Calcium phosphate based biomaterials have received great interest since the main constituent of inorganic mineral component in human bone is hydroxyapatite (HAP). This study aims to extract the natural HAP from bovine femur bone at different calcination temperature with different particle size. The experiment starts with cleaning process of fresh bovine femur bones. Then bovine bones were ground into different particle size (x ≤ 45μm, 45 < x ≤ 63μm, and 63 < x ≤ 125μm). All bone samples were furnace heated at temperatures of 700°C, 900°C, and 1100°C for three hours. Obtained apatite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that increasing calcination temperature leads to organic free and higher crystallite size of HAP. In terms of particle size, crystallite size is increasing as particle size increases but the increment crystallite size is not significant. The report here proposed that calcination temperature above 700˚C may utilize in bone tissue engineering application

The rising concern towards environmental issues besides the need for more versatile polymer-based materials has led to increasing of interest in studying about the polymer composites filled with natural-organic fillers, which are coming from renewable sources. However, the bonds between polymeric materials and the organic fillers are not strong enough, by referring to mechanical properties. This study intends to the improvement in mechanical properties of polypropylene/ijuk fiber composite by pretreating the fiber using silane treatment. Vinyltrimethoxy silane was used for this silane treatment using immersion technique. Composites with 10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt% fiber content were fabricated afterwards. The samples were tensile tested and the strength, modulus, and elongation were determined. The composite's water absorption was also tested. As the result, the silane treatment helps increasing the mechanical properties and decreasing the percentage of water absorption of the composites

Tensile tests were conducted on polycaprolactone at various strain rates and temperatures. Focusing on the mechanical properties within only the small-strain elastic region, i.e. up to the inflection point in the stress–strain diagram, it was found that strain rate and temperature had significant effects on the polymer. This finding implies that the effects of strain rate and temperature on the elastic properties of polycaprolactone should be considered in the design and manufacture of rigidity-sensitive, load-bearing applications, including use as biomaterial for scaffolds in tissue engineering applications.

Downsizing energy consumption during the machining of metals is vital for sustainable manufacturing. As a prerequisite, energy consumption should be determined, through direct or indirect measurement. The manufacturing process of interest is the finish turning which has been explored to generate (near) net shapes, particularly for hardened steels. In this paper, we propose using measured cutting forces to calculate the electrical energy consumption during the finish turning process of metals where typically the depth of cut is lower than the cutting tool nose radius. In this approach, the resultant cutting force should be used for calculating the energy consumption, instead of only the main (tangential) cutting force as used in the conventional approach. A case study was carried out where a hardened stainless steel (AISI 420, hardness of 47–48 HRC) was turned using a coated carbide tool, with a nose radius of 0.8 mm, without cutting fluid, and at 0.4 mm depth of cut. The experimental design varied the cutting speed (100, 130, and 170 m/min) and feed (0.10, 0.125, and 0.16 mm) while other parameters were kept constant. The results indicate that the electrical energy consumption during the particular dry turning of hardened steel can be calculated using cutting force data as proposed. This generally means machining studies that measure cutting forces can also present energy consumption during the finish or hard turning of metals, without specifically measuring the power consumption of the machining process. For this particular dry turning of hardened stainless steel, cutting parameters optimization in terms of machining responses (i.e., low surface roughness, long tool life, low cutting force, and low energy consumption) was also determined to provide an insight on how energy consumption can be integrated with other machining responses towards sustainable machining process of metals.

The particle interface has been known to play a critical role in conventional composites. Nevertheless, the understanding of the role of interface in mechanical and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites remains in its infancy. Similar to the previous study, two different designs of interface modification—molecular entanglement and chemical reaction—were adopted by using three variants surfactants, i.e. ethanolamine (denoted eth), Jeffamine M2070 (m27) and Jeffamine XTJ502 (xtj). Epoxy nanocomposites were prepared via solution compounding with 0.46–1.87 vol% of the modified clay. To that end, the interface strength was measured by tensile test, fracture toughness and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results found that a consistent increase in Tgs with increases in clay fractions. With 1.16 vol% layer clays, the critical strain energy release rate G1c of neat epoxy improved from 188.6 to 405.3kJ/m, 115% improvement and stiffness enhanced from 2.69 to 3.54GPa, 31% improvement. This result proved that the chemical reaction of amino-groups of xtj-clay with epoxy created a strong interface, thus resulting in a large enhancement of mechanical properties, fracture toughness and thermal dynamic properties