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Recent studies show that behaviour changes can provide an essential contribution to achieving the Paris climate targets. Existing climate change mitigation scenarios primarily focus on technological change and underrepresent the possible contribution of behaviour change. This paper presents and applies a methodology to decompose the factors contributing to changes in per capita emissions in scenarios. With this approach, we determine the relative contribution to total emissions from changes in activity, the way activities are carried out, the intensity of activities, as well as fuel choice. The decomposition tool breaks down per capita emissions loosely following the Kaya Identity, allowing a comparison between the contributions of technology and consumption changes among regions and between various scenarios. We illustrate the use of the tool by applying it to three previously-published scenarios; a baseline scenario, a scenario with a selection of behaviour changes, and a 2 °C scenario with the same selection of behaviour changes. Within these scenarios, we explore the contribution of technology and consumption changes to total emission changes in the transport and residential sector, for a selection of both developed and developing regions. In doing so, the tool helps identify where specifically (i.e. via consumption or technology factors) different measures play a role in mitigating emissions and expose opportunities for improved representation of behaviour changes in integrated assessment models. This research shows the value of the decomposition tool and how the approach could be flexibly replicated for different global models based on available variables and aims. The application of the tool to previously-published scenarios shows substantial differences in consumption and technology changes from CO2 price and behaviour changes, in transport and residential per capita emissions and between developing and developed regions. Furthermore, the tool's application can highlight opportunities for future scenario development of a more nuanced and heterogeneous representation of behaviour and lifestyle changes in global models.
Nicole J van Den Berg; Andries F Hof; Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst; Lewis Akenji; Vassilis Daioglou; Oreane Y Edelenbosch; Mariësse A E van Sluisveld; Vanessa J Timmer; Detlef P van Vuuren. Decomposition analysis of per capita emissions: a tool for assessing consumption changes and technology changes within scenarios. Environmental Research Communications 2021, 3, 015004 .
AMA StyleNicole J van Den Berg, Andries F Hof, Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst, Lewis Akenji, Vassilis Daioglou, Oreane Y Edelenbosch, Mariësse A E van Sluisveld, Vanessa J Timmer, Detlef P van Vuuren. Decomposition analysis of per capita emissions: a tool for assessing consumption changes and technology changes within scenarios. Environmental Research Communications. 2021; 3 (1):015004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole J van Den Berg; Andries F Hof; Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst; Lewis Akenji; Vassilis Daioglou; Oreane Y Edelenbosch; Mariësse A E van Sluisveld; Vanessa J Timmer; Detlef P van Vuuren. 2021. "Decomposition analysis of per capita emissions: a tool for assessing consumption changes and technology changes within scenarios." Environmental Research Communications 3, no. 1: 015004.
Increasing attention is being paid to lifestyles in sustainability research and policymaking. Applying a foresight approach to sustainable lifestyles supports this increased focus by highlighting possible futures while also empowering citizens through a participatory process. Foresight has its origins in theory and practice to serve the policymaking process by involving diverse stakeholders. In the search to empower various stakeholders in the decision-making process on foresight, this paper analyses the results of a global expert survey to identify factors shaping future lifestyles. Survey results show that in consumption, the reasoning behind increased or reduced consumption matters; in infrastructure, affordability and equal accessibility is a concern; there are some uncertain implications of the changes in work and education, and physical and mental health, which need further exploration in the desired direction. Those factors should be included in public discussions on future sustainable lifestyles through adopting sustainable lifestyles as a foresight topic. Additionally, the survey results on stakeholders’ changing roles between now and 2050 illustrate how foresight could empower stakeholders through a bottom-up policymaking approach to realise a long term-transition to sustainable lifestyles.
Caixia Mao; Ryu Koide; Lewis Akenji. Applying Foresight to Policy Design for a Long-Term Transition to Sustainable Lifestyles. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6200 .
AMA StyleCaixia Mao, Ryu Koide, Lewis Akenji. Applying Foresight to Policy Design for a Long-Term Transition to Sustainable Lifestyles. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaixia Mao; Ryu Koide; Lewis Akenji. 2020. "Applying Foresight to Policy Design for a Long-Term Transition to Sustainable Lifestyles." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6200.
