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Spencer Snowling
Hydromantis Environmental Software Solutions, Inc., 407 King Street West, Hamilton, ON L8P 1B5, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 23 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is a time series analysis model that can be dated back to 1955. It has been used in many different fields of study to analyze time series and forecast future data points; however, it has not been widely used to forecast daily wastewater influent flow. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to utilize ARIMA for daily influent flow forecasting. To pursue the objective confidently, five stations across North America are used to validate ARIMA’s performance. These stations include Woodward, Niagara, North Davis, and two confidential plants. The results demonstrate that ARIMA models can produce satisfactory daily influent flow forecasts. Considering the results of this study, ARIMA models could provide the operating engineers at both municipal and rural WWTPs with sufficient information to run the stations efficiently and thus, support wastewater management and planning at various levels within a watershed.

ACS Style

Gavin Boyd; Dain Na; Zhong Li; Spencer Snowling; Qianqian Zhang; Pengxiao Zhou. Influent Forecasting for Wastewater Treatment Plants in North America. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1764 .

AMA Style

Gavin Boyd, Dain Na, Zhong Li, Spencer Snowling, Qianqian Zhang, Pengxiao Zhou. Influent Forecasting for Wastewater Treatment Plants in North America. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1764.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin Boyd; Dain Na; Zhong Li; Spencer Snowling; Qianqian Zhang; Pengxiao Zhou. 2019. "Influent Forecasting for Wastewater Treatment Plants in North America." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1764.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Operational issues are a major concern in wastewater facilities as they can affect a utility’s ability to meet permit requirements. While it is the goal of wastewater facility operators to operate as close to steady, non-variant operations as possible, there are inevitable changes that occur during plant operations due to variables such as seasonality (wet vs dry weather flow fluctuation, temperature – winter vs summer, etc.), diurnal flow variation, temperature changes, etc. Engineering consultants and plant supervisors often proactively anticipate the occurrence of operational challenges in a plant and work to develop strategies for addressing such issues when they do occur. The current practice for preparing facilities to meet potential operational challenges is to develop detailed operations manuals and guides that provide operators with guidance on how to troubleshoot various problems. These operational guides are usually summarized in paper documents. Operator feedback obtained from a pool of wastewater utility operators, indicate that these guides are often not utilized during operational issues, with operators preferring to troubleshoot directly. This paper provides an evaluation of the major challenges that operators are faced with, and explores the use of a “flight simulator” type platform called SimuWorks™ as a means for tackling operational challenges, supporting process optimization, delivering training and enabling “risk free” troubleshooting.

ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling. Bringing Operator Training & Human Capital Development into the 21st Century with Virtual Plant Models – Case Studies. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, 2018, 560 -574.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Spencer Snowling. Bringing Operator Training & Human Capital Development into the 21st Century with Virtual Plant Models – Case Studies. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2018; 2018 (1):560-574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling. 2018. "Bringing Operator Training & Human Capital Development into the 21st Century with Virtual Plant Models – Case Studies." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 1: 560-574.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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A series of water treatment process models have been developed in GPS-X™ simulation platform. The newly developed water treatment process library allows practitioner to develop block diagram based whole plant models for process water treatment and reuse facilities. In this paper, we highlight two case studies to demonstrate the application of simulation platform. The first case study deals with the effect of adding Ca(OH)2 on pH, hardness, Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), sludge production and chlorine requirement, while meeting the water quality requirement in recirculating water. The second case study describes the simulation of a reverse osmosis (RO) treatment system and how the operational parameters affect water recovery and treated water quality. The process water treatment simulation platform is a valuable tool for engineers for holistic analysis of water treatment plant facilities to determine optimal operational strategies to achieve desired water quality, while maximizing water recovery and minimizing chemical usage and solid waste production.

ACS Style

Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling; Malcolm Fabiyi. Development and Application of Process Water Simulator for Water Reuse and Industrial Process Water Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, 2018, 2422 -2438.

