómez, Sergio Gómez, Jose F. Gonçalves Jr., Manuel A. S. Graça, Robert O. Hall Jr., Neusa Hamada, Luiz U. Hepp, Cang Hui, Daichi Imazawa, Tomoya Iwata, Edson S. A. Junior, Samuel Kariuki, Andrea Landeira-Dabarca, María Leal, Kaisa Lehosmaa, Charles M’Erimba, Richard Marchant, Renato T. Martins, Frank O. Masese, Megan Camden, Brendan G. McKie, Adriana O. Medeiros, Jen A. Middleton, Timo Muotka, Junjiro N. Negishi, Jesús Pozo, Alonso Ramírez, Renan S. Rezende, John S. Richardson, José Rincón, Juan Rubio-Ríos, Claudia Serrano, Angela R. Shaffer, Fran Sheldon, Christopher M. Swan, Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano, Scott D. Tiegs, Janine R. Tolod, Michael Vernasky, Anne Watson, Mourine J. Yegon, Catherine M. Yule. Latitude dictates plant diversity effects on instream decomposition. Science Advances. 2021; 7 (13):eabe7860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luz Boyero; Javier Pérez; Naiara López-Rojo; Alan M. Tonin; Francisco Correa-Araneda; Richard G. Pearson; Jaime Bosch; Ricardo J. Albariño; Sankarappan Anbalagan; Leon A. Barmuta; Leah Beesley; Francis J. Burdon; Adriano Caliman; Marcos Callisto; Ian C. Campbell; Bradley J. Cardinale; J. Jesús Casas; Ana M. Chará-Serna; Szymon Ciapała; Eric Chauvet; Checo Colón-Gaud; Aydeé Cornejo; Aaron M. Davis; Monika Degebrodt; Emerson S. Dias; María E. Díaz; Michael M. Douglas; Arturo Elosegi; Andrea C. Encalada; Elvira de Eyto; Ricardo Figueroa; Alexander S. Flecker; Tadeusz Fleituch; André Frainer; Juliana S. França; Erica A. García; Gabriela García; Pavel García; Mark O. Gessner; Paul S. Giller; Jesús E. Gómez; Sergio Gómez; Jose F. Gonçalves Jr.; Manuel A. S. Graça; Robert O. Hall Jr.; Neusa Hamada; Luiz U. Hepp; Cang Hui; Daichi Imazawa; Tomoya Iwata; Edson S. A. Junior; Samuel Kariuki; Andrea Landeira-Dabarca; María Leal; Kaisa Lehosmaa; Charles M’Erimba; Richard Marchant; Renato T. Martins; Frank O. Masese; Megan Camden; Brendan G. McKie; Adriana O. Medeiros; Jen A. Middleton; Timo Muotka; Junjiro N. Negishi; Jesús Pozo; Alonso Ramírez; Renan S. Rezende; John S. Richardson; José Rincón; Juan Rubio-Ríos; Claudia Serrano; Angela R. Shaffer; Fran Sheldon; Christopher M. Swan; Nathalie S. D. Tenkiano; Scott D. Tiegs; Janine R. Tolod; Michael Vernasky; Anne Watson; Mourine J. Yegon; Catherine M. Yule. 2021. "Latitude dictates plant diversity effects on instream decomposition." Science Advances 7, no. 13: eabe7860.

Diversity
Published: 02 September 2020 in Conservation Biology
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ACS Style

Marco Cantonati; Roderick J. Fensham; Lawrence E. Stevens; Reinhard Gerecke; Douglas S. Glazier; Nico Goldscheider; Robert L. Knight; John S. Richardson; Abraham E. Springer; Klement Tockner. Urgent plea for global protection of springs. Conservation Biology 2020, 35, 378 -382.

AMA Style

Marco Cantonati, Roderick J. Fensham, Lawrence E. Stevens, Reinhard Gerecke, Douglas S. Glazier, Nico Goldscheider, Robert L. Knight, John S. Richardson, Abraham E. Springer, Klement Tockner. Urgent plea for global protection of springs. Conservation Biology. 2020; 35 (1):378-382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Cantonati; Roderick J. Fensham; Lawrence E. Stevens; Reinhard Gerecke; Douglas S. Glazier; Nico Goldscheider; Robert L. Knight; John S. Richardson; Abraham E. Springer; Klement Tockner. 2020. "Urgent plea for global protection of springs." Conservation Biology 35, no. 1: 378-382.

