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Despite the important advances in flood forecasting and protection, floods remain one of the most lethal types of natural hazards. Previous works have explored several factors influencing the risks of flooding to human life and health. However, there is limited research and understanding on indoor flood fatalities and the circumstances under which they occur. This study explores victim-, building-, and situation-related characteristics in order to provide a better understanding of the conditions that lead to flood-related indoor deaths, exploiting a fatality database developed for Greece (1960–2020). The correlation analysis showed that indoor victims, compared with outdoor ones, tend to be older individuals, with high percentages of disabilities. A significant statistical association of the building material, roof type, and distance from the river with the building collapse was also found. The profile of the buildings in which flood fatality occurred was further compared with that of neighboring non-fatal buildings that were inhabited during the flood events. The statistical results indicated that the buildings with a fatality occurrence are mostly single-storey structures, made from masonry as the main building material. The findings have practical implications in risk communication and mitigation in terms of identifying the specific populations, circumstances, settings, and mechanisms that lead to dangerous indoor situations during flooding events.
Michalis Diakakis; Katerina Papagiannaki. Characteristics of Indoor Flood Fatalities: Evidence from Greece. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8612 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Katerina Papagiannaki. Characteristics of Indoor Flood Fatalities: Evidence from Greece. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8612.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Katerina Papagiannaki. 2021. "Characteristics of Indoor Flood Fatalities: Evidence from Greece." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8612.
Floods are one of the most lethal natural hazards. Recent studies show that in a large percentage of flood-related fatalities, victims engage in risk-taking behavior by getting deliberately in contact with floodwaters. This study integrates behavioral psychology and situational environmental factors with the aim to examine why individuals undertake such risky behavior. In particular, we draw on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to link water depth perception with the intention of car drivers to enter floodwaters. The hypotheses on which the study was based were that the depth of the water adversely affects the driver’s intention to enter floodwaters, and that this effect is mediated by a behavior-favorable attitude, a behavior-favorable subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Further, to understand the conditions under which this process works, the moderating role of past behavior in the above relationships is also examined. Results from an experimental study (n = 1940) show that water depth perception affects intention. Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and normative beliefs operate as the underlying psychological mechanism that leads to the mitigation of intention in higher water depth situations. Interestingly, past risk-taking behavior is found to be a significant condition under which this process works, by mostly affecting individuals’ attitudes. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were conducted to estimate causal relationships. The findings provide evidence of the significant interaction that environmental, psychological, and precedent behavioral factors have on behavioral intentions.
Katerina Papagiannaki; Michalis Diakakis; Vassiliki Kotroni; Kostas Lagouvardos; Giorgos Papagiannakis. The Role of Water Depth Perception in Shaping Car Drivers’ Intention to Enter Floodwaters: Experimental Evidence. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4451 .
AMA StyleKaterina Papagiannaki, Michalis Diakakis, Vassiliki Kotroni, Kostas Lagouvardos, Giorgos Papagiannakis. The Role of Water Depth Perception in Shaping Car Drivers’ Intention to Enter Floodwaters: Experimental Evidence. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaterina Papagiannaki; Michalis Diakakis; Vassiliki Kotroni; Kostas Lagouvardos; Giorgos Papagiannakis. 2021. "The Role of Water Depth Perception in Shaping Car Drivers’ Intention to Enter Floodwaters: Experimental Evidence." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4451.
The spatial and temporal scale of flash flood occurrence provides limited opportunities for observations and measurements using conventional monitoring networks, turning the focus to event-based, post-disaster studies. Post-flood surveys exploit field evidence to make indirect discharge estimations, aiming to improve our understanding of hydrological response dynamics under extreme meteorological forcing. However, discharge estimations are associated with demanding fieldwork aiming to record in small timeframes delicate data and data prone-to-be-lost and achieve the desired accuracy in measurements to minimize various uncertainties of the process. In this work, we explore the potential of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology, in combination with the Structure for Motion (SfM) and optical granulometry techniques in peak discharge estimations. We compare the results of the UAS-aided discharge estimations to estimates derived from differential Global Navigation Satellite System (d-GNSS) surveys and hydrologic modelling. The application in the catchment of the Soures torrent in Greece, after a catastrophic flood, shows that the UAS-aided method determined peak discharge with accuracy, providing very similar values compared to the ones estimated by the established traditional approach. The technique proved to be particularly effective, providing flexibility in terms of resources and timing, although there are certain limitations to its applicability, related mostly to the optical granulometry as well as the condition of the channel. The application highlighted important advantages and certain weaknesses of these emerging tools in indirect discharge estimations, which we discuss in detail.