AMA Style

Rajeev Goel, Spencer Snowling, Malcolm Fabiyi. Development and Application of Process Water Simulator for Water Reuse and Industrial Process Water Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2018; 2018 (13):2422-2438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling; Malcolm Fabiyi. 2018. "Development and Application of Process Water Simulator for Water Reuse and Industrial Process Water Treatment." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 13: 2422-2438.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Reducing energy demand at WRRF is an ongoing challenge. Sound analytical tools which can identify the areas with maximum energy saving potential with minimum capital expenditure could help address the energy reduction challenges at WRRF. Wastewater treatment process models are essential tools for understanding, troubleshooting and improving the plant performance while reducing operational costs. This paper discusses the application of GPS-X™ process simulation model to estimate the energy demand at a full-scale facility. The model was used to estimate blower, pump, mixing and other miscellaneous energy at the facility under dynamic operating conditions. The process model was used to evaluate potential energy saving by applying direct DO control and Ammonia Based Aeration Control (ABAC). The direct DO control strategy and ABAC indicated potential for 10-15% reduction in aeration energy, while consistently producing effluent compliance targets.

ACS Style

Rajeev Goel; Eric Nelson; Spencer Snowling. Assessing Energy Consumption at a WRRF using Process Models — a Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, 2018, 358 -371.

AMA Style

Rajeev Goel, Eric Nelson, Spencer Snowling. Assessing Energy Consumption at a WRRF using Process Models — a Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2018; 2018 (18):358-371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajeev Goel; Eric Nelson; Spencer Snowling. 2018. "Assessing Energy Consumption at a WRRF using Process Models — a Case Study." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 18: 358-371.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2017 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Operational issues are a major concern in wastewater facilities as they can affect a utility’s ability to meet permit requirements. While it is the goal of wastewater facility operators to operate as close to steady, non-variant operations as possible, there are inevitable changes that occur during plant operations due to variables such as seasonality (wet vs dry weather flow fluctuation, temperature – winter vs summer, etc.), diurnal flow variation, temperature changes, etc. Engineering consultants and plant supervisors often proactively anticipate the occurrence of operational challenges in a plant and work to develop strategies for addressing such issues when they do occur. The current practice for preparing facilities to meet potential operational challenges is to develop detailed operations manuals and guides that provide operators with guidance on how to troubleshoot various problems. These operational guides are usually summarized in paper documents. Operator feedback obtained from a pool of wastewater utility operators, indicate that these guides are often not utilized during operational issues, with operators preferring to troubleshoot directly. This paper provides an evaluation of the major challenges that operators are faced with, and explores the use of a “flight simulator” type platform called SimuWorks™ as a means for tackling operational challenges, supporting process optimization, delivering training and enabling “risk free” troubleshooting.

ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling. What Operators Do When Dealing with Operational Challenges – How Simulators Can Provide a Risk Free Platform for Troubleshooting Wastewater Challenges. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, 2017, 3577 -3589.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Spencer Snowling. What Operators Do When Dealing with Operational Challenges – How Simulators Can Provide a Risk Free Platform for Troubleshooting Wastewater Challenges. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2017; 2017 (9):3577-3589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling. 2017. "What Operators Do When Dealing with Operational Challenges – How Simulators Can Provide a Risk Free Platform for Troubleshooting Wastewater Challenges." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 9: 3577-3589.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Eric Nelson; Thomas Kutcher; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling. Knowledge Management: Using A “Flight” Simulator Concept to Support Succession Planning and Operator Training. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, 2016, 572 -584.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Eric Nelson, Thomas Kutcher, Rajeev Goel, Spencer Snowling. Knowledge Management: Using A “Flight” Simulator Concept to Support Succession Planning and Operator Training. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2016; 2016 (1):572-584.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Eric Nelson; Thomas Kutcher; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling. 2016. "Knowledge Management: Using A “Flight” Simulator Concept to Support Succession Planning and Operator Training." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 1: 572-584.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Process models are used extensively for compliance reporting of odor and air emissions. However, they also offer significant potential to be utilized as a screening tool for technology options that are being considered at early stages of wastewater upgrade and/or design projects, when engineers and operators are conceptualizing their process design and technology alternatives. The choice of the type of drop structures to be included in the influent collection system, technology options utilized in pretreatment steps as well as biological treatment and solids handling processes can have a significant impact on the emissions profile of a wastewater treatment process.This paper demonstrates the use of a fate and process model for compliance reporting and estimation of emissions from wastewater treatment systems. We demonstrate the use of Hydromantis’ Toxchem™ software, for selecting between design options for a wastewater treatment facility. In the two design cases that are considered, the choice of closed or open sewer reaches in the influent handling structure and diffused vs surface aerator options for aeration systems, are shown to provide a significant difference in emissions from the plant of 17.5% for the low emissions option (closed drop structure + diffused aeration) and 72.9% for the high emissions option (open drop structures + surface aerator).

ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling; Ritika Goel. The Role of Process Modeling in designing odor mitigation solutions: Developing Emissions Ratings for Process Technologies and Structures using Toxchem™. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, 2016, 283 -293.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Spencer Snowling, Ritika Goel. The Role of Process Modeling in designing odor mitigation solutions: Developing Emissions Ratings for Process Technologies and Structures using Toxchem™. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2016; 2016 (2):283-293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Spencer Snowling; Ritika Goel. 2016. "The Role of Process Modeling in designing odor mitigation solutions: Developing Emissions Ratings for Process Technologies and Structures using Toxchem™." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 2: 283-293.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2012 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Karen Connery; Randall Marx; Michael Burke; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling; Oliver Schraa. Extending the Modeling of High Purity Oxygen Wastewater Treatment Processes: Transition from Closed to Open Basin Operations – A Full Scale Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, 2012, 4250 -4262.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Karen Connery, Randall Marx, Michael Burke, Rajeev Goel, Spencer Snowling, Oliver Schraa. Extending the Modeling of High Purity Oxygen Wastewater Treatment Processes: Transition from Closed to Open Basin Operations – A Full Scale Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2012; 2012 (12):4250-4262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Karen Connery; Randall Marx; Michael Burke; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling; Oliver Schraa. 2012. "Extending the Modeling of High Purity Oxygen Wastewater Treatment Processes: Transition from Closed to Open Basin Operations – A Full Scale Case Study." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 12: 4250-4262.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Dan McKinnon; Mark Bainbridge; Oliver Schraa; Darren Richarz. SimuWorks™: A Cost-Effective Model-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant “Flight Simulator” and Training Tool for WWTP Operators. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, 2012, 769 -780.

AMA Style

Hank Andres, Spencer Snowling, Dan McKinnon, Mark Bainbridge, Oliver Schraa, Darren Richarz. SimuWorks™: A Cost-Effective Model-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant “Flight Simulator” and Training Tool for WWTP Operators. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2012; 2012 (16):769-780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Dan McKinnon; Mark Bainbridge; Oliver Schraa; Darren Richarz. 2012. "SimuWorks™: A Cost-Effective Model-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant “Flight Simulator” and Training Tool for WWTP Operators." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 16: 769-780.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling. Modeling VOC Reduction in High Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process: Toxchem™ Based Fate Modeling Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, 2012, 7045 -7060.

AMA Style

Malcolm Fabiyi, Rajeev Goel, Spencer Snowling. Modeling VOC Reduction in High Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process: Toxchem™ Based Fate Modeling Case Study. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2012; 2012 (8):7045-7060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malcolm Fabiyi; Rajeev Goel; Spencer Snowling. 2012. "Modeling VOC Reduction in High Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process: Toxchem™ Based Fate Modeling Case Study." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 8: 7045-7060.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Amit Kaldate; Rajeev Goel; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling; Beverley Stinson; Sudhir Murthy. Model Calibration for a Post-Denitrification Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, 2010, 7246 -7259.

