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The built environment sector is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion that contributes to the climate change crisis. The European Commission, in the “Green New Deal”, highlights that the sustainable regeneration/requalification of existing buildings plays a fundamental role to maximize the objective of decarbonization and resource conservation for 2050. The aim of this study was to understand how historic buildings’ energy retrofit projects can contribute to achieve this goal. In this study, we made a life cycle assessment to evaluate an energy retrofit project of Villa Vannucchi, an historic building located in San Giorgio a Cremano (Naples). The results of this application showed that the use of hemp material, for walls’ thermal insulation, significantly reduces the percentage of environmental impacts in the entire material life cycle (compared with traditional materials). This was because the plant removes a significant percentage of CO2 already from the atmosphere when it is growing. In conclusion, the assessment of different design scenarios that promote the use of innovative technologies and materials can be of high utility to designers to compare and choose efficient solutions for the sustainable/circular renovation of historic buildings.
Mariarosaria Angrisano; Francesco Fabbrocino; Paola Iodice; Luigi Girard. The Evaluation of Historic Building Energy Retrofit Projects through the Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7145 .
AMA StyleMariarosaria Angrisano, Francesco Fabbrocino, Paola Iodice, Luigi Girard. The Evaluation of Historic Building Energy Retrofit Projects through the Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):7145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariarosaria Angrisano; Francesco Fabbrocino; Paola Iodice; Luigi Girard. 2021. "The Evaluation of Historic Building Energy Retrofit Projects through the Life Cycle Assessment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 7145.
The health monitoring of structures is of great interest in order to check components’ structural life and monitor damages during operation. Self-monitoring materials can provide both the structural and monitoring functionality in one component and exploit their piezoresistive behavior, namely, the variation of electrical resistivity with an applied mechanical strain. In this work, self-monitoring plies were developed to be inserted into glass-fiber reinforced epoxy-based laminates in order to achieve structural monitoring. Nanocomposite epoxy-based resins were developed employing different contents of high surface area carbon black (CB, 6 wt%) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 0.75 and 1 wt%), and rheologically and thermomechanically characterized. Self-monitoring plies were manufactured by impregnating glass woven fabrics with the resins, and were laminated with non-sensing plies via a vacuum-bag process to produce sensored laminates. The self-monitoring performance of the laminates was assessed during monotonic and cyclic three-point bending tests, as well as ball drop impact tests. A higher sensitivity was found for the CB-based systems (Gauge Factor 6.1), while MWCNTs (0.55 and 1.04) ensure electrical percolation at lower filler contents, as expected. The systems also showed the capability of being used to predict residual life and damage occurred under impact.
Lorenzo Paleari; Mario Bragaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Francesca Nanni. Structural Monitoring of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Laminates by Means of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black Self-Monitoring Plies. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1543 .
AMA StyleLorenzo Paleari, Mario Bragaglia, Francesco Fabbrocino, Francesca Nanni. Structural Monitoring of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Laminates by Means of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black Self-Monitoring Plies. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (6):1543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Paleari; Mario Bragaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Francesca Nanni. 2021. "Structural Monitoring of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Laminates by Means of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black Self-Monitoring Plies." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6: 1543.
The growing demand for lightweight and multifunctional products in numerous industrial fields has recently fuelled a growing interest in the development of materials based on polymer matrices including graphene-like particles, intrinsically characterized by outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Specifically, with regard to one of the main mass sectors, which is the automotive, there has been a significant increase in the use of reinforced polyamides for underhood applications and fuel systems thanks to their thermal and chemical resistance. In this frame, polyamide 6 (PA6) composites filled with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were obtained by melt-compounding and compared in terms of thermal and mechanical properties with the neat matrix processed under the same condition. The results of the experimental tests have shown that the formulations studied so far offer slight improvements in terms of thermal stability but much more appreciable benefits regarding both tensile and flexural parameters with respect to the reference material. Among these effects, the influence of the filler content on the strength parameter is noteworthy. However, the predictable worsening of the graphene sheet dispersion for GNPs contents greater than 3%, as witnessed by scanning electron images of the tensile fractured sections of specimens, affected the ultimate performance of the more concentrated formulation.
Pietro Russo; Francesca Cimino; Antonio Tufano; Francesco Fabbrocino. Thermal and Quasi-Static Mechanical Characterization of Polyamide 6-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1454 .
AMA StylePietro Russo, Francesca Cimino, Antonio Tufano, Francesco Fabbrocino. Thermal and Quasi-Static Mechanical Characterization of Polyamide 6-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (6):1454.
Chicago/Turabian StylePietro Russo; Francesca Cimino; Antonio Tufano; Francesco Fabbrocino. 2021. "Thermal and Quasi-Static Mechanical Characterization of Polyamide 6-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6: 1454.