Emmanouil Andreadakis; Michalis Diakakis; Emmanuel Vassilakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Antonis Antoniadis; Petros Andriopoulos; Nafsika Spyrou; Efthymios Nikolopoulos. Unmanned Aerial Systems-Aided Post-Flood Peak Discharge Estimation in Ephemeral Streams. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 4183 .
AMA StyleEmmanouil Andreadakis, Michalis Diakakis, Emmanuel Vassilakis, Georgios Deligiannakis, Antonis Antoniadis, Petros Andriopoulos, Nafsika Spyrou, Efthymios Nikolopoulos. Unmanned Aerial Systems-Aided Post-Flood Peak Discharge Estimation in Ephemeral Streams. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (24):4183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanouil Andreadakis; Michalis Diakakis; Emmanuel Vassilakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Antonis Antoniadis; Petros Andriopoulos; Nafsika Spyrou; Efthymios Nikolopoulos. 2020. "Unmanned Aerial Systems-Aided Post-Flood Peak Discharge Estimation in Ephemeral Streams." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24: 4183.
Timely mapping, measuring and impact assessment of flood events are crucial for the coordination of flood relief efforts and the elaboration of flood management and risk mitigation plans. However, this task is often challenging and time consuming with traditional land-based techniques. In this study, Sentinel-1 radar and Landsat images were utilized in collaboration with hydraulic modelling to obtain flood characteristics and land use/cover (LULC), and to assess flood impact in agricultural areas. Furthermore, indirect estimation of the recurrence interval of a flood event in a poorly gauged catchment was attempted by combining remote sensing (RS) and hydraulic modelling. To this end, a major flood event that occurred in Sperchios river catchment, in Central Greece, which is characterized by extensive farming activity was used as a case study. The synergistic usage of multitemporal RS products and hydraulic modelling has allowed the estimation of flood characteristics, such as extent, inundation depth, peak discharge, recurrence interval and inundation duration, providing valuable information for flood impact estimation and the future examination of flood hazard in poorly gauged basins. The capabilities of the ESA Sentinel-1 mission, which provides improved spatial and temporal analysis, allowing thus the mapping of the extent and temporal dynamics of flood events more accurately and independently from the weather conditions, were also highlighted. Both radar and optical data processing methods, i.e., thresholding, image differencing and water index calculation, provided similar and satisfactory results. Conclusively, multitemporal RS data and hydraulic modelling, with the selected techniques, can provide timely and useful flood observations during and right after flood disasters, applicable in a large part of the world where instrumental hydrological data are scarce and when an apace survey of the condition and information about temporal dynamics in the influenced region is crucial. However, future missions that will reduce further revisiting times will be valuable in this endeavor.
Emmanouil Psomiadis; Michalis Diakakis; Konstantinos Soulis. Combining SAR and Optical Earth Observation with Hydraulic Simulation for Flood Mapping and Impact Assessment. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3980 .
AMA StyleEmmanouil Psomiadis, Michalis Diakakis, Konstantinos Soulis. Combining SAR and Optical Earth Observation with Hydraulic Simulation for Flood Mapping and Impact Assessment. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (23):3980.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanouil Psomiadis; Michalis Diakakis; Konstantinos Soulis. 2020. "Combining SAR and Optical Earth Observation with Hydraulic Simulation for Flood Mapping and Impact Assessment." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23: 3980.
Flash floods cause some of the most severe natural disasters around the world. The extensive diversity and discontinuity of flash flood impacts, which are controlled mostly by surface properties, lead to major difficulties in obtaining a holistic appraisal and a realistic overview of flash flood effects and their severity and make predicting future impacts a significant challenge. Current practices of describing flood impact severity use a limited set of criteria and assign a qualitative characterization (e.g. major, catastrophic, etc.) to each event. The present study proposes an approach that provides a coherent overview of these effects through the classification of impact types and severity and for the first time mapping their spatial extent in a continuous way across the floodplain. To this end, the flood effects are grouped into 4 categories depending on the affected elements, namely: (i) impacts on built environment (ii) impacts on man-made mobile objects, (iii) impacts on the natural environment (including vegetation, agriculture, geomorphology, and pollution) and (iv) impacts on the human population (entrapments, injuries, fatalities). Each of the four above categories is classified in a system of 10 severity classes that are defined with a logical order of increasing importance of damages forming a severity scale. The scale’s application is tested on a catastrophic flood event of 2017 in Mandra, Greece, with a well-described and wide range of impacts, including 24 fatalities. The application allowed the development of high-resolution impact-severity maps that revealed interesting damage patterns and highlighted high severity areas. The resulting maps offer insights on future impacts and indicate a potential to provide the groundwork for targeted prevention measures as well as correlations of impact severity with hydrological aspects of flooding.
M. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki; N.K. Katsetsiadou; E. Andreadakis; N.I. Spyrou; M. Gogou. Proposal of a Flash Flood Impact Severity Scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts. Journal of Hydrology 2020, 590, 125452 .
AMA StyleM. Diakakis, G. Deligiannakis, Z. Antoniadis, M. Melaki, N.K. Katsetsiadou, E. Andreadakis, N.I. Spyrou, M. Gogou. Proposal of a Flash Flood Impact Severity Scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts. Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 590 ():125452.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki; N.K. Katsetsiadou; E. Andreadakis; N.I. Spyrou; M. Gogou. 2020. "Proposal of a Flash Flood Impact Severity Scale for the classification and mapping of flash flood impacts." Journal of Hydrology 590, no. : 125452.
The views and perceptions of the civil protection community have a central position in any risk management process or initiative, and are crucial to its success. However, knowledge of the views and perceptions of officials, and what affects them remains limited in the current literature. This work uses questionnaires to explore the views of civil protection personnel in Greece on different elements of flood risk management and identify factors that influence them. Results provide a basic understanding of officials’ views, indicating certain shortcomings in various sectors and dissatisfaction in several aspects of everyday practice. Interestingly, responses of participants to perception- and knowledge-related questions show a pattern, relating to respondents’ attributes and characteristics, such as experience, age, qualifications, and others. On the contrary, their views on everyday practice issues of flood risk management are associated with the type of position they have in the civil protection community. The findings contribute to the overall effort to improve the understanding of the characteristics of civil protection organizations across Europe, as a means to enhance cooperation.
Michalis Diakakis; Dimitris Damigos; Andreas Kallioras. Identification of Patterns and Influential Factors on Civil Protection Personnel Opinions and Views on Different Aspects of Flood Risk Management: The Case of Greece. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5585 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Dimitris Damigos, Andreas Kallioras. Identification of Patterns and Influential Factors on Civil Protection Personnel Opinions and Views on Different Aspects of Flood Risk Management: The Case of Greece. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Dimitris Damigos; Andreas Kallioras. 2020. "Identification of Patterns and Influential Factors on Civil Protection Personnel Opinions and Views on Different Aspects of Flood Risk Management: The Case of Greece." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5585.
Recently, human behavior around floodwaters has been acknowledged as one of the factors that influence the risk of fatal incidents. The present study analyzes the behavior of flood victims by developing a systematic classification of their actions at the time of the flood. Based on this taxonomy, the study examines a flood fatality database for Greece (1960–2019) to quantify the different types of behavior and to examine potential correlations with various demographical and situational factors. Results show that three-quarters of the victims exhibit a risk-taking behavior by deliberately coming in contact with floodwaters. Statistically significant associations were found between behavior and the demographics of the victims, the type surrounding environment, and the use of vehicles, indicating that certain situations and certain individuals are more prone to risk-taking behaviors than others. A statistical model shows that the behavior of a flood victim can be predicted with high accuracy by knowing certain variables of a fatal incident. The prevalence of risk-taking actions identified is a strong indication that human behavior is a crucial factor in flood mortality. The present study shows that a systematic classification of behaviors can help future interventions by highlighting the most common mechanisms of fatal incidents.
Michalis Diakakis. Types of Behavior of Flood Victims around Floodwaters. Correlation with Situational and Demographic Factors. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4409 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis. Types of Behavior of Flood Victims around Floodwaters. Correlation with Situational and Demographic Factors. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis. 2020. "Types of Behavior of Flood Victims around Floodwaters. Correlation with Situational and Demographic Factors." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4409.
In November 2017, a high‐intensity storm caused a catastrophic flash flood that devastated the city of Mandra, in Greece, and led to the tragic loss of 24 people. The storm caused flooding in the two main tributaries of the basin, creating two very similar hydrological responses with similar flood characteristics that hit two different environments: one within the city and one outside. This work examines the fatal incidents that occurred in relation to the characteristics of the surrounding environment, to investigate the role of the latter in flood mortality. Then, the analysis carried out for the 2017 flood is expanded to a broader database of flood deaths for Greece (1960–2018) for comparison. Results show that certain mortality characteristics differ substantially depending on the setting. Outdoor incidents are more abundant in nonurban environments, in which victims exhibit mostly an active or risk‐taking behaviour against the imminent risk. Urban environments are characterised by a greater diversity of victim activities, higher percentages of indoor deaths, especially for older victims and more passive behaviours. Overall, the study presents evidence on how risk situations develop differently between urban and nonurban settings. Findings are relevant in shaping policy and education programs aiming to mitigate risk.
