Flexible electronic systems have received increasing attention in the past few decades because of their wide-ranging applications that include the flexible display, eyelike digital camera, skin electronics, and intelligent surgical gloves, among many other health monitoring devices. As one of the most widely used technologies to integrate rigid functional devices with elastomeric substrates for the manufacturing of flexible electronic devices, transfer printing technology has been extensively studied. Though primarily relying on reversible interfacial adhesion, a variety of advanced transfer printing methods have been proposed and demonstrated. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of a few representative methods of transfer printing. Next, we will introduce successful demonstrations of each method in flexible electronic devices. Moreover, the potential challenges and future development opportunities for transfer printing will then be briefly discussed.

Proper initial load is necessary to ensure the stability of the bolted connections. In order to apply appropriate torque, the relationship between tightening torque and initial load should be determined. In this study, a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of bolted joints was established with consideration of helix angle, pitch, thread type, tooth-type angle, and other details. The process of pre-tightening of bolted joints was simulated to validate the finite element model. The curves for the relationship between the torque and initial load obtained from finite element analysis agree well with those calculated from theoretical equations. Then, the influence of the friction coefficient, pitch, elastic modulus, assembly clearance, and strain-hardening exponent on the relationship was studied. The results show that the friction coefficient between nut and joint has great influence on the relationship between torque and initial load, that is, the larger the friction coefficient, the smaller the initial load of bolt at the same tightening torque. In contrast, the pitch, assembly clearance, Young’s modulus, and strain-hardening exponent have little influence on torque–initial load relation. The method used in this study provides a theoretical basis for accurately determining the tightening torque for bolted joints.