Research article
Published: 18 March 2020 in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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Large wood (LW) affects several ecological and hydrogeomorphic processes in streams. The main source of LW is riparian trees falling inside channels. However, in confined valley floors, falling trees are more likely to be suspended above the channel. Eventually, these suspended trees will decompose and break to finally fall into the channel to better provide functions for streams. We evaluated changes in wood decay, length, diameter, and suspended status (suspended or non‐suspended) 17 years post‐harvest and 9 years after the first sampling occurred in 2006 in 12 headwater streams of coastal British Columbia, Canada. We also evaluated whether changes differed among riparian management treatments (no‐harvest buffers of 10 and 30 m in width, thinning, and unharvested reference sites), and identified the factors affecting wood changes and suspended status. Wood pieces advanced in decay, became shorter, and 34% of them (n = 108) changed status from suspended to non‐suspended. Non‐suspended wood pieces were more decayed and shorter than suspended wood. Suspended wood were longer, thicker, less decayed, and represented 46.5% (n = 147) of the wood sampled in 2006. Our findings revealed limited influences of riparian management on many aspects of wood changes considered in this study. Changes in wood characteristics were more likely for pieces that were smaller in diameter, longer, and suspended closer to the water. The transition from suspended to non‐suspended LW can be a long‐term process that can increase wood residence time and reduce LW in‐stream functions particularly in confined stream valleys. The suspended stage is also an important mechanism underlying time lags in stream ecosystem responses to riparian tree fall.

ACS Style

Felipe Rossetti De Paula; John S. Richardson; Alex C.Y. Yeung; Stephen J. Mitchell; Devesh Bahuguna. Decadal‐scale changes in suspended wood after riparian recruitment in managed stands in headwater streams of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2020, 45, 1974 -1989.

AMA Style

Felipe Rossetti De Paula, John S. Richardson, Alex C.Y. Yeung, Stephen J. Mitchell, Devesh Bahuguna. Decadal‐scale changes in suspended wood after riparian recruitment in managed stands in headwater streams of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2020; 45 (9):1974-1989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe Rossetti De Paula; John S. Richardson; Alex C.Y. Yeung; Stephen J. Mitchell; Devesh Bahuguna. 2020. "Decadal‐scale changes in suspended wood after riparian recruitment in managed stands in headwater streams of coastal British Columbia, Canada." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, no. 9: 1974-1989.

Review
Published: 16 January 2020 in Water
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In this overview (introductory article to a special issue including 14 papers), we consider all main types of natural and artificial inland freshwater habitas (fwh). For each type, we identify the main biodiversity patterns and ecological features, human impacts on the system and environmental issues, and discuss ways to use this information to improve stewardship. Examples of selected key biodiversity/ecological features (habitat type): narrow endemics, sensitive (groundwater and GDEs); crenobionts, LIHRes (springs); unidirectional flow, nutrient spiraling (streams); naturally turbid, floodplains, large-bodied species (large rivers); depth-variation in benthic communities (lakes); endemism and diversity (ancient lakes); threatened, sensitive species (oxbow lakes, SWE); diverse, reduced littoral (reservoirs); cold-adapted species (Boreal and Arctic fwh); endemism, depauperate (Antarctic fwh); flood pulse, intermittent wetlands, biggest river basins (tropical fwh); variable hydrologic regime—periods of drying, flash floods (arid-climate fwh). Selected impacts: eutrophication and other pollution, hydrologic modifications, overexploitation, habitat destruction, invasive species, salinization. Climate change is a threat multiplier, and it is important to quantify resistance, resilience, and recovery to assess the strategic role of the different types of freshwater ecosystems and their value for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation solutions are dependent on an understanding of connectivity between different freshwater ecosystems (including related terrestrial, coastal and marine systems).

ACS Style

Marco Cantonati; Sandra Poikane; Catherine M. Pringle; Lawrence E. Stevens; Eren Turak; Jani Heino; John S. Richardson; Rossano Bolpagni; Alex Borrini; Núria Cid; Martina Čtvrtlíková; Diana M. P. Galassi; Michal Hájek; Ian Hawes; Zlatko Levkov; Luigi Naselli-Flores; Abdullah A. Saber; Mattia Di Cicco; Barbara Fiasca; Paul B. Hamilton; Jan Kubečka; Stefano Segadelli; Petr Znachor. Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. Water 2020, 12, 260 .