Michalis Diakakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Emmanouil Andreadakis; Katerina N. Katsetsiadou; Navsika I. Spyrou; Marilia Gogou. How different surrounding environments influence the characteristics of flash flood‐mortality: The case of the 2017 extreme flood in Mandra, Greece. Journal of Flood Risk Management 2020, 13, 1 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Georgios Deligiannakis, Emmanouil Andreadakis, Katerina N. Katsetsiadou, Navsika I. Spyrou, Marilia Gogou. How different surrounding environments influence the characteristics of flash flood‐mortality: The case of the 2017 extreme flood in Mandra, Greece. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 2020; 13 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Emmanouil Andreadakis; Katerina N. Katsetsiadou; Navsika I. Spyrou; Marilia Gogou. 2020. "How different surrounding environments influence the characteristics of flash flood‐mortality: The case of the 2017 extreme flood in Mandra, Greece." Journal of Flood Risk Management 13, no. 3: 1.
Despite the recent advances in technology and infrastructure, extreme flood events continue to induce a significant number of fatalities across the globe, hurting particularly flash flood-prone and other vulnerable communities. The vulnerability of individuals to flooding has been studied in numerous previous works that examine various demographic and situational factors and their relation to the risk that floodwaters pose to individuals or more broadly, their association with flood mortality.
In an effort to provide a better understanding of how flood fatalities occur and how we can prevent them, this work focuses on the influence of the surrounding environment and victims’ behaviour during fatal incidents. The study exploits a database of flood fatalities for Greece (1960-2019) and examines statistical correlations between different elements, including the victims’ age and gender, their activity, the immediate surroundings and the environment that the incidents occur, as well as victims’ behaviour on the basis of their actions.
With respect to the surrounding environment, results indicate that particular characteristics of fatalities differ considerably depending on the setting. Outdoor, vehicle-related deaths are more abundant in rural settings, in which victims show mostly an active (risk-taking) behaviour towards floodwaters. Urban environments are characterized by larger numbers of indoor deaths (especially for the elderly) and a wider diversity of victim activities. Overall, analysis indicates that dangerous situations tend to develop differently between urban and rural settings.
With regard to victim behaviour, analysis of the database shows a great diversity of motivations behind their actions at the time of fatal incidents. A study of these motivations indicates that an overwhelming majority of flood victims come in contact with floodwaters deliberately, while they are in an initial position of safety. On the contrary, a smaller percentage of victims (close to one quarter) exhibits behaviours that can be characterized as passive, such as getting trapped inside buildings or being unable to flee danger, highlighting a population with particular vulnerability characteristics. Furthermore, victim behaviour was found to be strongly connected to victim demographics and surroundings, to an extent that it can be predicted with a high degree of certainty (i.e. close to 90%) by means of a statistical model.
The analysis provides insights useful to further understand the vulnerability of the population to flooding, in terms of how dangerous situations develop. The findings can be exploited in shaping policy and education programs that aim to mitigate risk of fatal incidents to specific population groups (e.g. vehicle-occupants, individuals with mobility impairment). Through better-targeted initiatives, these insights have the potential to enhance the overall resilience of communities, especially in flood-prone areas.
Michalis Diakakis. The role of victim’s behavior and surrounding environment in the vulnerability of individuals in flood fatality incidents. Findings from Greece. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis. The role of victim’s behavior and surrounding environment in the vulnerability of individuals in flood fatality incidents. Findings from Greece. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis. 2020. "The role of victim’s behavior and surrounding environment in the vulnerability of individuals in flood fatality incidents. Findings from Greece." , no. : 1.
Flash floods are one of the most catastrophic natural hazards in many areas of the world, inducing significant losses on a yearly basis. Transportation and its infrastructure remain particularly vulnerable to such events despite their crucial role in many socioeconomic activities and commuter safety. Despite the adverse climate change projections, there is limited research providing a holistic and quantified overview of the impact of rare, extreme flash floods on the transportation of affected areas both in terms of infrastructure and circulation. The research team surveyed the effects of an extreme flash flood at Mandra, Greece, aiming to provide a systematic overview of the extent and typology of its impacts on transportation. The study quantifies the effects on different elements of transportation infrastructure, as well as vehicle circulation disturbances using floating car data. Results show an extensive impact with approximately 40% of the road network inundated or inaccessible and over 80% of river crossings (bridges, fords, and culverts) suffering damages, debris deposition and/or flooding, while critical cross-sections of the drainage network were diminished. Circulation was affected heavily with significant vehicle speed drops, travel times and distances increasing in and around the affected area. The findings indicate a considerably higher degree of impacts in comparison with less rare flash floods, implying that transportation systems may require extensive adaptation to address the increase of extreme events’ frequency induced by climate change.
Michalis Diakakis; Neofytos Boufidis; Jose Maria Salanova Grau; Emmanuel Andreadakis; Iraklis Stamos. A systematic assessment of the effects of extreme flash floods on transportation infrastructure and circulation: The example of the 2017 Mandra flood. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, 47, 101542 .
