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Safwat Hemidat
Department of Waste and Resource Management, Rostock University, 18051 Rostock, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 20 October 2019 in Sustainability
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This experimental research aimed to examine potential production and utilization of RDF derived from mixed municipal solid waste using bio-drying technology to be used as a substitute fuel for the traditional fuel currently used in cement plants in Jordan. The characteristics of RDF produced were identified and compared with limits and criteria set by some European countries. An economic model for RDF utilization in cement industry was created. The model proposes six different options resulting from adding RDF as a substitute fuel for the petcoke fuel currently used. A cost analysis for each option proposed was performed to estimate the economic and environmental savings of RDF utilization in cement industry. At the end of the bio-drying process, the mass of dried waste directed to the landfill was reduced by about 35%. In the case of the recovery of RDF materials from dried waste, the mass of waste to be landfilled was reduced by 69%. The bio-drying process allowed an increase in the heating value of waste (LHV) by 58% to reach 15.58 MJ/kg, as a result of the reduction of waste moisture. RDF produced had high calorific value, low water content, and satisfactory chlorine content. With regard to the concentration of the heavy metals, all of the RDF samples tested had lower concentrations than those values set by some European countries. The findings showed that adding 15% RDF as a substitute fuel, equaling 4.92 tons/h, to the fuel used in cement kilns will save 486 USD/h in petcoke costs, with 2.27 tons/h of CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere at a net saving of 389 USD/h.

ACS Style

Safwat Hemidat; Motasem Saidan; Salam Al-Zu’Bi; Mahmoud Irshidat; Abdallah Nassour; Michael Nelles. Potential Utilization of RDF as an Alternative Fuel to be Used in Cement Industry in Jordan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5819 .

AMA Style

Safwat Hemidat, Motasem Saidan, Salam Al-Zu’Bi, Mahmoud Irshidat, Abdallah Nassour, Michael Nelles. Potential Utilization of RDF as an Alternative Fuel to be Used in Cement Industry in Jordan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5819.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Safwat Hemidat; Motasem Saidan; Salam Al-Zu’Bi; Mahmoud Irshidat; Abdallah Nassour; Michael Nelles. 2019. "Potential Utilization of RDF as an Alternative Fuel to be Used in Cement Industry in Jordan." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5819.

Original paper
Published: 10 January 2018 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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This study aimed to monitor the composting process of the first small-scale segregated bio-waste composting scheme in Jordan to divert different types of organic wastes and to evaluate the final product quality, which can be recovered and used as compost. In this study, four experimental windrow piles were first initiated and temporally monitored. The composting process was monitored against temperature, moisture and oxygen content, indicating that the biological conditions were sufficiently developed. The monitored experimental process showed overall decreasing profiles versus composting time for moisture, organic carbon and carbon/nitrogen content, as well as overall increasing profiles for electrical conductivity and total nitrogen, which represented qualitative indications of progress in the process. The product quality was examined and assessed against the quality specifications of EU End of Waste Criteria for bio-waste, which has been subjected to composting, aiming to specify whether the different types of organic wastes that have undergone recovery cease to be waste and can be classified as high quality compost. More specifically, on the one hand the heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg) were within the set limits and much lower compared to the European standards. On the other hand, compost respiration in the samples varied from 3.6 to 15.3 mgO2/g dm, which, in turn, indicates that all the compost samples appeared to be stable and rated as class IV and V final products.

ACS Style

S. Hemidat; M. Jaar; A. Nassour; M. Nelles. Monitoring of Composting Process Parameters: A Case Study in Jordan. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2018, 9, 2257 -2274.

AMA Style

S. Hemidat, M. Jaar, A. Nassour, M. Nelles. Monitoring of Composting Process Parameters: A Case Study in Jordan. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2018; 9 (12):2257-2274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Hemidat; M. Jaar; A. Nassour; M. Nelles. 2018. "Monitoring of Composting Process Parameters: A Case Study in Jordan." Waste and Biomass Valorization 9, no. 12: 2257-2274.