Technology foresight is crucial in shaping the futures of social good that brings intrinsic and instrumental values to engage different stakeholders in the process. Within this context, the impact of technological innovation on the society from a multi-dimensional perspective is understudied. This paper addresses and investigates this gap by applying a qualitative survey of 137 experts. The survey's results are then treated using quantitative cross-sectional analysis to examine the interrelationships between lifestyle domains. Our findings indicate that technological innovation benefits society by improving communication and productivity in the supply chain. However, it causes unintended consequences such as deepening inequality and increasing the surveillance of the public. In addition, although technology provides more options for environmentally conscious choices and better infrastructure, its affordability is a concern. The paper concludes that social dimensions merit greater consideration in terms of multi-dimensional analysis and policy implications. It proposes future research to consider wellbeing as a key determining factor in deciding whether certain technology should be promoted to add value to the social good.
Caixia Mao; Ryu Koide; Alexander Brem; Lewis Akenji. Technology foresight for social good: Social implications of technological innovation by 2050 from a Global Expert Survey. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 153, 119914 .
AMA StyleCaixia Mao, Ryu Koide, Alexander Brem, Lewis Akenji. Technology foresight for social good: Social implications of technological innovation by 2050 from a Global Expert Survey. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 153 ():119914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaixia Mao; Ryu Koide; Alexander Brem; Lewis Akenji. 2020. "Technology foresight for social good: Social implications of technological innovation by 2050 from a Global Expert Survey." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 153, no. : 119914.
Recent studies show that lifestyle changes can provide an essential contribution to achieving the Paris climate targets. While some efforts have been made to incorporate lifestyle changes into model-based scenarios, the attempts are currently very stylised and included exogenously. This paper discusses current efforts to represent lifestyle change in models, and analyses potential insights from relevant scientific disciplines to improve the representation of lifestyle changes in models – including modelling specific behaviour changes, identifying cross-cutting lifestyle solutions, representing the intentions behind the changes and quantifying their impacts. As such, this research attempts to bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative theories and methodologies. Based on the results of this literature analysis, we recommend defining lifestyle changes more harmoniously, exploring an expanded range of approaches, domains and transformative solutions, adopting a whole-systems approach, and addressing the trade-offs between the use of exogenous inputs and endogenous modelling.
Nicole J. Van Den Berg; Andries F. Hof; Lewis Akenji; Oreane Y. Edelenbosch; Mariësse A.E. van Sluisveld; Vanessa J. Timmer; Detlef P. van Vuuren. Improved modelling of lifestyle changes in Integrated Assessment Models: Cross-disciplinary insights from methodologies and theories. Energy Strategy Reviews 2019, 26, 100420 .
AMA StyleNicole J. Van Den Berg, Andries F. Hof, Lewis Akenji, Oreane Y. Edelenbosch, Mariësse A.E. van Sluisveld, Vanessa J. Timmer, Detlef P. van Vuuren. Improved modelling of lifestyle changes in Integrated Assessment Models: Cross-disciplinary insights from methodologies and theories. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2019; 26 ():100420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole J. Van Den Berg; Andries F. Hof; Lewis Akenji; Oreane Y. Edelenbosch; Mariësse A.E. van Sluisveld; Vanessa J. Timmer; Detlef P. van Vuuren. 2019. "Improved modelling of lifestyle changes in Integrated Assessment Models: Cross-disciplinary insights from methodologies and theories." Energy Strategy Reviews 26, no. : 100420.