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Neofytos Boufidis, Jose Maria Salanova Grau, Emmanuel Andreadakis, Iraklis Stamos. A systematic assessment of the effects of extreme flash floods on transportation infrastructure and circulation: The example of the 2017 Mandra flood. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020; 47 ():101542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Neofytos Boufidis; Jose Maria Salanova Grau; Emmanuel Andreadakis; Iraklis Stamos. 2020. "A systematic assessment of the effects of extreme flash floods on transportation infrastructure and circulation: The example of the 2017 Mandra flood." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 47, no. : 101542.
Advanced sensing technologies, combined with wireless sensor networks, have already demonstrated their value in monitoring urban water systems, where management is rather centralized within water utility organizations. Environmental water resources, characterized by more diverse stakeholders and overlapping management responsibilities of different agencies, present more challenging contexts for implementing novel sensing technologies. Crowdsourcing by citizens has been proposed as an alternative approach for adaptive data collection that can augment the amount of data collected, as well as bring together the diverse stakeholders and citizens in more participatory water resources management processes. This article first introduces the challenges of designing citizens’ campaigns for collecting data on environmental waters. A set of developed mobile phone and web applications is then introduced, integrated within a specific platform, as it was used in the execution of citizens’ campaigns for data needed in flood analysis and management. Experiences and lessons learned are presented from the field execution of citizens’ campaigns in two pilot areas located in Europe - the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Kifissos catchment in Greece. Two of the campaigns are on river data collection – water levels and water velocities, and two on collecting land use/land cover data. Surveys carried out with campaign participants indicate their appreciation of the initiative, but challenges remain regarding user-friendliness of the applications. Logistic issues such as timing, duration, and pathways for data collection impacted the motivation of participants. Overall, a unique and large dataset was obtained in terms of quantitative water measurements, despite data losses due to low raw data quality. Further work lies in evaluating the usability of this dataset for local authorities.
Thaine H. Assumpcao; Andreja Jonoski; Iouliani Theona; Chrysovalantis Tsiakos; Maria Krommyda; Stefano Tamascelli; Andreas Kallioras; Marian Mierla; Harris V. Georgiou; Maria Miska; Christos Pouliaris; Cristian Trifanov; Kinga Timea Cimpan; Athanasia Tsertou; Eugenia Marin; Michalis Diakakis; Iulian Nichersu; Angelos J. Amditis; Ioana Popescu. Citizens’ Campaigns for Environmental Water Monitoring: Lessons From Field Experiments. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 134601 -134620.
AMA StyleThaine H. Assumpcao, Andreja Jonoski, Iouliani Theona, Chrysovalantis Tsiakos, Maria Krommyda, Stefano Tamascelli, Andreas Kallioras, Marian Mierla, Harris V. Georgiou, Maria Miska, Christos Pouliaris, Cristian Trifanov, Kinga Timea Cimpan, Athanasia Tsertou, Eugenia Marin, Michalis Diakakis, Iulian Nichersu, Angelos J. Amditis, Ioana Popescu. Citizens’ Campaigns for Environmental Water Monitoring: Lessons From Field Experiments. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 (99):134601-134620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThaine H. Assumpcao; Andreja Jonoski; Iouliani Theona; Chrysovalantis Tsiakos; Maria Krommyda; Stefano Tamascelli; Andreas Kallioras; Marian Mierla; Harris V. Georgiou; Maria Miska; Christos Pouliaris; Cristian Trifanov; Kinga Timea Cimpan; Athanasia Tsertou; Eugenia Marin; Michalis Diakakis; Iulian Nichersu; Angelos J. Amditis; Ioana Popescu. 2019. "Citizens’ Campaigns for Environmental Water Monitoring: Lessons From Field Experiments." IEEE Access 7, no. 99: 134601-134620.
Climate-related hazards, such as wildfires and hydrogeological phenomena, cause extensive damages and casualties around the world. Despite the recent advances and technologies for risk mitigation, it is acknowledged that public risk perception is a critical factor for these tools to succeed. Greece and the broader Eastern Mediterranean is an area where, despite the diversity of natural disasters, there is a lack of understanding of the hazard types that people are most concerned with and how they measure against other groups of hazards (i.e., geophysical). This work uses an online survey targeting Greek people, aiming to provide a better understanding of their perception of different natural hazards. Statistical results show that people consider climate-related hazards less dangerous and likely to occur than earthquakes, which occur often as zero-impact events. Laymen may thus underestimate certain risks, which may inhibit appropriate preparation. Disaster experience was found to increase threat perceptions and to motivate preparedness. However, in what concerns climate-related hazards, the effect of experience may fade out over time. Awareness activities were found to associate with higher emergency response efficacy. Males exhibit lower risk perception and higher coping appraisals. However, prioritization of risks is almost identical between genders. Implications for risk management are discussed.