AMA Style

Marco Cantonati, Sandra Poikane, Catherine M. Pringle, Lawrence E. Stevens, Eren Turak, Jani Heino, John S. Richardson, Rossano Bolpagni, Alex Borrini, Núria Cid, Martina Čtvrtlíková, Diana M. P. Galassi, Michal Hájek, Ian Hawes, Zlatko Levkov, Luigi Naselli-Flores, Abdullah A. Saber, Mattia Di Cicco, Barbara Fiasca, Paul B. Hamilton, Jan Kubečka, Stefano Segadelli, Petr Znachor. Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. Water. 2020; 12 (1):260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Cantonati; Sandra Poikane; Catherine M. Pringle; Lawrence E. Stevens; Eren Turak; Jani Heino; John S. Richardson; Rossano Bolpagni; Alex Borrini; Núria Cid; Martina Čtvrtlíková; Diana M. P. Galassi; Michal Hájek; Ian Hawes; Zlatko Levkov; Luigi Naselli-Flores; Abdullah A. Saber; Mattia Di Cicco; Barbara Fiasca; Paul B. Hamilton; Jan Kubečka; Stefano Segadelli; Petr Znachor. 2020. "Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation." Water 12, no. 1: 260.

Encyclopedia
Published: 23 August 2019 in Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes
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Headwater streams are the source streams at the initiation points of all river networks. These source streams may make up almost 80% of total stream length, but because of their small size and water volumes are extremely sensitive to the surrounding landscapes. Headwaters contribute to the characteristics of the downstream network in terms of water quality (nutrients, other solutes and temperature), sediment transport, and organic matter supply. These streams represent a distinct ecosystem as they support organisms that require relatively constant physical conditions, enemy-free spaces, or specific resources typical of source streams. The species found there are often unique to headwaters, and the key ecosystem functions usually differ from downstream in terms of being more dependent on organic matter sources from the surrounding terrestrial landscape, rather than instream primary production. Headwaters are also very sensitive to land use as they are strongly regulated by their surroundings, and often not protected.

ACS Style

John S. Richardson. Headwater Streams. Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes 2019, 371 -378.

AMA Style

John S. Richardson. Headwater Streams. Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. 2019; ():371-378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John S. Richardson. 2019. "Headwater Streams." Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes , no. : 371-378.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2019 in Freshwater Biology
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Alex C. Y. Yeung; David P. Kreutzweiser; John S. Richardson. Stronger effects of litter origin on the processing of conifer than broadleaf leaves: A test of home‐field advantage of stream litter breakdown. Freshwater Biology 2019, 64, 1755 -1768.

AMA Style

Alex C. Y. Yeung, David P. Kreutzweiser, John S. Richardson. Stronger effects of litter origin on the processing of conifer than broadleaf leaves: A test of home‐field advantage of stream litter breakdown. Freshwater Biology. 2019; 64 (10):1755-1768.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex C. Y. Yeung; David P. Kreutzweiser; John S. Richardson. 2019. "Stronger effects of litter origin on the processing of conifer than broadleaf leaves: A test of home‐field advantage of stream litter breakdown." Freshwater Biology 64, no. 10: 1755-1768.

Article
Published: 05 April 2019 in Ecosphere
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Headwater streams accumulate, process, and export organic materials for use in downstream environments. Decomposition of organic material, an important ecosystem function, may be sensitive to land cover changes in urbanizing regions since headwater stream processes tend to be tightly coupled with riparian and catchment characteristics. Headwaters represent 70–80% of total stream length in watersheds but are disproportionately converted to drainage infrastructure or buried with urban development. Cumulatively, this loss may result in substantial changes to physical and biological downstream processes. From a monitoring perspective, headwaters are largely ignored compared with fishable/navigable waterways for planning decisions, so their structural and functional variability is not well understood. Here, we engaged citizen scientists to contribute data on this variability and to evaluate the sensitivity of standardized cotton‐strip decomposition rates to multiscale factors across headwaters with varying landscape conditions in the Greater Toronto Area (York Region), Canada. These factors included stream, riparian vegetation, and catchment characteristics. We expected decomposition rates to be similarly sensitive to local‐ and catchment‐scale factors because of the strong links between headwater catchment and stream processes. We also expected a hump‐shaped distribution of decomposition rates across a gradient of urban cover, with stimulating effects at low to moderate cover but deleterious effects at high urban cover. We found that decomposition rate was most sensitive to local‐scale factors (e.g., strip burial, stream velocity, and both local upland riparian vegetation density and topography) rather than whole catchment properties. We did not find the expected hump‐shaped distribution with urban cover and suggest that more mechanistic studies are needed for understanding cotton‐strip decomposition to control for local factors in determining the scale at which decomposition rate is most sensitive to land cover change.