Addressing the prevailing mode of high-carbon lifestyles is crucial for the transition towards a net-zero carbon society. Existing studies fail to fully investigate the underlining factors of unsustainable lifestyles beyond individual determinants nor consider the gaps between current footprints and reduction targets. This study examines latent lifestyle factors related to carbon footprints and analyzes gaps between decarbonization targets and current lifestyles of major consumer segments through exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. As a case study on Japanese households, it estimates carbon footprints of over 47,000 households using expenditure survey microdata, and identifies high-carbon lifestyle factors and consumer segments by multivariate regression analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. Income, savings, family composition, house size and type, ownership of durables and automobiles, and work style were confirmed as determinants of high-footprint Japanese households, with eight lifestyles factors, including long-distance leisure, materialistic consumption, and meat-rich diets, identified as the main contributory factors. The study revealed a five-fold difference between lowest and highest footprint segments, with all segments overshooting the 2030 and 2050 decarbonization targets. The findings imply the urgent need for policies tailored to diverse consumer segments and to address the underlying causes of high-carbon lifestyles especially of high-carbon segments.
Ryu Koide; Michael Lettenmeier; Satoshi Kojima; Viivi Toivio; Aryanie Amellina; Lewis Akenji. Carbon Footprints and Consumer Lifestyles: An Analysis of Lifestyle Factors and Gap Analysis by Consumer Segment in Japan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5983 .
AMA StyleRyu Koide, Michael Lettenmeier, Satoshi Kojima, Viivi Toivio, Aryanie Amellina, Lewis Akenji. Carbon Footprints and Consumer Lifestyles: An Analysis of Lifestyle Factors and Gap Analysis by Consumer Segment in Japan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):5983.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu Koide; Michael Lettenmeier; Satoshi Kojima; Viivi Toivio; Aryanie Amellina; Lewis Akenji. 2019. "Carbon Footprints and Consumer Lifestyles: An Analysis of Lifestyle Factors and Gap Analysis by Consumer Segment in Japan." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 5983.
The 1.5 °C mitigation challenge for urban areas goes far beyond decarbonizing the cities’ energy supply and needs to enable and incentivize carbon-free everyday living. Reviewing recent literature, we find that dense and mixed urban form enables lower direct emissions from mobility and housing, while income is the major driver of total household carbon footprints; importantly, these effects are not linear. The available urban infrastructure, services and societal arrangements, for example on work, all influence how households use their time, which goods and services they consume in everyday life and their subsequent carbon footprints and potential rebound effects. We conclude that changes in household consumption, time use and urban form are crucial for a 1.5 °C future. We further identify a range of issues for which a time use perspective could open up new avenues for research and policy.
Dominik Wiedenhofer; Barbara Smetschka; Lewis Akenji; Mikko Jalas; Helmut Haberl. Household time use, carbon footprints, and urban form: a review of the potential contributions of everyday living to the 1.5 °C climate target. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 30, 7 -17.
AMA StyleDominik Wiedenhofer, Barbara Smetschka, Lewis Akenji, Mikko Jalas, Helmut Haberl. Household time use, carbon footprints, and urban form: a review of the potential contributions of everyday living to the 1.5 °C climate target. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 30 ():7-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDominik Wiedenhofer; Barbara Smetschka; Lewis Akenji; Mikko Jalas; Helmut Haberl. 2018. "Household time use, carbon footprints, and urban form: a review of the potential contributions of everyday living to the 1.5 °C climate target." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 30, no. : 7-17.
Technical potential Economic potential Energy savings Household energy consumption Levelised cost of conserved energy Residential buildingsBased on a household energy use survey, this paper explores the technical and economic potential of residential energy savings in a Chinese city, Xiamen. The survey adopted a similar questionnaire used by the U.S. EIA's Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), covering the end-uses of cooking, water heating, plug-in appliances, lighting and space cooling. The analysis shows that the technical potential of energy savings in Xiamen's residential buildings is significant, around 20%. Of the technical potential, about two-thirds to four-fifths are cost-effective from a whole society perspective. The cost-effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the Levelised Cost of Conserved Energy (LCOCE) of advanced technical measures with the actual cost of conserved energy. The actual cost of energy is defined by adding the carbon emission cost and hidden government subsidies over the retail prices of energy. About threequarters of the technical energy-saving potential in Xiamen come from adopting efficient household appliances, therefore, further tightening the energy efficiency standards for key household appliances and promoting wide diffusion of efficient models of appliances by various effective financial incentives are essential for achieving residential energy savings in China's “Hot Summer and Warm Winter” region where Xiamen locates
Fei Guo; Lewis Akenji; Patrick Schroeder; Magnus Bengtsson. Static analysis of technical and economic energy-saving potential in the residential sector of Xiamen city. Energy 2018, 142, 373 -383.
