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Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland

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Review
Published: 23 August 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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In this review we described the interactions between ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). A possible involvement of these interactions in the pathogenesis of unexplained cases of GHD was suggested. Current research provides more and more details to the knowledge on the circadian rhythm of ghrelin. We gathered reports on the decreasing effect of Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis on the number of ghrelin immunopositive cells and the consequent decrease in ghrelin serum concentration. The gastrointestinal tract microflora modification of the ghrelin action, by the mechanism of molecular mimicry, was also stressed. Moreover, the mutual relationships between ghrelin and the TSH-FT4/FT3 axis in growth and metabolic processes are described. It is to be recalled that FT4 and FT3 exert a permissive impact on IGF-1 action and, in turn, GH, in reaction mediated by IGF-1, enhances the monodeiodination of FT4 to FT3. Finally, we discussed the latest attempts to use the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) analogues for possible diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

ACS Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukała; Magdalena Stasiak; Renata Stawerska. Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 9066 .

AMA Style

Andrzej Lewiński, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukała, Magdalena Stasiak, Renata Stawerska. Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (16):9066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukała; Magdalena Stasiak; Renata Stawerska. 2021. "Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 9066.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Life
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Not only iodine deficiency, but also its excess may contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in the salt iodization program, can increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin is an effective antioxidant, which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. This study aimed to compare the protective effects of melatonin, used in the highest achievable in vitro concentration, against KIO3-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids in various porcine tissues (thyroid, ovary, liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and small intestine). Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM). The malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. KIO3 increased the LPO in all examined tissues; in the thyroid, the damaging effect of KIO3 (10; and 7.5 mM) was lower than in other tissues and was not observed for the lowest concentration of 5 mM. Melatonin reduced LPO induced by KIO3 (10, 7.5, and 5 mM) in all tissues, and in the thyroid it was also protective against as high a concentration of KIO3 as 15 mM; the LPO level resulting from KIO3 + melatonin treatment was lower in the thyroid than in other tissues. In conclusion, the thyroid is less sensitive tothe pro-oxidative effects of KIO3 compared to other tissues. The strongest protective effect of melatonin was observed in the thyroid, but beneficial effects were significant also in other tissues. Melatonin should be considered to avoid the potential damaging effects of iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.

ACS Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Pro-Oxidative Effect of KIO3 and Protective Effect of Melatonin in the Thyroid—Comparison to Other Tissues. Life 2021, 11, 592 .

AMA Style

Paulina Iwan, Jan Stepniak, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Pro-Oxidative Effect of KIO3 and Protective Effect of Melatonin in the Thyroid—Comparison to Other Tissues. Life. 2021; 11 (6):592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2021. "Pro-Oxidative Effect of KIO3 and Protective Effect of Melatonin in the Thyroid—Comparison to Other Tissues." Life 11, no. 6: 592.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Under normal iodine supply, calculated physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid is approx. 9 mM. Either potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3) are used in iodine prophylaxis. KI is confirmed as absolutely safe. KIO3 possesses chemical properties suggesting its potential toxicity. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Study aims: to evaluate potential protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) induced by KI or KIO3 in porcine thyroid. Homogenates of twenty four (24) thyroids were incubated in presence of either KI or KIO3 without/with melatonin (5 mM). As melatonin was not effective against KI-induced LPO, in the next step only KIO3 was used. Homogenates were incubated in presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25 mM) without/with melatonin or 17ß-estradiol. Five experiments were performed with different concentrations of melatonin (5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 1.0; 0.625 mM) and one with 17ß-estradiol (1.0 mM). Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. KIO3 increased LPO with the strongest damaging effect (MDA + 4-HDA level: ≈1.28 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) revealed at concentrations of around 15 mM, thus corresponding to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Melatonin reduced LPO (MDA + 4-HDA levels: from ≈0.97 to ≈0,76 and from ≈0,64 to ≈0,49 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05) induced by KIO3 at concentrations of 10 mM or 7.5 mM. Conclusion: Melatonin can reduce very strong oxidative damage to membrane lipids caused by KIO3 used in doses resulting in physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid.

ACS Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by potassium iodate in porcine thyroid. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2021, 91, 271 -277.

AMA Style

Paulina Iwan, Jan Stepniak, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by potassium iodate in porcine thyroid. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2021; 91 (3-4):271-277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2021. "Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by potassium iodate in porcine thyroid." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 91, no. 3-4: 271-277.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in Toxics
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Iodine deficiency is the main environmental factor leading to thyroid cancer. At the same time iodine excess may also contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in salt iodization program, may increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are effective antioxidative indoles, each of which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. The study aims to check if melatonin used together with IPA (in their highest achievable in vitro concentrations) reveals stronger protective effects against KIO3-induced LPO in porcine thyroid homogenates than each of these antioxidants used separately. Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM) or without/with IPA (10 mM) or without/with melatonin + IPA, and then, to further clarify the narrow range of KIO3 concentrations, against which melatonin + IPA reveal cumulative protective effects, the following KIO3 concentrations were used: 20; 18.75; 17.5; 16.25; 15; 13.75; 12.5; 11.25; 10; 8.75; 7.5; 0.0 mM. Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. Protective effects of melatonin + IPA were stronger than those revealed by each antioxidant used separately, but only when LPO was induced by KIO3 in concentrations from 18.75 mM to 8.75 mM, corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid. In conclusion, melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid exert cumulative protective effects against oxidative damage caused by KIO3, when this prooxidant is used in concentrations close to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of these two indoles should be considered to prevent more effectively oxidative damage (and thereby thyroid cancer formation) caused by iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.

