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The stringent emission regulations have motivated the development of cleaner fuels as diesel surrogates. However, their different physical-chemical properties make the study of their behavior in compression ignition engines essential. In this sense, optical techniques are a very effective tool for determining the spray evolution and combustion characteristics occurring in the combustion chamber. In this work, quantitative parameters describing the evolution of diesel-like sprays such as liquid length, spray penetration, ignition delay, lift-off length and flame penetration as well as the soot formation were tested in a constant high pressure and high temperature installation using schlieren, OH∗ chemiluminescence and diffused back-illumination extinction imaging techniques. Boundary conditions such as rail pressure, chamber density and temperature were defined using guidelines from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Two paraffinic fuels (dodecane and a renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)) and two oxygenated fuels (methylal identified as OME1 and a blend of oxymethylene ethers, identified as OMEx) were tested and compared to a conventional diesel fuel used as reference. Results showed that paraffinic fuels and OMEx sprays have similar behavior in terms of global combustion metrics. In the case of OME1, a shorter liquid length, but longer ignition delay time and flame lift-off length were observed. However, in terms of soot formation, a big difference between paraffinic and oxygenated fuels could be appreciated. While paraffinic fuels did not show any significant decrease of soot formation when compared to diesel fuel, soot formed by OME1 and OMEx was below the detection threshold in all tested conditions.
José V. Pastor; José M. García-Oliver; Carlos Micó; Alba A. García-Carrero; Arantzazu Gómez. Experimental Study of the Effect of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Oxymethylene Ethers on Main Spray and Combustion Characteristics under Engine Combustion Network Spray A Conditions. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5460 .
AMA StyleJosé V. Pastor, José M. García-Oliver, Carlos Micó, Alba A. García-Carrero, Arantzazu Gómez. Experimental Study of the Effect of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Oxymethylene Ethers on Main Spray and Combustion Characteristics under Engine Combustion Network Spray A Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (16):5460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé V. Pastor; José M. García-Oliver; Carlos Micó; Alba A. García-Carrero; Arantzazu Gómez. 2020. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Oxymethylene Ethers on Main Spray and Combustion Characteristics under Engine Combustion Network Spray A Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16: 5460.
New combustion concepts in Diesel engines imply the use of more appropriate fuels for this type of combustion than traditional diesel fuel. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC), as Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI), Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) or Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) concepts, have begun to use Diesel–Gasoline blends because their low cetane number can reduce, simultaneously, NOx and soot emissions and also improve thermal efficiency. However, new cleaner fuels, alternative to conventional fossil Diesel can also be a solution. In this work, the sooting tendency of Diesel–Gasoline blends was compared to three binary alternative fuels blended with Gasoline: a Biodiesel, a Gas–To–Liquid (GTL) and a new renewable paraffinic fuel called Farnesane. The Oxygen Extended Sooting Index (OESI) was chosen as an appropriate parameter for opacity tendency comparison. Results show that, for the same Gasoline percentage, the sooting tendency scales as follows: Farnesane = GTL < Biodiesel < Diesel. However, as a function of Gasoline proportion, the sooting tendency of Diesel and Biodiesel blends decreases, the later very slightly, while the propensity to smoke of both paraffinic fuels increases. A set of ternary Diesel–Farnesane–Gasoline blends indicates that aromatic compounds are the most influential parameter on opacity tendency. Results obtained in this work and their comparison to literature engine tests ratify that a previous study of sooting tendency can be a valuable tool for a later engine testing design.
A. Gómez; María Reyes García Contreras; J.A. Soriano; C. Mata. Comparative study of the opacity tendency of alternative diesel fuels blended with gasoline. Fuel 2019, 264, 116860 .
AMA StyleA. Gómez, María Reyes García Contreras, J.A. Soriano, C. Mata. Comparative study of the opacity tendency of alternative diesel fuels blended with gasoline. Fuel. 2019; 264 ():116860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Gómez; María Reyes García Contreras; J.A. Soriano; C. Mata. 2019. "Comparative study of the opacity tendency of alternative diesel fuels blended with gasoline." Fuel 264, no. : 116860.
This work focuses on the potential for waste energy recovery from exhaust gases in a diesel light-duty vehicle tested under real driving conditions, fueled with animal fat biodiesel, Gas To Liquid (GTL) and diesel fuels. The vehicle was tested following random velocity profiles under urban driving conditions, while under extra-urban conditions, the vehicle followed previously defined velocity profiles. Tests were carried out at three different locations with different altitudes. The ambient temperature (20 ± 2 °C) and relative humidity (50 ± 2%) conditions were similar for all locations. Exergy analysis was included to determine the potential of exhaust gases to produce useful work in the exhaust system at the outlet of the Diesel Particle Filter. Results include gas temperature registered at each altitude with each fuel, as well as the exergy to energy ratio (percentage of energy that could be transformed into useful work with a recovery device), which was in the range of 20–35%, reaching its maximum value under extra-urban driving conditions at the highest altitude. To take a further step, the effects of fuels and altitude on energy recovery with a prototype of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) were evaluated.
Reyes García-Contreras; Andrés Agudelo; Arántzazu Gómez; Pablo Fernández-Yáñez; Octavio Armas; Ángel Ramos. Thermoelectric Energy Recovery in a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle under Real-World Driving Conditions at Different Altitudes with Diesel, Biodiesel and GTL Fuels. Energies 2019, 12, 1105 .
AMA StyleReyes García-Contreras, Andrés Agudelo, Arántzazu Gómez, Pablo Fernández-Yáñez, Octavio Armas, Ángel Ramos. Thermoelectric Energy Recovery in a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle under Real-World Driving Conditions at Different Altitudes with Diesel, Biodiesel and GTL Fuels. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):1105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes García-Contreras; Andrés Agudelo; Arántzazu Gómez; Pablo Fernández-Yáñez; Octavio Armas; Ángel Ramos. 2019. "Thermoelectric Energy Recovery in a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle under Real-World Driving Conditions at Different Altitudes with Diesel, Biodiesel and GTL Fuels." Energies 12, no. 6: 1105.
