Context: Risk management in hospitals is essential for improving healthcare quality. This study analyzed the characteristics of risk management programs implemented in operating rooms of hospitals across countries worldwide. Evidence Acquisition: This study was a scoping review of online database studies, including Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Springer, ProQuest, Iranian SID, and Magiran databases and the Google Scholar search engine. Three people independently performed the study selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and analysis among studies that reviewed risk management programs in health systems and those conducted outside the health system. Articles in non-English languages (including Persian) were excluded. Results: A total of 21 studies with similar purposes and data collection methods were included. The characteristics of risk management programs were classified into six main factors: Objectives, components, steps, results, prerequisites, facilitators of risk management programs, and 35 sub-factors. Conclusions: The conceptual framework of any risk management program should include at least the objectives: Risk eradication, safety promotion, quality improvement and prevention and reduction of risks, component: Communication and monitoring; steps: (1) preoperative evaluation during (logging); (2) evaluation during surgery; (3) post-surgery evaluation (logout); and the results: Achieving effective methods in reducing errors; prerequisites: Human resource, knowledge and information, and facilitators such as the use of monitoring technologies and error detection and reporting in the operating room.

Background: Third leading cause of mortality in the world is cancer, with more than 12 million new cases and nearly 7.6 million deaths in 2007. The time estimation of healthcare costs of patients with cancer is an important component in developing national programs and policies of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and costs of hospitalization of patients with cancer who were admitted to a regional referral center of the eastern Iran. Methods: The present research was descriptive and had a cross-sectional and population-based design. It was conducted on all patients with cancer in a regional referral center in eastern Iran in 2018. The files of hospitalized cancer patients with disease codes of C0 to D48/9 and all patients who were admitted to the center for the treatment of cancer in 2018 and those who were discharged, were extracted and classified based on international codes of ICD10. Costs of the present study consisted of four categories including direct costs of cancer patients, direct costs of admission due to the cancer, direct outpatient costs, and indirect costs. Statistical data analysis was done by using criteria such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation through STATA Version 11. Results: During the study, 1467 cancer patients were referred to Omid Hospital of Mashhad. Among them, 49.9% were males and 50.1% were females. 183 patients were in age range of 56-60 years. The highest prevalence and hospitalization were related to cancer of gastrointestinal organs (36%), and the highest hospital cost belonged to cancers involving bone, cartilage and joints (51.855 USD). The total cost of treating cancer patients was 1074990 USD and the average cost of cancer patients was 73278 USD per patient. Hoteling with a portion of 28% comprised the highest cost. The patients’ share of out of pocket payment for treatment cost was 7% and the governmental share was 6%. The highest cost of treatment for cancer patients was paid by insurance companies (87%). Discussion: The research results indicated that cancer patients bore high direct and indirect costs during their treatment; hence, new policies for reducing costs in these cases are needed. The increasing number of cancer patients and their treatment costs requires the active participation of all responsible organizations along with continuing financial support by financial institutions such as banks or charities and the development of appropriate government policies on supporting these patients.

Background. Clinical guidelines are texts developed to assist both physicians and patients in deciding on the most appropriate health care. This study evaluated the compliance of emergency performance with clinical guidelines at Sina Medical Training Center in Tabriz. Methods. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on a case study at Sina Hospital under the supervision of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. In the first stage, as a research tool, a checklist, approved in terms of validity and reliability, was set up to evaluate clinical guidelines. The second phase of this study was cross-sectional, conducted in a period of one month. All medical records of people referring to level 1 and 2 triage were reviewed based on the checklist and the data were entered into SPSS software, and since the normality of the data was confirmed, descriptive statistics and parametric tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results. Considering the mean (1.72 ± 0.097) in this study, the adherence to clinical guidelines seems to be higher than average. The results also showed that there was no significant relationship between any of the demographic variables and the mean score of total compliance with the guidelines (P-value> 0.05). However, among other variables, a significant relationship was found between the place of the patient's visit as well as the type and time of patient assignment on the one hand and the average score of total compliance with the guidelines (P-value<0.05). With regard to the results of the regression test, patient’s place of visit was the only appropriate variable to predict the average of the total observance of emergency clinical guidelines (P-value<0.05). Conclusion. Considering the effect of influential variables such as location of the patient's visit, the time and type of patient assignment on the observance of the guidelines and the increasing improvement of the situation of these variables, the average observance of clinical guidelines can be improved further

Background: Hospital management must focus on maintaining preparedness and ensuring a safe environment for both staff and patients during crises. This study aimed to determine the dimensions of risk management in Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) incidents for hospital preparedness and public health. Materials and Methods: This scoping review ...

Background: Developing standards for Health Promotion Hospitals (HPH) plays a crucial role in hospital accreditation. This study aimed to compare the development of HPH standards in public and private hospitals in Tabriz, Iran in 2021. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate all public and private hospitals in the city. Data were collected using observation and interviews through a valid and reliable HPH checklist. Data were analyzed using t test. Results: The study found that the standards for patients’ data and interventions (77.38%), continuity in treatment and cooperation (69.38%), management policy (61.92%), patient evaluation (60.76%), and providing a healthy workplace (42.7%) had the highest scores, respectively. Private hospitals scored higher than public hospitals in all dimensions. There was a significant difference between public and private hospitals regarding the total score (P=0.001), management policy(P=0.01), patient information and interventions(P=0.003), and continuity in treatment and cooperation (P=0.002). Conclusion: The competitive atmosphere among private hospitals appears to have improved their status in HPP, while public hospitals were less concerned with competition and improving their performance in this field. Additionally, ignoring human resource management policies has made the managers of all hospitals feel the need for further upgrading in terms of standards for promoting a healthy work setting.