AMA Style

Amit Kaldate, Rajeev Goel, Oliver Schraa, Spencer Snowling, Beverley Stinson, Sudhir Murthy. Model Calibration for a Post-Denitrification Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2010; 2010 (9):7246-7259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amit Kaldate; Rajeev Goel; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling; Beverley Stinson; Sudhir Murthy. 2010. "Model Calibration for a Post-Denitrification Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 9: 7246-7259.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Rajeev Goel; Jacek Makinia; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling; Hank Andres. Modeling pH Dynamics in the Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, 2010, 733 -741.

AMA Style

Rajeev Goel, Jacek Makinia, Oliver Schraa, Spencer Snowling, Hank Andres. Modeling pH Dynamics in the Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2010; 2010 (17):733-741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajeev Goel; Jacek Makinia; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling; Hank Andres. 2010. "Modeling pH Dynamics in the Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Process." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 17: 733-741.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Oliver Schraa; Murat Sarioglu; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Rajeev Goel. A Dynamic Model of Membrane Bioreactor Systems for Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, 2010, 151 -165.

AMA Style

Oliver Schraa, Murat Sarioglu, Hank Andres, Spencer Snowling, Rajeev Goel. A Dynamic Model of Membrane Bioreactor Systems for Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2010; 2010 (5):151-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oliver Schraa; Murat Sarioglu; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Rajeev Goel. 2010. "A Dynamic Model of Membrane Bioreactor Systems for Wastewater Treatment." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 5: 151-165.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2009 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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A cracked heat exchanger resulted in an accidental release of chemical intermediates to the cooling water reservoir at a petrochemical manufacturing site. Dynamic modeling using GPS-X software was employed to estimate emission rates of four organic compounds discharged to the cooling water reservoirs for reporting to the State regulatory agency. The contaminated cooling water pumping rate was 850 gpm, resulting in total mass inputs to the reservoirs of 83 to 1300 lb for diisopropyl ketone and isobutyl isobutyrate, repectively. Over a period of 6 days from the start of the organics release, approximately 13 to 14% of the input mass of each organic compound was volatilized as air emissions. Estimated emission rates varied from a low of 11 lb for diisopropyl ketone to 169 lb for isobutyl isobutyrate. Sensitivity testing of the effects of wind speed and reservoir water temperature on volatilization rates of the organics indicated that wind speed would have a much greater effect on emission rates than would water temperature over the ranges investigated.

ACS Style

Hugh Monteith; Hank Andres; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling. Estimating Air Emissions from an Industrial Cooling Water Reservoir after an Accidental Material Release. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, 2009, 5735 -5743.

AMA Style

Hugh Monteith, Hank Andres, Oliver Schraa, Spencer Snowling. Estimating Air Emissions from an Industrial Cooling Water Reservoir after an Accidental Material Release. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2009; 2009 (10):5735-5743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugh Monteith; Hank Andres; Oliver Schraa; Spencer Snowling. 2009. "Estimating Air Emissions from an Industrial Cooling Water Reservoir after an Accidental Material Release." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 10: 5735-5743.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2009 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Fate models can provide helpful information in efforts attempting to minimize the discharge of micro-constituents in treated wastewater effluents and biosolids. The accuracy of fate modeling predictions is often dependent on the reliability of biodegradation rate coefficients, which are best developed from pilot-or full-scale tests. When such quality data are not available, as is frequently the case, it is possible to create conceptual models that allow the fitting of influent and effluent concentration data to derive a range of biodegradation rate coefficients which can then be tested against other external data sets. This paper discusses the approach used to calibrate and validate fate models for estrogenic hormones and synthetic musk fragrances, two classes of micro-constituents that are of significant environmental concern.

ACS Style

Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling. Development and Calibration of Fate Models for Micro-Constituents in Wastewater. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, 2009, 5803 -5820.

