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Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins 2019, 11, 134 .
AMA StyleLuc Ingenbleek, Michael Sulyok, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec, Rudolf Krska. Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. 2019. "Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods." Toxins 11, no. 3: 134.
In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.
Luc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins 2019, 11, 54 .
AMA StyleLuc Ingenbleek, Michael Sulyok, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Epiphane Hossou, Abdoulaye Zié Koné, Awoyinka Dada Oyedele, Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito, Yara Koreissi Dembélé, Sara Eyangoh, Philippe Verger, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Bruno Le Bizec, Rudolf Krska. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuc Ingenbleek; Michael Sulyok; Abimbola Adegboye; Sètondji Epiphane Hossou; Abdoulaye Zié Koné; Awoyinka Dada Oyedele; Chabi Sika K. J. Kisito; Yara Koreissi Dembélé; Sara Eyangoh; Philippe Verger; Jean-Charles Leblanc; Bruno Le Bizec; Rudolf Krska. 2019. "Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods." Toxins 11, no. 1: 54.
The core food model was described more than three decades ago, and has been used ever since to identify main food contributors to dietary intakes for both nutrients and other food chemicals. The Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS) uses this model to describe the food consumption habits of some selected populations of Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria, prior to use in the completion of quantitative risk assessments with regard to food chemicals. Food consumption data were derived from food expenditure data contained in national household budget surveys that were provided by the national institutes of statistics in each country. A classification of African foods was established for the purpose of the study and core foods were selected, so as to reflect 96 ± 1% of the average national total diet expressed in weight. Populations from eight study centers were selected by national stakeholders. This approach involves the purchase of 4020 individual foods, prepared as consumed and pooled into 335 food composite samples, for analysis of mycotoxins, PAHs, PCBs and dioxins, pesticides, metals and trace elements, PFAs, and BFRs. This sampling plan aims to provide a representative, cost effective, and replicable approach for deterministic dietary exposure assessments in developing countries.
Luc Ingenbleek; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D. Dzossa; Samson B. Adebayo; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J. Diallo; ChristianT Kouebou; Abimbola Adegboye; Epiphane Hossou; Salimata Coulibaly; Sara Eyangoh; Bruno Le Bizec; Philippe Verger; Jean Kamanzi; Caroline Merten; Jean-Charles Leblanc. Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 109, 155 -169.
AMA StyleLuc Ingenbleek, Eric Jazet, Anaclet D. Dzossa, Samson B. Adebayo, Julius Ogungbangbe, Sylvestre Dansou, Zima J. Diallo, ChristianT Kouebou, Abimbola Adegboye, Epiphane Hossou, Salimata Coulibaly, Sara Eyangoh, Bruno Le Bizec, Philippe Verger, Jean Kamanzi, Caroline Merten, Jean-Charles Leblanc. Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 109 ():155-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuc Ingenbleek; Eric Jazet; Anaclet D. Dzossa; Samson B. Adebayo; Julius Ogungbangbe; Sylvestre Dansou; Zima J. Diallo; ChristianT Kouebou; Abimbola Adegboye; Epiphane Hossou; Salimata Coulibaly; Sara Eyangoh; Bruno Le Bizec; Philippe Verger; Jean Kamanzi; Caroline Merten; Jean-Charles Leblanc. 2017. "Methodology design of the regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria." Food and Chemical Toxicology 109, no. : 155-169.