ACS Style

Brian W. Kielstra; Joyce Chau; John S. Richardson. Measuring function and structure of urban headwater streams with citizen scientists. Ecosphere 2019, 10, e02720 .

AMA Style

Brian W. Kielstra, Joyce Chau, John S. Richardson. Measuring function and structure of urban headwater streams with citizen scientists. Ecosphere. 2019; 10 (4):e02720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian W. Kielstra; Joyce Chau; John S. Richardson. 2019. "Measuring function and structure of urban headwater streams with citizen scientists." Ecosphere 10, no. 4: e02720.

Review
Published: 21 February 2019 in Water
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Headwaters, the sources of all stream networks, provide habitats that are unique from other freshwater environments and are used by a specialised subset of aquatic species. The features of headwaters that provide special habitats include predator-free or competitor-free spaces; specific resources (particularly detrital based); and moderate variations in flows, temperature and discharge. Headwaters provide key habitats for all or some life stages for a large number of species across just about all freshwater phyla and divisions. Some features of headwaters, including isolation and small population sizes, have allowed for the evolutionary radiation of many groups of organisms within and beyond those habitats. As small and easily engineered physical spaces, headwaters are easily degraded by streambank development, ditching and even burial. Headwater streams are among the most sensitive of freshwater ecosystems due to their intimate linkage with their catchments and how easily they are impacted. As a unique ecosystem with many specialist species, headwater streams deserve better stewardship.

ACS Style

John S. Richardson. Biological Diversity in Headwater Streams. Water 2019, 11, 366 .

AMA Style

John S. Richardson. Biological Diversity in Headwater Streams. Water. 2019; 11 (2):366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John S. Richardson. 2019. "Biological Diversity in Headwater Streams." Water 11, no. 2: 366.

Article
Published: 22 October 2018 in Ecosphere
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Leaf litter decomposition is an essential function in forest ecosystems, and riparian areas may contribute to faster rates of litter mass loss due to higher moisture and nutrient levels in riparian than upland soils. We experimentally tested whether mass loss of red alder leaf litter was (1) greater closer to the stream than further away and (2) increased by nutrient and water additions in riparian habitat near four headwater streams in southwestern British Columbia. We set up blocks of nine transects extending from the bankfull edge of the stream into upland habitat. Leaf litter bags were placed at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 m from the stream along each transect, and data loggers recorded ambient air temperature and relative humidity at each distance. Litterbags received either water or fertilizer additions, both, or neither along each transect. Four trials were run which varied in duration (3 months to 1 yr). Relative humidity was on average 2.6% higher, air temperature 0.25°C lower, and vapor pressure deficit 0.14 kPa lower at 1 m from the stream compared to distances further upland. The addition of water significantly increased litter mass loss by 0.14 g (4%) on average than control litterbags. The addition of fertilizer was a significant factor in some trials but not in others, and its effect on mass loss varied. Although distance from the stream was not a significant parameter in the averaged models for each trial, it was in several top models. We conclude that (1) riparian communities within 1 m of the stream experience a different microclimate during the warmer, drier summer than those communities further upland, though this was not generally reflected in alder mass loss rates, and (2) water was a primary limiting factor to alder leaf mass loss in our study sites.

ACS Style

Tonya L. Ramey; John S. Richardson. Experimental test of water, nutrients, and microclimate on leaf litter mass loss in headwater riparian forests. Ecosphere 2018, 9, e02478 .

AMA Style

Tonya L. Ramey, John S. Richardson. Experimental test of water, nutrients, and microclimate on leaf litter mass loss in headwater riparian forests. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (10):e02478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tonya L. Ramey; John S. Richardson. 2018. "Experimental test of water, nutrients, and microclimate on leaf litter mass loss in headwater riparian forests." Ecosphere 9, no. 10: e02478.