Chapter
Published: 27 April 2017 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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Most developing and transitional economies are faced with daunting challenges related to household waste segregation, climate protection, environmentally compatible treatments and the utilisation of the various waste fractions. Source separation has a major impact on the effectiveness of waste management systems, as it causes significant changes in the quantity and quality of waste that reaches final disposal, which is the main factor in the generation of the greenhouse gas, methane. This environmental impact can be significantly reduced by the separate collection and recycling/use of organic waste. The German Closed Cycle Management Act is aimed at turning waste management into resource management. The realisation that waste can be a useful source of raw materials and energy is not new; metals, glass, organic waste and textiles have been collected before and put in to new use. The waste management policy, which has been adapted in Germany over the past 20 years, is based on closed cycles and assigns disposal responsibilities to the manufacturers and distributors of products. This has made people even more aware of the necessity to separate waste, has led to the introduction of new disposal technologies and increased recycling capacities (Nelles et al., Proc Environ Sci 35:6–14, 2016). Nowadays, Germany has great experience in terms of waste separation. Around 14% of the raw materials used by German industry are recovered waste, thus leading to a reduction in extraction levels and the related environmental impact. Modern closed-cycle management contributes, with a share of approximately 20%, to achieving the German Kyoto targets for the reduction of climate-relevant emissions.

ACS Style

A. Nassour; S. Hemidat; A. Lemke; A. Elnaas; M. Nelles. Separation by Manual Sorting at Home: State of the Art in Germany. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2017, 67 -87.

AMA Style

A. Nassour, S. Hemidat, A. Lemke, A. Elnaas, M. Nelles. Separation by Manual Sorting at Home: State of the Art in Germany. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2017; ():67-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Nassour; S. Hemidat; A. Lemke; A. Elnaas; M. Nelles. 2017. "Separation by Manual Sorting at Home: State of the Art in Germany." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 67-87.

Original paper
Published: 10 April 2017 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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Expenditure on waste collection and transport in developing countries constitutes up to 70% of the total solid waste management budget. In this study, optimized scenarios were developed using the ArcGIS Network Analyst tool in order to improve the efficiency of waste collection and transportation in the cities of Irbid, Karak and Mafraq, Jordan. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been created based on data collection involving GPS tracking (collection route/bin position). Both key performance and key operational costs indicators of the actual state (Scenario S0) were evaluated, and by modifying particular parameters, other scenarios were generated and analyzed to identify optimal routes: S1, route optimized with the same working resources and method as in S0 (change of the daily working hours per shift only); S2, route optimized with a change of collection mode with the same daily working time per shift as in S0 (change the transportation equipment and relocate and/or introduce new transfer stations); and S3, route optimized using a combination of S1 & S2 (change of the daily working hours per shift and collection mode). The results showed that the three scenarios guarantee savings compared to S0 in terms of the total cost of waste collection of 15, 13 and 23% for S1, S2 and S3 respectively in the city of Irbid, 6, 3 and 8% for S1, S2 and S3 respectively in the city of Karak, and 11, 6 and 13% for S1, S2 and S3, respectively in the city of Mafraq. Thus, a direct impact on vehicle operating times can be expected with savings of 30%, without mentioning the additional benefits related to CO2 emissions, hours of work, vehicle wear/maintenance, and so forth.

ACS Style

S. Hemidat; D. Oelgemöller; A. Nassour; M. Nelles. Evaluation of Key Indicators of Waste Collection Using GIS Techniques as a Planning and Control Tool for Route Optimization. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2017, 8, 1533 -1554.

AMA Style

S. Hemidat, D. Oelgemöller, A. Nassour, M. Nelles. Evaluation of Key Indicators of Waste Collection Using GIS Techniques as a Planning and Control Tool for Route Optimization. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2017; 8 (5):1533-1554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Hemidat; D. Oelgemöller; A. Nassour; M. Nelles. 2017. "Evaluation of Key Indicators of Waste Collection Using GIS Techniques as a Planning and Control Tool for Route Optimization." Waste and Biomass Valorization 8, no. 5: 1533-1554.