AMA StyleFei Guo, Lewis Akenji, Patrick Schroeder, Magnus Bengtsson. Static analysis of technical and economic energy-saving potential in the residential sector of Xiamen city. Energy. 2018; 142 ():373-383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Guo; Lewis Akenji; Patrick Schroeder; Magnus Bengtsson. 2018. "Static analysis of technical and economic energy-saving potential in the residential sector of Xiamen city." Energy 142, no. : 373-383.
Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) was adopted as a stand-alone goal and reflected as one of the cross-cutting objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a central role to address global resource consumption and its associated environmental impacts, as well as numerous social and economic issues. With this broad characterization of SCP, policy integration is crucial in addressing it at national level. This paper analyzes characteristics of SCP policy integration based on a survey of national government policies. It reveals that SCP is not fully integrated in national policy-making; high resource consumption sectors such as urban planning, building, and tourism are not fully incorporated into national SCP policies, and there is only limited participation of relevant government ministries other than environment ministries. We find that among countries with horizontal policy integration, those with Green Economy/Green Growth frameworks tend to have better sectoral integration; and those with SCP-specific frameworks are likely to have broader coordination of ministries. By conducting cross-analysis using income level and region, the different characteristics of SCP policy-making approaches were identified. The results of this study provide a better understanding of how SCP is integrated into policy for effective national policy-making and measurement of the SDG Goal 12.
Ryu Koide; Lewis Akenji. Assessment of Policy Integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production into National Policies. Resources 2017, 6, 48 .
AMA StyleRyu Koide, Lewis Akenji. Assessment of Policy Integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production into National Policies. Resources. 2017; 6 (4):48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu Koide; Lewis Akenji. 2017. "Assessment of Policy Integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production into National Policies." Resources 6, no. 4: 48.
A key but contentious aspect of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the means of implementation (MOI). Many developing countries emphasize the importance of international assistance while developed countries focus more on domestic financing and the private sector. The text of the SDGs includes a broad range of MOI. However, a discussion has arisen about whether countries should prioritize some goals over others due partly to concerns that MOI may be insufficient. In contrast, this article argues for a more optimistic outlook concerning MOI and the feasibility of achieving the SDGs. First, most SDGs and targets are themselves means—or intermediate goals—contributing to the achievement of other goals. The structure of the SDGs blurs the fact that different goals have different functions, such as providing resources or enabling environments. Greater focus on the interlinkages and synergies among goals could enhance the effectiveness of implementation and reduce costs. Second, integrated planning and implementation, needed for leveraging synergies among goals, will require enhanced capacity, particularly for governance and coordination. We argue that the strengthening of such capacity is a central MOI that requires more attention since it is a precondition for the effective mobilization and deployment of other MOI. Third, although upfront investments may seem high in absolute terms, financial feasibility is realistic when considering existing global financial stocks and flows and the expected benefits.
Mark Elder; Magnus Bengtsson; Lewis Akenji. An Optimistic Analysis of the Means of Implementation for Sustainable Development Goals: Thinking about Goals as Means. Sustainability 2016, 8, 962 .
AMA StyleMark Elder, Magnus Bengtsson, Lewis Akenji. An Optimistic Analysis of the Means of Implementation for Sustainable Development Goals: Thinking about Goals as Means. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (9):962.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Elder; Magnus Bengtsson; Lewis Akenji. 2016. "An Optimistic Analysis of the Means of Implementation for Sustainable Development Goals: Thinking about Goals as Means." Sustainability 8, no. 9: 962.