Article
Published: 17 September 2018 in Ecosphere
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Ecosystem‐level processes are increasingly used by researchers and managers as indicators of ecological integrity for bioassessment, particularly in streams. However, processes like litter breakdown integrate multiple mechanistic pathways, which can vary differentially even under natural, unimpacted conditions. In particular, weather‐driven hydrologic variations may strongly influence invertebrate shredder feeding and physical abrasion, inducing high natural variability of litter breakdown rates, which may obscure the effects of anthropogenic disturbances. Yet, such variability is rarely assessed to refine benchmarks of ecological status. Here, we quantified how interannual hydrologic differences contributed to the spatio‐temporal variability of litter breakdown rate and its components (fragmentation, λF; and dissolution and microbial decomposition, λm), in low‐order unimpacted, perennial streams across three climatically similar regions in temperate Canada. We measured litter breakdown rates in coarse (5 or 10 mm; kc)‐ and fine‐mesh (0.5 mm; kf) leaf bags during fall for 2–4 yr and used variance partitioning to disentangle the variation of kc, λF, and λm, as explained by hydrologic indices (during and prior to leaf bag incubation), decomposer‐related variables, and water chemistry. Contrary to our hypotheses, interannual hydrologic variability was unrelated to λF, and poorly predicted λm and kc within regions. Within‐region spatial (i.e., across sites in a year) and temporal (across years at a site) differences in kc approximated or exceeded the range of natural variability suggested to characterize reference conditions by a popular bioassessment framework. Accordingly, we recommend site‐ and region‐specific modifications of benchmarks for reference conditions that account for interannual variability, while cautioning about their potential non‐stationarity under climate change. Composite parameters such as kc/kf and λF/λm were substantially more variable across sites, and hence are not robust assessment parameters. As the range of natural variability of litter breakdown revealed in this study can overlap with the average impacts of certain anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., nutrient enrichment) on this parameter reported by previous research, we emphasize the need to include other structural and functional indicators to ensure comprehensive stream bioassessments.

ACS Style

Alex C. Y. Yeung; Jordan L. Musetta-Lambert; David P. Kreutzweiser; Paul K. Sibley; John S. Richardson. Relations of interannual differences in stream litter breakdown with discharge: bioassessment implications. Ecosphere 2018, 9, e02423 .

AMA Style

Alex C. Y. Yeung, Jordan L. Musetta-Lambert, David P. Kreutzweiser, Paul K. Sibley, John S. Richardson. Relations of interannual differences in stream litter breakdown with discharge: bioassessment implications. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (9):e02423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex C. Y. Yeung; Jordan L. Musetta-Lambert; David P. Kreutzweiser; Paul K. Sibley; John S. Richardson. 2018. "Relations of interannual differences in stream litter breakdown with discharge: bioassessment implications." Ecosphere 9, no. 9: e02423.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2018 in Trends in Ecology & Evolution
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Alex C.Y. Yeung; John S. Richardson. Expanding Resilience Comparisons to Address Management Needs: A Response to Ingrisch and Bahn. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2018, 33, 647 -649.

AMA Style

Alex C.Y. Yeung, John S. Richardson. Expanding Resilience Comparisons to Address Management Needs: A Response to Ingrisch and Bahn. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2018; 33 (9):647-649.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex C.Y. Yeung; John S. Richardson. 2018. "Expanding Resilience Comparisons to Address Management Needs: A Response to Ingrisch and Bahn." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, no. 9: 647-649.

Preprint
Published: 22 June 2018
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Allochthonous detritus from terrestrial origin is one of the main energy sources in forested headwater streams, but its poor nutritional quality makes it difficult to use by heterotrophs. It has been suggested that algae growing on this detritus can enhance its nutritional quality and promote decomposition. So far, most evidence of this “priming” effect is derived from laboratory or mesocosm experiments, and it is unclear what its importance is under natural conditions. We measured accrual of algae, phosphorus uptake capacity, and decomposition of poplar leaves in autumn in open- and closed-canopy reaches in 3 forest and 3 agricultural streams. Chlorophyll a abundance did not change significantly neither with stream type nor with canopy cover, although some between open and closed reaches, although in some agricultural streams it was higher in open than in closed canopy reaches. Canopy cover did not affect either phosphate uptake capacity or microbial decomposition. On the other hand, although there was no effect of canopy cover on invertebrate fragmentation rate, a significant interaction between canopy cover and stream suggests priming occurs at least in some streams. Overall, the results point to a weak effect of algae on litter decomposition in natural streams during autumn.

ACS Style

Arturo Elosegi; Angie Nicolás; John S. Richardson. Priming of leaf litter decomposition by algae seems of minor importance in natural streams during autumn. 2018, 353938 .

AMA Style

Arturo Elosegi, Angie Nicolás, John S. Richardson. Priming of leaf litter decomposition by algae seems of minor importance in natural streams during autumn. . 2018; ():353938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arturo Elosegi; Angie Nicolás; John S. Richardson. 2018. "Priming of leaf litter decomposition by algae seems of minor importance in natural streams during autumn." , no. : 353938.