ACS Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Cumulative Protective Effect of Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid against KIO3—Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Porcine Thyroid. Toxics 2021, 9, 89 .

AMA Style

Paulina Iwan, Jan Stepniak, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Cumulative Protective Effect of Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid against KIO3—Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Porcine Thyroid. Toxics. 2021; 9 (5):89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulina Iwan; Jan Stepniak; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2021. "Cumulative Protective Effect of Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid against KIO3—Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Porcine Thyroid." Toxics 9, no. 5: 89.

Research article
Published: 26 January 2021 in Mediators of Inflammation
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of blood dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and to assess the influence of methylprednisolone therapy on subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Peripheral blood DC subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry in patients with active GO ( n = 17 ), inactive GO ( n = 8 ), and Graves’ disease (GD) without GO ( n = 8 ) and controls ( n = 15 ); additionally, in patients with active GO ( n = 17 ), analyses were done at three time points, i.e., before methylprednisolone treatment and after 6 weeks and after 12 weeks of the treatment. Percentage of myeloid DCs (mDCs) in PBMC fraction was significantly lower in patients with both active and inactive GO, compared to patients with GD without GO and controls ( p < 0.05 ). In addition, mDCs were also documented to be an independent factor negatively associated with GO, however without essential differences between active and inactive phases. On the other hand, we did not observe any changes in the percentage of DCs after methylprednisolone therapy ( p > 0.05 ). In the present study, we have succeeded to firstly demonstrate—according to our knowledge—that blood mDCs are negatively related to GO incidence.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska; Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukala; Borys Stefanski; Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Jan Stepniak; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. Percentage of Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Peripheral Venous Blood Is Negatively Related to Incidence of Graves’ Orbitopathy. Mediators of Inflammation 2021, 2021, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska, Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukala, Borys Stefanski, Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Jan Stepniak, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Andrzej Lewinski. Percentage of Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Peripheral Venous Blood Is Negatively Related to Incidence of Graves’ Orbitopathy. Mediators of Inflammation. 2021; 2021 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska; Katarzyna Wieczorek-Szukala; Borys Stefanski; Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Jan Stepniak; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. 2021. "Percentage of Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Peripheral Venous Blood Is Negatively Related to Incidence of Graves’ Orbitopathy." Mediators of Inflammation 2021, no. : 1-8.

Communication
Published: 18 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The Fenton reaction (Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++•OH+OH-) results in strong oxidative damage to macromolecules when iron (Fe) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are in excess. This study aims at comparing Fe2++H2O2-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) and protective effects of 17β-estradiol (a potential antioxidant) in porcine ovary and thyroid homogenates. Iron, as one of the Fenton reaction substrates, was used in the highest achievable concentrations. Thyroid or ovary homogenates were incubated in the presence of: (1st) FeSO4+H2O2 with/without 17β-estradiol (1 mM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 µM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 nM; 100, 10.0, 1.0 pM); five experiments were performed with different FeSO4 concentrations (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 µM); (2nd) FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 µM)+H2O2 with/without 17β-estradiol; three experiments were performed with three highest 17β-estradiol concentrations; (3rd) FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 300, 150, 75 µM)+H2O2 (5 mM). LPO level [MDA+4-HDA/mg protein] was measured spectrophotometrically. The basal LPO level is lower in ovary than in thyroid homogenates. However, experimentally-induced LPO was higher in the former tissue, which was confirmed for the three highest Fe2+ concentrations (2400, 1200, 1100 µM). Exogenous 17β-estradiol (1 mM, 100, and 10 µM) reduced experimentally-induced LPO independently of iron concentration and that protective effect did not differ between tissues. The ovary, compared to the thyroid, reveals higher sensitivity to prooxidative effects of iron, however, it showed similar responsivity to protective 17β-estradiol activity. The therapeutic effect of 17β-estradiol against iron overload consequences should be considered with relation to both tissues.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Rynkowska; Jan Stępniak; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska. Fenton Reaction-Induced Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids and Protective Effects of 17β-Estradiol in Porcine Ovary and Thyroid Homogenates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6841 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Rynkowska, Jan Stępniak, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska. Fenton Reaction-Induced Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids and Protective Effects of 17β-Estradiol in Porcine Ovary and Thyroid Homogenates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Rynkowska; Jan Stępniak; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska. 2020. "Fenton Reaction-Induced Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids and Protective Effects of 17β-Estradiol in Porcine Ovary and Thyroid Homogenates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6841.