Drawing from papers in this special volume (SV), this introductory paper on absolute reductions argues that the magnitude, scope and urgency of the sustainability challenge require a drastic change in global civilisation, including a radical transformation of the institutional arrangements and socio-technical systems that facilitate the pursuit of wellbeing. The authors of this paper identify four main challenges to absolute reductions, including: the resource-intensive conventional template for development, macroeconomic structures and trade policies creating burden-shifting and inequality, a resource-efficiency improvements fallacy, and the dominant consumerist culture and lifestyles. The paper demonstrates the complexity of translating planetary boundaries into boundaries for resource use and targets for absolute reductions, proposing a practical approach starting with defining footprints for water, land and materials, and then proceeding to set resource boundaries. In seeking potential solutions, the paper highlights research addressing materials and product substitution, ecological fiscal reform with measures such as carbon taxation, sustainable lifestyles, design for sustainability, eco-innovation, and management of power dynamics in the production-consumption system. We then propose six domains in a research agenda for future research. These include: moving from niches and demonstration projects to broader norms; addressing reductions targets and indicators to guide policy and action; including policy design reflecting complexities such as time-lags, the resource nexus, and positive feedback loops; global resource governance; and convergence pathways between over-consuming and under-consuming societies. These areas will provide the science that will inform policy and business decisions and guide the engagement of practitioners to work towards sustainability transitions to equitable, sustainable, post-fossil carbon societies.
Lewis Akenji; Magnus Bengtsson; Raimund Bleischwitz; Arnold Tukker; Heinz Schandl. Ossified materialism: introduction to the special volume on absolute reductions in materials throughput and emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 132, 1 -12.
AMA StyleLewis Akenji, Magnus Bengtsson, Raimund Bleischwitz, Arnold Tukker, Heinz Schandl. Ossified materialism: introduction to the special volume on absolute reductions in materials throughput and emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 132 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewis Akenji; Magnus Bengtsson; Raimund Bleischwitz; Arnold Tukker; Heinz Schandl. 2016. "Ossified materialism: introduction to the special volume on absolute reductions in materials throughput and emissions." Journal of Cleaner Production 132, no. : 1-12.
This paper explores opportunities for effective policy intervention for residential energy savings in southern China, by analyzing achievable potential of residential energy savings in the city of Xiamen as a case study. In contrast to static technical and economic potential analyses, the achievable potential analysis is based on dynamic energy consumption projections, which consider two real-world factors: (1) gradual ramping-up adoption process of advanced technical measures; and (2) consumers’ adoption of these measures. A bottom-up type Residential Energy Consumption (REC) projection model specifically tailored for southern China was developed in this paper, based on the general logic and calculation principles utilized in the U.S. EIA’s “National Energy Modeling System (NEMS),” and the adoption theory of advanced technical measures proposed by Kastovich. This REC projection model was then used as a policy analysis tool to quantitatively evaluate the impact of various policies on residential energy savings in the case study city of Xiamen. The analysis of the Xiamen case shows that although there is a significant technical potential for residential energy savings in the city (about 20.9–24.9%), the maximum achievable potential (MAP) in 2020 is only about 8.3–8.4% of that year’s business-as-usual baseline consumption. Moreover, with existing policies only about one-fourth to half of the calculated MAP is likely to be achieved by 2020. These findings indicate that in order to realize a larger share of achievable potential for residential energy savings in China, additional and more effective polices are needed.
Fei Guo; Lado Kurdgelashvili; Magnus Bengtsson; Lewis Akenji. Analysis of achievable residential energy-saving potential and its implications for effective policy interventions: A study of Xiamen city in southern China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 62, 507 -520.
AMA StyleFei Guo, Lado Kurdgelashvili, Magnus Bengtsson, Lewis Akenji. Analysis of achievable residential energy-saving potential and its implications for effective policy interventions: A study of Xiamen city in southern China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 62 ():507-520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Guo; Lado Kurdgelashvili; Magnus Bengtsson; Lewis Akenji. 2016. "Analysis of achievable residential energy-saving potential and its implications for effective policy interventions: A study of Xiamen city in southern China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62, no. : 507-520.