Around a third of the energy input in an automotive engine is wasted through the exhaust system. Since numerous technologies to harvest energy from exhaust gases are accessible, it is of great interest to find time- and cost-efficient methods to evaluate available thermal energy under different engine conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is becoming a very valuable tool for numerical predictions of exhaust flows. In this work, a methodology to build a simple three-dimensional (3D) model of the exhaust system of automotive internal combustion engines (ICE) was developed. Experimental data of exhaust gas in the most used part of the engine map in passenger diesel vehicles were employed as input for calculations. Sensitivity analyses of different numeric schemes have been conducted in order to attain accurate results. The model built allows for obtaining details on temperature and pressure fields along the exhaust system, and for complementing the experimental results for a better understanding of the flow phenomena and heat transfer through the system for further energy recovery devices.
Pablo Fernández-Yáñez; Octavio Armas; Arántzazu Gómez; Antonio Gil. Developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models to Evaluate Available Energy in Exhaust Systems of Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles. Applied Sciences 2017, 7, 590 .
AMA StylePablo Fernández-Yáñez, Octavio Armas, Arántzazu Gómez, Antonio Gil. Developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models to Evaluate Available Energy in Exhaust Systems of Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7 (6):590.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Fernández-Yáñez; Octavio Armas; Arántzazu Gómez; Antonio Gil. 2017. "Developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models to Evaluate Available Energy in Exhaust Systems of Diesel Light-Duty Vehicles." Applied Sciences 7, no. 6: 590.
Engine start is a critical process of diesel engine operation with respect to the stability of the combustion process, specific fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions among others. Additionally, the starting is a transient process included into the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) established for the certification of light-duty vehicles. In this work, a turbocharged, direct injection (DI), diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy has been tested during the starting. The engine was tested at two different starting modes: NEDC cold start mode (temperature of cooling water and lube oil were approximately ambient temperature ∼20°C) and warm start (the engine was previously warmed up). Regulated pollutant emissions and operating parameters such as engine speed, air and fuel mass flow rates, EGR valve position, etc. were registered during the tests. The engine was fueled with a low sulfur fossil diesel fuel and with three different biodiesel fuels derived from rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean oils. Biodiesel fuels were tested pure and blended with fossil diesel fuel. Results showed that biodiesel fuels led to a reduction of smoke opacity, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide during both NEDC cold and warm engine start with similar nitrogen oxide emissions. This work demonstrates that emissions from engine start strongly depend on the injection and exhaust gas recirculation control strategies.
María D. Cárdenas; Arántzazu Gómez; Octavio Armas. Pollutant Emissions from Starting a Common Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Biodiesel Fuels. Journal of Energy Engineering 2016, 142, 1 .
AMA StyleMaría D. Cárdenas, Arántzazu Gómez, Octavio Armas. Pollutant Emissions from Starting a Common Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Biodiesel Fuels. Journal of Energy Engineering. 2016; 142 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría D. Cárdenas; Arántzazu Gómez; Octavio Armas. 2016. "Pollutant Emissions from Starting a Common Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Biodiesel Fuels." Journal of Energy Engineering 142, no. 2: 1.
The major regulated pollutants emitted by a diesel urban bus are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). These emissions depend on the engine and its strategies (injection, exhaust-gas recirculation, after-treatment devices, etc.), altitude, weather conditions, route, and driver. This work studies the effect of two fuels, one of them oxygenated, on both NOx emissions and particle-size distributions in comparison with a diesel fuel used as reference. The study was carried out with buses operating in two different cities, one of them located at around 650 m above sea level and the other near sea level. The test fuels were a binary blend of ethanol and diesel fuel (denoted as ED) and a diesel fuel without biodiesel (denoted as D). Emissions were measured using a Horiba OBS-1300 gas analyzer and a TSI engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer. Results showed a reduction in both NOx emissions and total particle number concentrations with altitude, independently of fuel tested, and an increase in geometrical mean diameter. Effective density was used as a particle-diameter-conversion factor to estimate particle mass concentration. However, the negative effect of ED on NOx emissions and the positive effect on PM were both attenuated by altitude.
Arantzazu Gómez; Carmen Mata; Octavio Armas. Effect of Ethanol–Diesel Fuel Blend on Diesel Engine Emissions Produced by Different Bus Fleets. Journal of Energy Engineering 2016, 142, 1 .
AMA StyleArantzazu Gómez, Carmen Mata, Octavio Armas. Effect of Ethanol–Diesel Fuel Blend on Diesel Engine Emissions Produced by Different Bus Fleets. Journal of Energy Engineering. 2016; 142 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArantzazu Gómez; Carmen Mata; Octavio Armas. 2016. "Effect of Ethanol–Diesel Fuel Blend on Diesel Engine Emissions Produced by Different Bus Fleets." Journal of Energy Engineering 142, no. 2: 1.
Octavio Armas; Arantzazu Gómez; Ángel Ramos. Comparative study of pollutant emissions from engine starting with animal fat biodiesel and GTL fuels. Fuel 2013, 113, 560 -570.
AMA StyleOctavio Armas, Arantzazu Gómez, Ángel Ramos. Comparative study of pollutant emissions from engine starting with animal fat biodiesel and GTL fuels. Fuel. 2013; 113 ():560-570.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOctavio Armas; Arantzazu Gómez; Ángel Ramos. 2013. "Comparative study of pollutant emissions from engine starting with animal fat biodiesel and GTL fuels." Fuel 113, no. : 560-570.