Correction
Published: 09 June 2020 in BMC Endocrine Disorders
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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

ACS Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Jan Stepniak; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Adrian Krygier; Andrzej Lewinski. Correction to: High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2020, 20, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Jan Stepniak, Magdalena Marcinkowska, Adrian Krygier, Andrzej Lewinski. Correction to: High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2020; 20 (1):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Jan Stepniak; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Adrian Krygier; Andrzej Lewinski. 2020. "Correction to: High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age." BMC Endocrine Disorders 20, no. 1: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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High-normal TSH can be associated with metabolic abnormalities and infertility. Aims of this study are to analyze retrospectively if routinely measured blood laboratory and anthropometric parameters differ between women of reproductive age with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L. Retrospective analysis was performed in 466 female inpatients, aged 13–51, hospitalized in an endocrine department. The group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests (TSH 0.27-4.2 mIU/L; normal FT3 and FT4) was selected and it was divided into two subgroups, i.e., with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L (n = 66; 23.6%). After excluding patients on L-thyroxine treatment (n = 240), those with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L constituted 22.92% (n = 55). In the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests, an abnormally high concentration of triglycerides and an abnormally low HDLC/cholesterol ratio occurred more frequently in women with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L than those with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L (17% vs. 7%, p = 0.017; 14% vs. 5%, p = 0.015, respectively). Increased concentration of thyroid antibodies, i.e., TPOAb, occurred more frequently in patients with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L than those with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L (27% vs. 9%, p = 0.001). The same differences were found in the group of 240 patients after excluding those on L-thyroxine treatment. Blood lymphocyte concentration was the only independent linear parameter associated with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L (OR = 1.551, p = 0.024) but only in the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests. TSH concentration correlated positively with blood lymphocyte (r = 0.129, p = 0.031) and TPOAb (r = 0.177, p = 0.005) concentrations but only in the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests. Less favorable lipid profiles and a higher prevalence of thyroid antibodies in women of reproductive age with high-normal TSH suggests that L-thyroxine treatment should be considered in such patients. The significance of a positive association between high-normal TSH and blood lymphocytes requires further evaluation.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Jan Stępniak; Anna Żurawska; Andrzej Lewiński. Less Favorable Lipid Profile and Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Antibodies in Women of Reproductive Age with High-Normal TSH—Retrospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2122 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, Jan Stępniak, Anna Żurawska, Andrzej Lewiński. Less Favorable Lipid Profile and Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Antibodies in Women of Reproductive Age with High-Normal TSH—Retrospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):2122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Jan Stępniak; Anna Żurawska; Andrzej Lewiński. 2020. "Less Favorable Lipid Profile and Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Antibodies in Women of Reproductive Age with High-Normal TSH—Retrospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2122.

Journal article
Published: 03 January 2020 in BMC Endocrine Disorders
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Background Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a main component of the lectin pathway of the complement system. Lower MBL levels are associated with, among other conditions, hypothyroidism and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In turn, adverse pregnancy outcomes and infertility may result from hypothyroidism, even in patients with high normal Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The aim of this study was to determine if MBL level differs between women of reproductive age with low normal (< 2.5 mIU/l) and high normal (≥2.5 mIU/l) TSH. Associations with other parameters potentially affected by hypothyroidism were also evaluated. Methods Ninety five (95) patients with normal thyroid tests (TSH 0.27–4.2 mIU/l), aged 18–48 years, were prospectively enrolled. Several laboratory parameters were measured, including MBL level, thyroid tests and lipid profile. Results Serum MBL level was lower in women with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/l than with TSH < 2.5 mIU/l. This association was confirmed by univariate regression analysis. MBL level was significantly lower in patients with abnormally low HDLC/cholesterol ratio and a positive correlation was found between MBL level and HDL/cholesterol ratio. Conclusion In women of reproductive age with normal thyroid tests, lower MBL is associated with high normal TSH and with less favourable lipid profile. Therefore treatment with L-thyroxine should be considered in women of reproductive age with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/l.

ACS Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Jan Stepniak; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Adrian Krygier; Andrzej Lewinski. High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2020, 20, 1 .

AMA Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Jan Stepniak, Magdalena Marcinkowska, Adrian Krygier, Andrzej Lewinski. High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2020; 20 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Jan Stepniak; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Adrian Krygier; Andrzej Lewinski. 2020. "High normal TSH is associated with lower mannan-binding lectin in women of childbearing age." BMC Endocrine Disorders 20, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 08 November 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid cancer, is predominantly driven by mutations in BRAF (primarily p. V600E) and RAS oncogenes. Ultrasound (US) examination provides significant diagnostic data in the management of thyroid nodules, as many sonographic features of thyroid lesions are correlated with the potential risk of thyroid carcinoma. The aim of the study was to analyze the current literature in regard to the potential associations between genetic landscape and sonographic features of PTC. Based on the current literature, sonographic features of PTCs correlate with their molecular drivers, particularly between tumors harboring BRAFV600E versus activating RAS mutations, although many of these findings appear to be dependent on the tumor variant. Suspicious US findings, such as hypoechogenicity, spiculated/microlobulated margins, non-parallel orientation/taller-than-wide shape, and the presence of microcalcifications, are typical for PTC positive for BRAFV600E mutations. On the contrary, tumors with RAS mutations are most frequently hypo- or isoechoic and ovoid-to-round in shape, with smooth margins and without calcifications. There are also some US features typical for PTCs harboring other mutations, including BRAFK601E, RET/PTC rearrangements, PAX8-PPARγ, CTNNB1, and APC. However, further research is necessary, as some rare PTC variants still cannot be reliably analyzed due to the scarce published data.