This paper argues that sustainable consumption and production (SCP) should play a prominent role in the formulation and implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and discusses how this could be practically done. Unsustainable patterns of consumption and production have been declared the primary cause of environmental deterioration. This was clearly recognized already at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (or the Rio Summit) in 1992; and this recognition has been reconfirmed in all high-level sustainability meetings since then. SCP aims to change these patterns; it is a policy agenda for addressing the root causes of our ecological predicament, while, at the same time, providing for human wellbeing and prosperity. Drawing from international agreements, practical policy experience and research from a range of disciplines, the paper provides a clarifying framework for scientifically robust, policy-relevant and practical goal-setting for SCP within the SDGs. Special attention is given to how SCP in the SDGs can create synergies with other international policy initiatives. The paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of two possible options for reflecting SCP in the SDGs framework: (i) SCP as a stand-alone goal; and (ii) SCP as a cross-cutting objective, embedded within relevant goals. While these two options are not necessarily mutually exclusive, given the competing number of issues for prioritization and the fact that a 10-Year Framework of Programs on SCP has also recently been established, it is hardly foreseeable that both options can be realized. The paper further proposes a set of basic principles for SCP at the global level and makes recommendations towards the formulation of indicators supporting SCP objectives in the SDGs.
Lewis Akenji; Magnus Bengtsson. Making Sustainable Consumption and Production the Core of Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2014, 6, 513 -529.
AMA StyleLewis Akenji, Magnus Bengtsson. Making Sustainable Consumption and Production the Core of Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2014; 6 (2):513-529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewis Akenji; Magnus Bengtsson. 2014. "Making Sustainable Consumption and Production the Core of Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 6, no. 2: 513-529.
Philip Vergragt; Lewis Akenji; Paul Dewick. Sustainable production, consumption, and livelihoods: global and regional research perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 2014, 63, 1 -12.
AMA StylePhilip Vergragt, Lewis Akenji, Paul Dewick. Sustainable production, consumption, and livelihoods: global and regional research perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 63 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilip Vergragt; Lewis Akenji; Paul Dewick. 2014. "Sustainable production, consumption, and livelihoods: global and regional research perspectives." Journal of Cleaner Production 63, no. : 1-12.
Lewis Akenji. Consumer scapegoatism and limits to green consumerism. Journal of Cleaner Production 2014, 63, 13 -23.
AMA StyleLewis Akenji. Consumer scapegoatism and limits to green consumerism. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 63 ():13-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewis Akenji. 2014. "Consumer scapegoatism and limits to green consumerism." Journal of Cleaner Production 63, no. : 13-23.
The amount of e-waste is growing rapidly in developing countries, and the health and environmental problems resulting from poor management of this waste have become a concern for policy makers. In response to these challenges, a number of Asian developing countries have been inspired by policy developments in OECD countries, and have drafted legislations based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). However, the experiences from developed countries show that a successful implementation of EPR policies requires adequate institutions and sufficient administrative capacity. Even advanced countries are thus facing difficulties. This paper concludes from existing literature and from the authors’ own observations that there seems to be a mismatch between the typical policy responses to e-waste problems in developing Asia and the capacity for successful implementation of such policies. It also notes that the e-waste situation in developing Asian countries is further complicated by a number of additional factors, such as difficulties in identifying producers, import of used electronic products and e-waste (sometimes illegal), and the existence of a strong informal waste sector. Given these challenges, the authors conclude that comprehensive EPR policy schemes of the kind that have been implemented in some advanced countries are not likely to be effective. The paper therefore proposes an alternative phase-in approach whereby developing Asian countries are able to move gradually towards EPR systems. It argues that this approach would be more feasible, and discusses what could be the key building blocks of each implementation stage.
Lewis Akenji; Yasuhiko Hotta; Magnus Bengtsson; Shiko Hayashi. EPR policies for electronics in developing Asia: an adapted phase-in approach. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 2011, 29, 919 -930.
AMA StyleLewis Akenji, Yasuhiko Hotta, Magnus Bengtsson, Shiko Hayashi. EPR policies for electronics in developing Asia: an adapted phase-in approach. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 2011; 29 (9):919-930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewis Akenji; Yasuhiko Hotta; Magnus Bengtsson; Shiko Hayashi. 2011. "EPR policies for electronics in developing Asia: an adapted phase-in approach." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 29, no. 9: 919-930.