AMA Style

Hugh Monteith, Oliver Schraa, Hank Andres, Spencer Snowling. Development and Calibration of Fate Models for Micro-Constituents in Wastewater. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2009; 2009 (10):5803-5820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling. 2009. "Development and Calibration of Fate Models for Micro-Constituents in Wastewater." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 10: 5803-5820.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Hugh Monteith; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Oliver Schraa. Modeling the Fate of Estrogenic Hormones in Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, 2008, 3477 -3495.

AMA Style

Hugh Monteith, Hank Andres, Spencer Snowling, Oliver Schraa. Modeling the Fate of Estrogenic Hormones in Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2008; 2008 (13):3477-3495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugh Monteith; Hank Andres; Spencer Snowling; Oliver Schraa. 2008. "Modeling the Fate of Estrogenic Hormones in Municipal Wastewater Treatment." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 13: 3477-3495.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2007 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Oliver Schraa; Hugh Monteith; Spencer Snowling; Hank Andres. A New Activated Sludge Model for Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, 2007, 65 -93.

AMA Style

Oliver Schraa, Hugh Monteith, Spencer Snowling, Hank Andres. A New Activated Sludge Model for Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2007; 2007 (7):65-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oliver Schraa; Hugh Monteith; Spencer Snowling; Hank Andres. 2007. "A New Activated Sludge Model for Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 7: 65-93.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2007 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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ACS Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres. Modelling Bioaccumulation of Metals to Toxic Levels in an Industrial Activated Sludge System. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, 2007, 134 -143.

AMA Style

Spencer Snowling, Hugh Monteith, Oliver Schraa, Hank Andres. Modelling Bioaccumulation of Metals to Toxic Levels in an Industrial Activated Sludge System. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2007; 2007 (7):134-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres. 2007. "Modelling Bioaccumulation of Metals to Toxic Levels in an Industrial Activated Sludge System." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 7: 134-143.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2006 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Transient or intermittent releases of specific volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds are not managed well by existing predictive fate models such as TOXCHEM+ or Water9 because they are based on steady-state conditions. In this paper, two scenarios for treatment of transient organic compound concentrations are studied using dynamic simulation: Remedial actions (such as nutrient addition biodegradation, and use of off-line storage with slow return pumping to treatment) are compared to passive acceptance of the release in treatment.For covered processes, strategies for managing headspace concentrations which may approach lower explosive limits are examined. Certain remedial strategies prove more effective in minimizing air emissions and effluent releases than others, demonstrating the benefits of the dynamic modeling approach.

ACS Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Zhirong Hu. Dynamic Simulation of Volatile Compound Transient Events at WWTPS. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, 2006, 6668 -6684.

AMA Style

Spencer Snowling, Hugh Monteith, Oliver Schraa, Zhirong Hu. Dynamic Simulation of Volatile Compound Transient Events at WWTPS. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2006; 2006 (5):6668-6684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Monteith; Oliver Schraa; Zhirong Hu. 2006. "Dynamic Simulation of Volatile Compound Transient Events at WWTPS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 5: 6668-6684.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2006 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Dynamic simulation of activated sludge process is a common tool for wastewater treatment design and optimization. Most activated sludge models predict only the uptake of BOD and nutrients, however, they can easily be supplemented with further information regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) production to predict the generation of components such as CO2. Many published anaerobic digestion models contain information on generation of gases, including CO2 and CH4. Implementing the CO2-supplented activated sludge and anaerobic digestion models together in a full plant model can provide a useful way to evaluate GHG emissions under a wide variety of operating conditions.

ACS Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Montieth; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres. Modeling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Activated Sludge Processes. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, 2006, 7206 -7212.

AMA Style

Spencer Snowling, Hugh Montieth, Oliver Schraa, Hank Andres. Modeling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Activated Sludge Processes. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2006; 2006 (5):7206-7212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spencer Snowling; Hugh Montieth; Oliver Schraa; Hank Andres. 2006. "Modeling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Activated Sludge Processes." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 5: 7206-7212.