ACS Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Leszek Markuszewski; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Magdalena Stasiak. Correlations between Molecular Landscape and Sonographic Image of Different Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 1916 .

AMA Style

Andrzej Lewiński, Zbigniew Adamczewski, Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Leszek Markuszewski, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, Magdalena Stasiak. Correlations between Molecular Landscape and Sonographic Image of Different Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (11):1916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Leszek Markuszewski; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Magdalena Stasiak. 2019. "Correlations between Molecular Landscape and Sonographic Image of Different Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11: 1916.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2018 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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It has long been observed that females are more susceptible to thyroid diseases than males. Epidemiological and experimental data show that actions of hormonal factors—especially estrogens—may explain such disparity. However, the exact cause and mechanisms of this sexual dimorphism remain so far unknown. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the effect of 17β-estradiol on the redox balance in thyroids of male and female rats. Expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, i.e., dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1), dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were evaluated in the primary cell cultures derived from thyroid glands of adult male or female Wistar rats. The measurement was made before and after treatment with 17β-estradiol alone or with addition of one of its receptor antagonists. We found that under basal conditions female thyroid cells are exposed to higher concentrations of H2O2, most likely due to NOX/DUOX enzymes activity. Additionally, exogenous 17β-estradiol stimulated NOX/DUOX expression as well as H2O2 production, and this effect was mainly mediated through ERα. In conclusion, oxidative processes may constitute mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism of thyroid diseases. Exogenous 17β-estradiol may play a crucial pathogenic role in thyroid diseases via oxidative mechanisms, however without any gender differences.

ACS Style

Jan Stepniak; Andrzej Lewinski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Sexual Dimorphism of NADPH Oxidase/H2O2 System in Rat Thyroid Cells; Effect of Exogenous 17β-Estradiol. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, 19, 4063 .

AMA Style

Jan Stepniak, Andrzej Lewinski, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Sexual Dimorphism of NADPH Oxidase/H2O2 System in Rat Thyroid Cells; Effect of Exogenous 17β-Estradiol. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19 (12):4063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Stepniak; Andrzej Lewinski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2018. "Sexual Dimorphism of NADPH Oxidase/H2O2 System in Rat Thyroid Cells; Effect of Exogenous 17β-Estradiol." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 4063.

Practice guideline
Published: 13 September 2018 in Endokrynologia Polska
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Growth hormone (GH) has been used in the treatment of short stature in children with GH deficiency (GHD) for 60 years, and for about 30 years also in the treatment of adults with GHD, in whom such treatment is carried out due to metabolic indications. In Poland, GH treatment is reimbursed only in children with GHD, while so far it has not been refunded in adults with GHD. There are two groups of adults (or adolescents after growth completion) with GHD, who require GH therapy: patients with GHD that occurred in childhood (childhood-onset GHD — CO-GHD) and patients with GHD acquired in adulthood (adulthood-onset GHD — AO-GHD). This review presents a brief outline of the history of GH treatment in humans, the latest data on the causes and symptoms of GHD in adults, and the complications of untreated GHD. Current recommendations regarding diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of GH therapy in adults are also discussed. Moreover, the review paper presents the objectives, assumptions, and plans of implementation of the “National Treatment Program for Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults and Adolescents after Completion of the Growth Promoting Therapy”, as well as the expected health and economic effects of introduction of GH treatment in adults with GHD in Poland. Od 60 lat hormon wzrostu (ang. growth hormone – GH) znajduje zastosowanie w terapii niskorosłych dzieci z niedoborem GH (GH deficiency – GHD), zaś od około 30 lat również w terapii osób dorosłych z GHD, u których leczenie to prowadzone jest ze wskazań metabolicznych. W Polsce leczenie GH podlega refundacji jedynie u dzieci z GHD, natomiast jak dotąd nie było refundowane u osób dorosłych z GHD. Osoby dorosłe (lub młodzież po zakończeniu procesu wzrastania) z GHD, które wymagają terapii GH, kwalifikuje się do 2 grup: GHD, który wystąpił w wieku dziecięcym (childhood-onset GHD – CO-GHD) oraz GHD nabyty w wieku dorosłym (adult-onset GHD – AO-GHD). W pracy przedstawiono krótki zarys historii leczenia GH u ludzi, omówiono najnowsze dane dotyczące przyczyn i objawów GHD u osób dorosłych oraz powikłania nieleczonego GHD. Omówiono aktualne zalecenia dotyczące diagnostyki oraz leczenia i monitorowania terapii GH u osób dorosłych. W podsumowaniu zaprezentowano cele, założenia oraz schemat realizacji „Ogólnopolskiego Programu Leczenia Niedoboru Hormonu Wzrostu u Osób Dorosłych oraz Młodzieży po zakończeniu Terapii Promującej Wzrastanie”, jak również spodziewane efekty zdrowotne i ekonomiczne wprowadzenia leczenia GH u osób dorosłych z GHD w Polsce.

