Several studies on solar cells using SCAPS-1D were conducted to investigate their performance, which are typically limited to I–V analysis for DC characterization. Therefore, in the present study, a very wide frequency range from 10^–2 Hz to 10¹² Hz was employed to explore diffusion processes and investigate the performance of lead-free Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) featuring as a novel heterostructure. These investigations concern the optimization of MASnI₃ thickness as an absorber. Additionally, the impact of series (Rs) and shunt (Rsh) resistances is also examined. From the I–V analysis, it was determined that the power efficiency (PCE) could be achieved at a thickness of 0.6 µm. Increasing the series resistance (Rs) led to a significant decrease in the fill factor (FF) and (PCE), whereas the shunt resistance (Rsh) demonstrated a notable improvement in both (FF) and (PCE). Analysis of AC characteristics revealed complex impedance (Z*) and modulus (M*) indicative of main ionic transport, recombination, and diffusion processes crucial for optimization. An appropriate equivalent circuit model was developed and validated through deconvolution and theoretical considerations, yielding parameters such as the time constant for each process. It was observed that ionic conductivity and electronic diffusion play key roles in balancing charge collection and recombination losses. The critical influence of series and shunt resistance on low and high-frequency processes was emphasized, underscoring their significance in solar cell efficiency. A strong correlation was established between the evolution of time constants for each process and power conversion efficiency (PCE).

In this study, Zn3AlCl ionic clay was used to investigate the adsorption mechanism of the nitrate ions in solutions containing nitrate ions at different contact time. The clay was synthesized by coprecipitation method at room temperature, and this sample was characterized by XRD, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). This sample was crystallized in a rhombohedral symmetry (Space group: R-3 m). Impedance spectroscopy was used as a tool to evaluate and monitor the adsorption process at different contact time 5; 10; 20; 30; 60 min and the clay alone. The impedance measurement was well analyzed and fitted with an equivalent circuit containing both (R//CPE) connected in series. Furthermore, the σac conductivity was also investigated as a function of frequency. It was analyzed and fitted using double power law: [Formula: see text] This study reveals the existence of two relaxation processes with different relaxation times, which could be attributed to the grain and grain boundaries, and exhibit high values of dielectric constant at low frequencies.