Katerina Papagiannaki; Michalis Diakakis; Vassiliki Kotroni; Kostas Lagouvardos; Emmanuel Andreadakis. Hydrogeological and Climatological Risks Perception in a Multi-Hazard Environment: The Case of Greece. Water 2019, 11, 1770 .
AMA StyleKaterina Papagiannaki, Michalis Diakakis, Vassiliki Kotroni, Kostas Lagouvardos, Emmanuel Andreadakis. Hydrogeological and Climatological Risks Perception in a Multi-Hazard Environment: The Case of Greece. Water. 2019; 11 (9):1770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaterina Papagiannaki; Michalis Diakakis; Vassiliki Kotroni; Kostas Lagouvardos; Emmanuel Andreadakis. 2019. "Hydrogeological and Climatological Risks Perception in a Multi-Hazard Environment: The Case of Greece." Water 11, no. 9: 1770.
Floods are among the most frequent phenomena leading to disastrous, long term social and economic impacts globally. On November 15, 2017, 24 people were killed and hundreds were left homeless in the vicinities of the towns of Mandra and Nea Peramos in Attica region, Greece, as a result of a catastrophic flash flood triggered by extreme rainfall. The impact of such events has been the focus of studies for years consistently indicating adverse effects ranging from short to long term, on post-disaster physical and psychological health. This paper explores the initial impact of extreme flash floods on communities in terms of psychological and physical health, by means of a self-report questionnaire. Findings are investigated in relation to demographic variables and vulnerability predictors. Self-reports differed prior and after the flash flood, with negative changes in both domains. Results indicated significant differences in both physical and physiological health by gender, age, marital and occupational status. According to Spearman's correlation coefficient, physical and psychological effects showed moderately positive correlations for most independent variables. Results indicate a need to align prevention, aid and intervention strategies in the recovery phase and address issues such as public awareness, information provision and post disaster coping strategies.
Phoebe-Demeter Speis; Emmanuel Andreadakis; Michalis Diakakis; Evanthia Daidassi; Georgios Sarigiannis. Psychosocial vulnerability and demographic characteristics in extreme flash floods: The case of Mandra 2017 flood in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2019, 41, 101285 .
AMA StylePhoebe-Demeter Speis, Emmanuel Andreadakis, Michalis Diakakis, Evanthia Daidassi, Georgios Sarigiannis. Psychosocial vulnerability and demographic characteristics in extreme flash floods: The case of Mandra 2017 flood in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2019; 41 ():101285.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhoebe-Demeter Speis; Emmanuel Andreadakis; Michalis Diakakis; Evanthia Daidassi; Georgios Sarigiannis. 2019. "Psychosocial vulnerability and demographic characteristics in extreme flash floods: The case of Mandra 2017 flood in Greece." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 41, no. : 101285.
Wildfire fatalities remain a significant problem in Mediterranean Europe. Although there is a strong inter-annual variability with regard to their number, repeated tragic accidents remind us of this grim occurrence, despite the increasing firefighting capacity aimed to improve human safety. In this paper, we present an analysis of the 865 fatalities caused by wildfires in the 1945–2016 period. Data originating from national databases were merged, contextual and weather factors related to the accidents that caused these deaths were documented and analysed to explore probable relationships with the number and type of fatalities. Results show a major rise of fatalities in late 1970s in the four regions of Greece, Sardinia (Italy), Spain and Portugal. Fatalities present a strong seasonality in summer months, as expected. Overall, Spain has the highest absolute numbers of fatalities; however, normalisations by population, and burned and forest area show that annual number of fatalities is comparatively smaller. Certain other factors showed correlation with mortality. Civilians were the most affected group in Greece (65%) and Sardinia (58%), but not in Spain and Portugal. Findings indicate that an in-depth revision of fire-management policies and practices is required, with emphasis on prevention planning in urban areas, and better training of the firefighting resources.
Domingo M. Molina-Terrén; Gavriil Xanthopoulos; Michalis Diakakis; Luis Ribeiro; David Caballero; Giuseppe M. Delogu; Domingos Viegas; Carlos A. Silva; Adrián Cardil. Analysis of forest fire fatalities in Southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, Greece and Sardinia (Italy). International Journal of Wildland Fire 2019, 28, 85 .