ACS Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Joanna Smyczyńska; Renata Stawerska; Maciej Hilczer; Magdalena Stasiak; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Marek Bolanowski; Roman Junik; Marek Ruchała; Anhelli Syrenicz; Mieczysław Walczak; Wojciech Zgliczyński; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Ogólnopolski Program Leczenia Ciężkiego Niedoboru Hormonu Wzrostu u Osób Dorosłych oraz u Młodzieży po Zakończeniu Terapii Promującej Wzrastanie. Endokrynologia Polska 2018, 69, 468 -524.

AMA Style

Andrzej Lewiński, Joanna Smyczyńska, Renata Stawerska, Maciej Hilczer, Magdalena Stasiak, Tomasz Bednarczuk, Marek Bolanowski, Roman Junik, Marek Ruchała, Anhelli Syrenicz, Mieczysław Walczak, Wojciech Zgliczyński, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Ogólnopolski Program Leczenia Ciężkiego Niedoboru Hormonu Wzrostu u Osób Dorosłych oraz u Młodzieży po Zakończeniu Terapii Promującej Wzrastanie. Endokrynologia Polska. 2018; 69 (5):468-524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Lewiński; Joanna Smyczyńska; Renata Stawerska; Maciej Hilczer; Magdalena Stasiak; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Marek Bolanowski; Roman Junik; Marek Ruchała; Anhelli Syrenicz; Mieczysław Walczak; Wojciech Zgliczyński; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2018. "Ogólnopolski Program Leczenia Ciężkiego Niedoboru Hormonu Wzrostu u Osób Dorosłych oraz u Młodzieży po Zakończeniu Terapii Promującej Wzrastanie." Endokrynologia Polska 69, no. 5: 468-524.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2018 in Endokrynologia Polska
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ACS Style

Magdalena Góralska; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Marek Rosłon; Maria Libura; Mieczyslaw Szalecki; Maciej Hilczer; Renata Stawerska; Joanna Smyczyńska; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Mieczysław Walczak; Andrzej Lewiński. Postępowanie u osób dorosłych z zespołem Pradera-Williego — co endokrynolog wiedzieć powinien. Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego i Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologii i Diabetologii Dziecięcej. Endokrynologia Polska 2018, 69, 345 -364.

AMA Style

Magdalena Góralska, Tomasz Bednarczuk, Marek Rosłon, Maria Libura, Mieczyslaw Szalecki, Maciej Hilczer, Renata Stawerska, Joanna Smyczyńska, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Mieczysław Walczak, Andrzej Lewiński. Postępowanie u osób dorosłych z zespołem Pradera-Williego — co endokrynolog wiedzieć powinien. Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego i Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologii i Diabetologii Dziecięcej. Endokrynologia Polska. 2018; 69 (4):345-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Góralska; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Marek Rosłon; Maria Libura; Mieczyslaw Szalecki; Maciej Hilczer; Renata Stawerska; Joanna Smyczyńska; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Mieczysław Walczak; Andrzej Lewiński. 2018. "Postępowanie u osób dorosłych z zespołem Pradera-Williego — co endokrynolog wiedzieć powinien. Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego i Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologii i Diabetologii Dziecięcej." Endokrynologia Polska 69, no. 4: 345-364.

Practice guideline
Published: 06 February 2018 in Endokrynologia Polska
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Significant advances have been made in thyroid can­cer research in recent years, therefore relevant clinical guidelines need to be updated. The current Polish guidelines “Diagnostics and Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma” have been formulated at the “Thyroid Cancer and Other Malignancies of Endocrine Glands” conference held in Wisła in November 2015 [1]. Gwałtowny postęp, dokonujący się w ostatnich latach w badaniach nad rakiem tarczycy spowodował, że konieczne jest aktualizowanie bieżących rekomendacji klinicznych. Obowiązujące dotychczas Rekomendacje „Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy” zostały ustalone na Konferencji „Rak Tarczycy” w Wiśle w listopadzie 2015 roku [1].