Research article
Published: 29 May 2018 in Journal of Animal Ecology
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1.Increasing habitat availability (i.e. habitat suitable for occupancy) is often assumed to elevate the abundance or production of mobile consumers; however, this relationship is often nonlinear (threshold or unimodal). Identifying the mechanisms underlying these nonlinearities is essential for predicting the ecological impacts of habitat change, yet the functional forms and ultimate causation of consumer‐habitat relationships are often poorly understood. 2.Nonlinear effects of habitat on animal abundance may manifest through physical constraints on foraging that restrict consumers from accessing their resources. Subsequent spatial incongruence between consumers and resources should lead to unimodal or saturating effects of habitat availability on consumer production if increasing the area of habitat suitable for consumer occupancy comes at the expense of habitats that generate resources. However, the shape of this relationship could be sensitive to cross‐ecosystem prey subsidies, which may be unrelated to recipient habitat structure and result in more linear habitat effects on consumer production. 3.We investigated habitat‐productivity relationships for juveniles of stream‐rearing Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.), which typically forage in low‐velocity pool habitats, while their prey (drifting benthic invertebrates) are produced upstream in high‐velocity riffles. However, juvenile salmonids also consume subsidies of terrestrial invertebrates that may be independent of pool‐riffle structure. 4.We measured salmonid biomass production in 13 experimental enclosures each containing a downstream pool and upstream riffle, spanning a gradient of relative pool area (14‐80% pool). Increasing pool relative to riffle habitat area decreased prey abundance, leading to a nonlinear saturating effect on fish production. We then used bioenergetics model simulations to examine how the relationship between pool area and salmonid biomass is affected by varying levels of terrestrial subsidy. Simulations indicated that increasing terrestrial prey inputs linearized the effect of habitat availability on salmonid biomass, while decreasing terrestrial inputs exaggerated a ‘hump‐shaped’ effect. 5.Our results imply that nonlinear effects of habitat availability on consumer production can arise from trade‐offs between habitat suitable for consumer occupancy and habitat that generates prey. However, cross‐ecosystem prey subsidies can effectively decouple this trade‐off and modify consumer‐habitat relationships in recipient systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Sean M. Naman; Jordan S. Rosenfeld; Peter M. Kiffney; John Richardson. The energetic consequences of habitat structure for forest stream salmonids. Journal of Animal Ecology 2018, 87, 1383 -1394.

AMA Style

Sean M. Naman, Jordan S. Rosenfeld, Peter M. Kiffney, John Richardson. The energetic consequences of habitat structure for forest stream salmonids. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2018; 87 (5):1383-1394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sean M. Naman; Jordan S. Rosenfeld; Peter M. Kiffney; John Richardson. 2018. "The energetic consequences of habitat structure for forest stream salmonids." Journal of Animal Ecology 87, no. 5: 1383-1394.

Article
Published: 12 December 2017 in Ecological Applications
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Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, but to date there is limited empirical information about its potential to interact with other common agricultural stressors. We conducted a 15-d, community-level, microcosm experiment evaluating individual and combined effects of chlorpyrifos, nutrient enrichment, and sedimentation on stream invertebrate communities (abundance, biomass, richness, size structure, composition) and ecosystem processes (primary productivity and leaf decomposition). We found that sedimentation was the most detrimental stressor, with significant negative impacts on most invertebrate community and ecosystem function variables. Even though chlorpyrifos did not cause significant invertebrate mortality in the microcosms, it still altered ecosystem function by lowering leaf decomposition rates, probably through sublethal inhibition of invertebrate shredders. Furthermore, we observed a significant reversal interaction between chlorpyrifos and sediment for small-sized invertebrates collected in gravel (abundance in sediment × insecticide microcosms was 2.4 times lower than predicted by additivity), as well as an antagonistic interaction with nutrients on invertebrate richness in the same microhabitat (richness in nutrient × insecticide microcosms was 1.6 times higher than predicted by additivity). Our results suggest that chlorpyrifos has the potential to alter freshwater ecosystem function and interact non-additively with other common agricultural stressors. These findings are in keeping with a growing body of research highlighting that multiple stressor interactions and ecosystem processes should be considered when evaluating the impacts of organic toxicants on freshwater ecosystems.

ACS Style

Ana M. Chará-Serna; John S. Richardson. Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms. Ecological Applications 2017, 28, 162 -176.

AMA Style

Ana M. Chará-Serna, John S. Richardson. Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms. Ecological Applications. 2017; 28 (1):162-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana M. Chará-Serna; John S. Richardson. 2017. "Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms." Ecological Applications 28, no. 1: 162-176.