AMA StyleDomingo M. Molina-Terrén, Gavriil Xanthopoulos, Michalis Diakakis, Luis Ribeiro, David Caballero, Giuseppe M. Delogu, Domingos Viegas, Carlos A. Silva, Adrián Cardil. Analysis of forest fire fatalities in Southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, Greece and Sardinia (Italy). International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2019; 28 (2):85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomingo M. Molina-Terrén; Gavriil Xanthopoulos; Michalis Diakakis; Luis Ribeiro; David Caballero; Giuseppe M. Delogu; Domingos Viegas; Carlos A. Silva; Adrián Cardil. 2019. "Analysis of forest fire fatalities in Southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, Greece and Sardinia (Italy)." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 2: 85.
On November 15 2017, a high intensity convective storm, reaching 300 mm in 13 hours in the core zone of the event, hit the western part of the region of Attica in Greece, causing a catastrophic flash flood in the town of Mandra and a tragic loss of 24 people, making it the most deadly flood in the country, in a period of 40 years. The research team surveyed the area during and after the flood using a combination of systematic ground and aerial observations with the aid of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), aiming to reconstruct the basic physical and hydrological characteristics of the flood and its impacts. The analysis produced detailed flood extent and depth maps that provided a comprehensive description of the physical characteristics of floodwaters across the inundated area. Peak discharge was estimated, using a UAV-derived digital surface model, at two locations, corresponding to the two main tributaries and indicated an impressive hydrological response, between 9 and 10 m3/s/km2. Impact analysis on the basis of these observations showed an extensive diversity, including effects in geomorphology, vegetation, buildings, infrastructure and human population. Analysis of meteorological, botanical and geomorphological evidence lead to the conclusion that this flash flood was a very rare event. Results demonstrate that the combination of aerial and ground observations allow an enhanced and holistic reconstruction of a flash flood and its impacts with high accuracy, leading to the conclusion that the approach used has a significant potential in many aspects of flood disaster investigations.
M. Diakakis; E. Andreadakis; E.I. Nikolopoulos; N.I. Spyrou; M.E. Gogou; G. Deligiannakis; N.K. Katsetsiadou; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki; A. Georgakopoulos; K. Tsaprouni; J. Kalogiros; E. Lekkas. An integrated approach of ground and aerial observations in flash flood disaster investigations. The case of the 2017 Mandra flash flood in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2018, 33, 290 -309.
AMA StyleM. Diakakis, E. Andreadakis, E.I. Nikolopoulos, N.I. Spyrou, M.E. Gogou, G. Deligiannakis, N.K. Katsetsiadou, Z. Antoniadis, M. Melaki, A. Georgakopoulos, K. Tsaprouni, J. Kalogiros, E. Lekkas. An integrated approach of ground and aerial observations in flash flood disaster investigations. The case of the 2017 Mandra flash flood in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2018; 33 ():290-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Diakakis; E. Andreadakis; E.I. Nikolopoulos; N.I. Spyrou; M.E. Gogou; G. Deligiannakis; N.K. Katsetsiadou; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki; A. Georgakopoulos; K. Tsaprouni; J. Kalogiros; E. Lekkas. 2018. "An integrated approach of ground and aerial observations in flash flood disaster investigations. The case of the 2017 Mandra flash flood in Greece." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 33, no. : 290-309.
Michalis Diakakis; Georgios Priskos; Michalis Skordoulis. Public perception of flood risk in flash flood prone areas of Eastern Mediterranean: The case of Attica Region in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2018, 28, 404 -413.
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Georgios Priskos, Michalis Skordoulis. Public perception of flood risk in flash flood prone areas of Eastern Mediterranean: The case of Attica Region in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2018; 28 ():404-413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Georgios Priskos; Michalis Skordoulis. 2018. "Public perception of flood risk in flash flood prone areas of Eastern Mediterranean: The case of Attica Region in Greece." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28, no. : 404-413.
Urban flooding is a gradually increasing problem as the urban population expands into floodplains. In urban environments, flood vulnerability is significantly increased as a more concentrated population and assets makes flooding costly and challenging, in terms of impact estimation. This work focuses on mapping and classifying impacts after the catastrophic 2014 flood in Athens, Greece. The study proposes a method for classifying flood effects into four categories including: the natural and built environment, mobile objects and human population, organized in five classes of increasing severity, i.e. minor, weak, moderate, strong and extreme. Flood effects are grouped based on the qualitative nature of the recorded effects, allowing the development of an impact-severity map. Mapping of the 2014 flood effects indicated specific locations where the severity of impacts was distinctively higher than others, providing a holistic overview of the flood’s effects and highlighting the usefulness of the approach in future flood protection planning.
M. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; K. Katsetsiadou; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki. Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment. The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens, Greece. Urban Water Journal 2017, 14, 1065 -1074.