ACS Style

Barbara Jarząb; Marek Dedecjus; Dorota Słowińska-Klencka; Andrzej Lewiński; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Ryszard Anielski; Maciej Bagłaj; Agata Bałdys-Waligórska; Marcin Barczyński; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Artur Bossowski; Monika Buziak-Bereza; Ewa Chmielik; Andrzej Cichocki; Agnieszka Czarniecka; Rafał Czepczyński; Janusz Dzięcioł; Tomasz Gawlik; Daria Handkiewicz-Junak; Kornelia Hasse-Lazar; Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk; Krystian Jażdżewski; Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka; Michał Kalemba; Grzegorz Kaminski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Mariusz Klencki; Beata Kos-Kudła; Agnieszka Kotecka-Blicharz; Aldona Kowalska; Jolanta Krajewska; Aleksandra Kropińska; Aleksandra Kukulska; Emilia Kulik; Andrzej Kułakowski; Krzysztof Kuzdak; Dariusz Lange; Aleksandra Ledwon; Elżbieta Lewandowska-Jabłońska; Katarzyna Łacka; Barbara Michalik; Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer; Janusz Nauman; Marek Niedziela; Ewa Malecka-Tendera; Malgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska; Tomasz Olczyk; Ewa Paliczka-Cieslik; Lech Pomorski; Zbigniew Puch; Józef Roskosz; Marek Ruchała; Dagmara Rusinek; Stanisław Sporny; Agata Stanek-Widera; Zoran Stojcev; Aleksandra Syguła; Anhelli Syrenicz; Sylwia Szpak; Tomasz Tomkalski; Zbigniew Wygoda; Jan Włoch; Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska. Rekomendacje Polskich Towarzystw Naukowych „Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy”. Aktualizacja na rok 2018. Endokrynologia Polska 2018, 69, 34 -74.

AMA Style

Barbara Jarząb, Marek Dedecjus, Dorota Słowińska-Klencka, Andrzej Lewiński, Zbigniew Adamczewski, Ryszard Anielski, Maciej Bagłaj, Agata Bałdys-Waligórska, Marcin Barczyński, Tomasz Bednarczuk, Artur Bossowski, Monika Buziak-Bereza, Ewa Chmielik, Andrzej Cichocki, Agnieszka Czarniecka, Rafał Czepczyński, Janusz Dzięcioł, Tomasz Gawlik, Daria Handkiewicz-Junak, Kornelia Hasse-Lazar, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, Krystian Jażdżewski, Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka, Michał Kalemba, Grzegorz Kaminski, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Mariusz Klencki, Beata Kos-Kudła, Agnieszka Kotecka-Blicharz, Aldona Kowalska, Jolanta Krajewska, Aleksandra Kropińska, Aleksandra Kukulska, Emilia Kulik, Andrzej Kułakowski, Krzysztof Kuzdak, Dariusz Lange, Aleksandra Ledwon, Elżbieta Lewandowska-Jabłońska, Katarzyna Łacka, Barbara Michalik, Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer, Janusz Nauman, Marek Niedziela, Ewa Malecka-Tendera, Malgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska, Tomasz Olczyk, Ewa Paliczka-Cieslik, Lech Pomorski, Zbigniew Puch, Józef Roskosz, Marek Ruchała, Dagmara Rusinek, Stanisław Sporny, Agata Stanek-Widera, Zoran Stojcev, Aleksandra Syguła, Anhelli Syrenicz, Sylwia Szpak, Tomasz Tomkalski, Zbigniew Wygoda, Jan Włoch, Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska. Rekomendacje Polskich Towarzystw Naukowych „Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy”. Aktualizacja na rok 2018. Endokrynologia Polska. 2018; 69 (1):34-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Jarząb; Marek Dedecjus; Dorota Słowińska-Klencka; Andrzej Lewiński; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Ryszard Anielski; Maciej Bagłaj; Agata Bałdys-Waligórska; Marcin Barczyński; Tomasz Bednarczuk; Artur Bossowski; Monika Buziak-Bereza; Ewa Chmielik; Andrzej Cichocki; Agnieszka Czarniecka; Rafał Czepczyński; Janusz Dzięcioł; Tomasz Gawlik; Daria Handkiewicz-Junak; Kornelia Hasse-Lazar; Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk; Krystian Jażdżewski; Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka; Michał Kalemba; Grzegorz Kaminski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Mariusz Klencki; Beata Kos-Kudła; Agnieszka Kotecka-Blicharz; Aldona Kowalska; Jolanta Krajewska; Aleksandra Kropińska; Aleksandra Kukulska; Emilia Kulik; Andrzej Kułakowski; Krzysztof Kuzdak; Dariusz Lange; Aleksandra Ledwon; Elżbieta Lewandowska-Jabłońska; Katarzyna Łacka; Barbara Michalik; Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer; Janusz Nauman; Marek Niedziela; Ewa Malecka-Tendera; Malgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska; Tomasz Olczyk; Ewa Paliczka-Cieslik; Lech Pomorski; Zbigniew Puch; Józef Roskosz; Marek Ruchała; Dagmara Rusinek; Stanisław Sporny; Agata Stanek-Widera; Zoran Stojcev; Aleksandra Syguła; Anhelli Syrenicz; Sylwia Szpak; Tomasz Tomkalski; Zbigniew Wygoda; Jan Włoch; Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska. 2018. "Rekomendacje Polskich Towarzystw Naukowych „Diagnostyka i leczenie raka tarczycy”. Aktualizacja na rok 2018." Endokrynologia Polska 69, no. 1: 34-74.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Archives of Medical Science
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Oxidative stress has been implicated in the normal ageing process and the pathogenesis of several diseases, including goitre. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between urine lipid peroxidation (LPO) and anthropometric parameters as well as the parameters associated with goitre formation in children. The subjects included 172 healthy children (93 girls and 79 boys) aged 8–15, divided into 4 age groups – group I (8–9 years), group II (10–11 years), group III (12–13 years) and group IV (14–15 years) – and into 2 groups based on the BSA: the BSA-1 group (≤ 0.55 m2) and the BSA-2 group (> 0.55 m2). The value of LPO was the highest in group I but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). In the BSA-1 group, the LPO was higher than in the BSA-2 group (12.75 ±6.90 nmol/ml and 10.79 ±4.86 nmol/ml, respectively; p = 0.023). We found a weak, negative linear correlation between LPO and age (r = –0.216; p < 0.005), body mass (r = –0.153; p < 0.05), height (r = –0.152; p < 0.05) and BSA (r = –0.151; p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters of school-age children independently of age are negatively associated with oxidative damage to membrane lipids, whereas factors promoting goitrogenesis do not contribute to this process.

