Organic industrial materials are exposed to fungal deterioration; to prevent this, several additives can be used. In the present work, Egyptian cotton linters, linen textile, and parchment (goat skin) provided from industrial zones in Egypt were used. The application of eco-friendly essential oils (EOs) isolated fromPinus rigidawood andOriganum majoranagreen leaves to cotton linter paper pulp (CLP), linen textile, and parchment as bio-fungicides to protect against the growth ofAspergillus terreus,Aspergillus flavus, andAspergillus nigerwas evaluated using the fungal growth inhibition (FGI) assay and examined under SEM to show the extent of fungal infestation. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the abundant compounds inP. rigidaEO were determined to be 2-methylisoborneol (29.52%), and 4-isopropyl-5-methylhex-2-yne-1,4-diol (16.53%); inO. majoranaEO, they were determined to becis-β-terpineol (15.4%), terpinen-4-ol (14.39%), oleic acid (10.75%), andD-limonene (8.49%). CLP treated at a level of 500 μL/L withO. majoranaEO showed a higher FGI againstA. niger(47.66%), whileP. rigidaEO showed a higher FGI againstA. flavus(74%) andA. terreus(100%). Parchment treated with 500 μL/L ofO. majoranaEO showed an FGI of 49% against the growth ofA. niger, whileP. rigidaEO treated at a level of 500 μL/L showed FGIs of 78% and 100% againstA. flavusandA. terreus, respectively. Linen textile treated withO. majoranaEO at a level of 500 μL/L showed a higher FGI (49%) againstA. niger, whileP. rigidaEO showed a higher activity againstA. flavus(FGI 77.3%) andA. terreus(FGI 100%). The examined SEM images of materials treated with the EOs confirmed how these EOs suppressed or prevented the growth of molds compared with the control treatments. The findings indicate that the EOs fromP. rigidaandO. majoranaconsiderably enhanced the performance of CLP, linen textile, and parchment materials; therefore, they can be recommended as promising antifungal agents with which to extend the shelf-life of these materials. This study shows the high effectiveness of the addition of natural oils that contain bioactive compounds to natural raw materials (CLP, linen textile, and parchment) in protecting against the growth of fungi. Subsequently, it is possible to protect these raw materials from deterioration and damage and prolong their lives as long as possible while maintaining the natural and mechanical specifications of the raw materials, especially in atmospheric conditions with a high humidity.

The goal of this study is to determine the state of a manuscript by the name of "Al-Mutawil by Al-Qazwini," a rare manuscript from the 8th century AH/14th century AD. Various analytical techniques are used to examine the paper and the leather of the bookbinding to determine the manuscript's condition due to natural aging. To discuss the manuscript's deteriorating process, visual evaluation and surface morphology research utilizing SEM-EDAX, FTIR, and X.R.D analysis are used. To determine the types of animal skin, model reference leather samples and ancient leather artifacts were examined. The morphological analysis revealed that goat skin was used in making leather for bookbinding, and cotton was used in the production of paper. The study provides an example of the actual scientific procedures that were used to examine a deteriorated paper manuscript. After reviewing the archaeological documentation, SEM-EDAX, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction were used to identify the paper components and various deterioration aspects of the manuscript.With the possibility of using these results to develop a plan for the restoration and conservation of manuscripts within libraries.