AMA StyleM. Diakakis, G. Deligiannakis, K. Katsetsiadou, Z. Antoniadis, M. Melaki. Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment. The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens, Greece. Urban Water Journal. 2017; 14 (10):1065-1074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; K. Katsetsiadou; Z. Antoniadis; M. Melaki. 2017. "Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment. The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens, Greece." Urban Water Journal 14, no. 10: 1065-1074.
In 24 October 2014, a high intensity storm hit Athens’ western suburbs causing extensive flash flooding phenomena. The drainage and the sewerage network of the city were overwhelmed leading to catastrophic flood flows along the road network, flooding houses and businesses, sweeping away vehicles, injuring people and causing numerous problems in transportation across the city. Parts of the city were inundated for several hours, particularly in western Athens, namely Ilion, Menidi, Peristeri, Acharnai, Korydallos and Piraeus. This work examines and reconstructs in detail the flood's characteristics, the different types of direct effects within the urban environment and the severity of its direct impacts across Athens basin. Results show a concentration of flood damages in specific locations mostly along the city's natural drainage network or derelict streams and culverts. At their peak stage, floodwaters extended to an area of 4.9 square km recording a maximum depth of 170 cm in certain locations. Eight types of direct impacts were identified in 1223 impact locations, including effects on vegetation, geomorphology, erosion, mobile objects, buildings, infrastructure and human population. A severity scale was developed allowing effects to be divided in five severity classes across the flooded area and making possible the delineation of high impact sections of the city.
M. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; K. Katsetsiadou; E. Lekkas; M. Melaki; Z. Antoniadis. MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD OF OCTOBER 2014 IN ATHENS. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 2017, 50, 681 -690.
AMA StyleM. Diakakis, G. Deligiannakis, K. Katsetsiadou, E. Lekkas, M. Melaki, Z. Antoniadis. MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD OF OCTOBER 2014 IN ATHENS. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece. 2017; 50 (2):681-690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; K. Katsetsiadou; E. Lekkas; M. Melaki; Z. Antoniadis. 2017. "MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD OF OCTOBER 2014 IN ATHENS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 2: 681-690.
For the first time flood mortality is analysed and compared between a Western (Portugal) and an Eastern Mediterranean country (Greece). Flood fatalities are examined and compared in terms of frequency, temporal evolution, spatial distribution, deadliest flood types, gender of the victims, circumstances surrounding fatalities, and individual and societal risk. A common flood fatalities database was formed for the period 1960–2010 by merging the DISASTER database for Portugal and the Greek database. Individual flood cases generated more deaths in Greece than in Portugal (excluding an outlier flash flood event in the latter). Despite some fluctuations evidence of a gradual decrease in fatality numbers were recorded for both countries. Since the 1980's the number of flood cases with multiple fatalities has been gradually declining, due to changes in qualitative characteristics of mortality. Flood fatalities predominantly occur during autumn in Greece and during winter in Portugal. In both Greece and Portugal flash floods were responsible for more than 80% of the total mortality. The main metropolitan areas of each country were found to be hotspots of flood mortality; a trend connected, with the higher population density along the coastal areas combined with the expansion of urban fabric towards floodprone areas. Gender distribution of fatalities indicates that males are more vulnerable in both countries. The circumstances surrounding fatalities showed that fatalities occurring inside buildings have been gradually reducing in time, while vehicle-related deaths have been rising, showing that individuals hold an active role when they voluntarily enter in floodwaters during a flood.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Susana Pereira; Michalis Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; José Zêzere. Comparing flood mortality in Portugal and Greece (Western and Eastern Mediterranean). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2017, 22, 147 -157.
AMA StyleSusana Pereira, Michalis Diakakis, G. Deligiannakis, José Zêzere. Comparing flood mortality in Portugal and Greece (Western and Eastern Mediterranean). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2017; 22 ():147-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Pereira; Michalis Diakakis; G. Deligiannakis; José Zêzere. 2017. "Comparing flood mortality in Portugal and Greece (Western and Eastern Mediterranean)." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 22, no. : 147-157.
Michalis Diakakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Aggelos Pallikarakis; Michalis Skordoulis. Identifying elements that affect the probability of buildings to suffer flooding in urban areas using Google Street View. A case study from Athens metropolitan area in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2017, 22, 1 -9.
AMA StyleMichalis Diakakis, Georgios Deligiannakis, Aggelos Pallikarakis, Michalis Skordoulis. Identifying elements that affect the probability of buildings to suffer flooding in urban areas using Google Street View. A case study from Athens metropolitan area in Greece. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2017; 22 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalis Diakakis; Georgios Deligiannakis; Aggelos Pallikarakis; Michalis Skordoulis. 2017. "Identifying elements that affect the probability of buildings to suffer flooding in urban areas using Google Street View. A case study from Athens metropolitan area in Greece." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 22, no. : 1-9.