ACS Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Jan Stepniak; Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska; Kinga Krawczyk-Rusiecka; Andrzej Lewiński; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Relationship between urine lipid peroxidation, anthropometric parameters and parameters associated with goitre formation in school-age children. Archives of Medical Science 2018, 14, 30 -37.

AMA Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Jan Stepniak, Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska, Kinga Krawczyk-Rusiecka, Andrzej Lewiński, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Relationship between urine lipid peroxidation, anthropometric parameters and parameters associated with goitre formation in school-age children. Archives of Medical Science. 2018; 14 (1):30-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Jan Stepniak; Katarzyna Wojciechowska-Durczynska; Kinga Krawczyk-Rusiecka; Andrzej Lewiński; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2018. "Relationship between urine lipid peroxidation, anthropometric parameters and parameters associated with goitre formation in school-age children." Archives of Medical Science 14, no. 1: 30-37.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2017 in Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
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[b]Abstract Introduction and objective[/b]. Protective antioxidative effects of melatonin have been repeatedly documented in experimental and clinical studies. One of the most spectacular exogenous prooxidative agents is cigarette smoking. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of...

ACS Style

Dorota Sagan; Jan Stepniak; Adam Gesing; Andrzej Lewinski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Melatonin reverses the enhanced oxidative damage to membrane lipids and improves skin biophysical characteristics in former-smokers – A study in postmenopausal women. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2017, 24, 659 -666.

AMA Style

Dorota Sagan, Jan Stepniak, Adam Gesing, Andrzej Lewinski, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. Melatonin reverses the enhanced oxidative damage to membrane lipids and improves skin biophysical characteristics in former-smokers – A study in postmenopausal women. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2017; 24 (4):659-666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorota Sagan; Jan Stepniak; Adam Gesing; Andrzej Lewinski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska. 2017. "Melatonin reverses the enhanced oxidative damage to membrane lipids and improves skin biophysical characteristics in former-smokers – A study in postmenopausal women." Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 24, no. 4: 659-666.

Clinical trial
Published: 18 May 2017 in Hormone Research in Paediatrics
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Background/Aims: Goitre incidence in school-aged children evaluated using ultrasonography is one of the essential indicators of iodine intake in a given area. The aim of the study was to examine what the difference is between the volume of the thyroid gland measured in the supine and sitting position and to determine the intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-position variations. Methods: The survey was conducted among 87 children (56 girls and 31 boys aged 7–13 years, mean age 10.44 ± 1.72 years). Results: The thyroid volume measured in a sitting position was significantly lower than that measured in the supine position. The intra-observer variations for the total thyroid volume equalled 9.56–9.65%. The inter-observer variations were significantly higher and amounted to 34.5–35.7%. Conclusions: The way in which ultrasound evaluation is performed is important for the analysis of the results. It is crucial to aim for the smallest inter-observer variation, which can be achieved by strictly defining the methods of the thyroid measurement and comparing one’s measuring techniques with the reference method. The use of standards in ultrasound evaluation performed in the supine position, as well as the use of standards without a strict determination of the study method, can lead to erro­neous conclusions.

ACS Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Agnieszka Zygmunt; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. The Influence of the Manner of Performing the Thyroid Ultrasound Examination on the Reliability of the Assessment of the Thyroid Size in School-Aged Children. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2017, 87, 368 -376.

AMA Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Zbigniew Adamczewski, Agnieszka Zygmunt, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Andrzej Lewinski. The Influence of the Manner of Performing the Thyroid Ultrasound Examination on the Reliability of the Assessment of the Thyroid Size in School-Aged Children. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2017; 87 (6):368-376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Agnieszka Zygmunt; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. 2017. "The Influence of the Manner of Performing the Thyroid Ultrasound Examination on the Reliability of the Assessment of the Thyroid Size in School-Aged Children." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 87, no. 6: 368-376.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2017 in Endocrine Abstracts
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Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. The manner of performing the thyroid ultrasound examination and the reliability of assessment of the thyroid size in school-aged children. Endocrine Abstracts 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Zbigniew Adamczewski, Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Andrzej Lewinski. The manner of performing the thyroid ultrasound examination and the reliability of assessment of the thyroid size in school-aged children. Endocrine Abstracts. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arkadiusz Zygmunt; Zbigniew Adamczewski; Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Andrzej Lewinski. 2017. "The manner of performing the thyroid ultrasound examination and the reliability of assessment of the thyroid size in school-aged children." Endocrine Abstracts , no. : 1.

Endocrine care
Published: 10 April 2017 in Hormone and Metabolic Research
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According to current recommendations, a TSH value of <2.5 mIU/l should be maintained during preconception and pregnancy. The same recommendation, however, does not relate to all women of childbearing age. The aim of the study was to evaluate relationship between lipid peroxidation (LPO; index of oxidative damage to membrane lipids) and thyroid tests and other parameters, which may be affected by thyroid dysfunction, in euthyroid women of childbearing age. Ninety nine female inpatients with normal thyroid tests (TSH 0.27–4.2 mIU/l), aged 18–48 years, were prospectively enrolled. Blood concentrations of malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals (LPO index) were measured spectrophotometrically. Thyroid tests (TSH, FT4, FT3), thyroid antibodies and other laboratory parameters [cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDLC), LDL cholesterol, HDLC/cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, glucose, CRP, iron] were measured with standard methods. Blood LPO level was higher in women with TSH≥2.5 mIU/l than in women with TSH<2.5 mIU/l. Positive correlation was found between TSH concentration and LPO level (r=0.210, p=0.037). In the univariate regression analysis, blood LPO level did constitute the only independent factor associated with TSH≥2.5 mIU/l. Abnormal HDLC/cholesterol ratio occurred more frequently in subjects with TSH≥2.5 mIU/l. Additionally, LPO level correlated positively with triglyceride concentration (r=0.340, p=0.001), whereas it correlated negatively with HDLC concentration (r=–0.335, p=0.001) and with HDL/cholesterol ratio (r=–0.331, p=0.001). In conclusion, in women of childbearing age with normal thyroid tests, TSH≥2.5 mIU/l is associated with higher oxidative damage to membrane lipids and less favorable lipid profile, which supports our standpoint that TSH of less than 2.5 mIU/l should be maintained in all women of childbearing age.

ACS Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Jan Stepniak; Andrzej Lewinski. TSH ≥2.5 mIU/l is Associated with the Increased Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids in Women of Childbearing Age with Normal Thyroid Tests. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2017, 49, 321 -326.

AMA Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska, Magdalena Marcinkowska, Jan Stepniak, Andrzej Lewinski. TSH ≥2.5 mIU/l is Associated with the Increased Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids in Women of Childbearing Age with Normal Thyroid Tests. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2017; 49 (5):321-326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska; Magdalena Marcinkowska; Jan Stepniak; Andrzej Lewinski. 2017. "TSH ≥2.5 mIU/l is Associated with the Increased Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids in Women of Childbearing Age with Normal Thyroid Tests." Hormone and Metabolic Research 49, no. 5: 321-326.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2016 in Public Health Nutrition
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ObjectiveDietary Ca is now being recognized to play an important role not only in skeletal integrity, but also in the regulation of energy and metabolism. The aim of the present study was to estimate the relationship of dairy Ca intake with BMI and blood pressure (BP) in a sample derived from the Polish population.DesignCa intake was calculated from an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative FFQ. BMI was calculated from measured weight and height, and BP was measured by a physician.SettingCross-sectional epidemiological study on osteoporosis risk factors in Poland.SubjectsRandomly selected healthy adult persons (n 1259; 750 women and 509 men).ResultsDairy Ca intake was significantly lower in individuals with overweight/obesity (BMI≥25·00 kg/m2) and/or with elevated BP (systolic/diastolic ≥140/≥90 mmHg) than in those with normal body mass and BP, respectively. Ca intake was negatively correlated with BMI (r=−0·12, Pr=−0·11, Pr=−0·08, P2 (OR=1·44, PConclusionsThe obtained results indicate the role of low dairy Ca intake in the development of obesity and hypertension, notably in premenopausal women.

ACS Style

Elżbieta Skowrońska-Jóźwiak; Maciej Jaworski; Roman Lorenc; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Andrzej Lewiński. Low dairy calcium intake is associated with overweight and elevated blood pressure in Polish adults, notably in premenopausal women. Public Health Nutrition 2016, 20, 630 -637.

AMA Style

Elżbieta Skowrońska-Jóźwiak, Maciej Jaworski, Roman Lorenc, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska, Andrzej Lewiński. Low dairy calcium intake is associated with overweight and elevated blood pressure in Polish adults, notably in premenopausal women. Public Health Nutrition. 2016; 20 (4):630-637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elżbieta Skowrońska-Jóźwiak; Maciej Jaworski; Roman Lorenc; Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska; Andrzej Lewiński. 2016. "Low dairy calcium intake is associated with overweight and elevated blood pressure in Polish adults, notably in premenopausal women." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 4: 630-637.