In the last decades, several tsunamis hit international coasts and engaged scientific awareness to the retrofit of coastal buildings against tsunami loads. Structural design under tsunami loads is difficult due to the high uncertainties of the phenomenon. Local collapse mechanisms of masonry walls, like as out of plane mechanisms, have an high probability due to flexural actions; a higher flexural capacity can be reached using specific retrofit systems; in particular, this paper aims to deepen the behavior of masonry walls retrofitted with innovative retrofit systems like as natural fibers applied with inorganic mortar matrices. The retrofit of structures under tsunami actions could be an innovative research topic for international research community dealing with coastal buildings located in areas characterized by a high tsunami risk. Recent engineering applications demonstrated the innovative strengthening systems to be effective for the retrofit of existing masonry buildings. These strengthening systems are of great interest in the practical applications due to the low costs and their sustainability. In fact, the lower costs compared to the synthetic fibers allow their diffusion in emerging countries. In a first part the impact of constituents on the structural capacity of masonry elements strengthened with natural systems has been discussed. Important results have been provided in order to improve the knowledge and encourage the development of these systems in many engineering applications. Finally, the effects of retrofit systems on masonry walls under tsunami loads will be discussed in terms of critical inundation depth variations before and after the interventions.
Francesco Fabbrocino; Stefano Belliazzi; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. Masonry walls retrofitted with natural fibers under tsunami loads. Materials and Structures 2021, 54, 1 -15.
AMA StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino, Stefano Belliazzi, Giancarlo Ramaglia, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota. Masonry walls retrofitted with natural fibers under tsunami loads. Materials and Structures. 2021; 54 (3):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino; Stefano Belliazzi; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. 2021. "Masonry walls retrofitted with natural fibers under tsunami loads." Materials and Structures 54, no. 3: 1-15.
In this manuscript the dynamic response of porous functionally-graded (FG) Bernoulli–Euler nano-beams subjected to hygro-thermal environments is investigated by the local/nonlocal stress gradient theory of elasticity. In particular, the influence of several parameters on both the thermo-elastic material properties and the structural response of the FG nano-beams, such as material gradient index, porosity volume fraction, nonlocal parameter, gradient length parameter, and mixture parameter is examined. It is shown how the proposed approach is able to capture the dynamic behavior of porous functionally graded Bernoulli–Euler nano-beams under hygro-thermal loads and leads to well-posed structural problems of nano-mechanics.
Rosa Penna; Luciano Feo; Giuseppe Lovisi; Francesco Fabbrocino. Hygro-Thermal Vibrations of Porous FG Nano-Beams Based on Local/Nonlocal Stress Gradient Theory of Elasticity. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 910 .
AMA StyleRosa Penna, Luciano Feo, Giuseppe Lovisi, Francesco Fabbrocino. Hygro-Thermal Vibrations of Porous FG Nano-Beams Based on Local/Nonlocal Stress Gradient Theory of Elasticity. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (4):910.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Penna; Luciano Feo; Giuseppe Lovisi; Francesco Fabbrocino. 2021. "Hygro-Thermal Vibrations of Porous FG Nano-Beams Based on Local/Nonlocal Stress Gradient Theory of Elasticity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4: 910.
Nanoplates have been extensively utilized in the recent years for applications in nanoengineering as sensors and actuators. Due to their operative nanoscale, the mechanical behavior of such structures might also be influenced by inter-atomic material interactions. For these reasons, nonlocal models are usually introduced for studying their mechanical behavior. Sensor technology of plate structures should be formulated with coupled mechanics where elastic, magnetic and electric fields interact among themselves. In addition, the effect of hygro-thermal environments are also considered since their presence might effect the nanoplate behavior. In this work a trigonometric approach is developed for investigating smart composite nanoplates using a strain gradient nonlocal procedure. Convergence of the present method is also reported in terms of displacements and electro-magnetic potentials. Results agree well with the literature and open novel applications in this field for further developments.
Giovanni Tocci Monaco; Nicholas Fantuzzi; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. Trigonometric Solution for the Bending Analysis of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Strain Gradient Nonlocal Nanoplates in Hygro-Thermal Environment. Mathematics 2021, 9, 567 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Tocci Monaco, Nicholas Fantuzzi, Francesco Fabbrocino, Raimondo Luciano. Trigonometric Solution for the Bending Analysis of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Strain Gradient Nonlocal Nanoplates in Hygro-Thermal Environment. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (5):567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Tocci Monaco; Nicholas Fantuzzi; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. 2021. "Trigonometric Solution for the Bending Analysis of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Strain Gradient Nonlocal Nanoplates in Hygro-Thermal Environment." Mathematics 9, no. 5: 567.
An analytical method is presented in this work for the linear vibrations and buckling of nano-plates in a hygro-thermal environment. Nonlinear von Kármán terms are included in the plate kinematics in order to consider the instability phenomena. Strain gradient nonlocal theory is considered for its simplicity and applicability with respect to other nonlocal formulations which require more parameters in their analysis. Present nano-plates have a coupled magneto-electro-elastic constitutive equation in a hygro-thermal environment. Nano-scale effects on the vibrations and buckling behavior of magneto-electro-elastic plates is presented and hygro-thermal load outcomes are considered as well. In addition, critical temperatures for vibrations and buckling problems are analyzed and given for several nano-plate configurations.
Giovanni Tocci Monaco; Nicholas Fantuzzi; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. Critical Temperatures for Vibrations and Buckling of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Nonlocal Strain Gradient Plates. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 87 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Tocci Monaco, Nicholas Fantuzzi, Francesco Fabbrocino, Raimondo Luciano. Critical Temperatures for Vibrations and Buckling of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Nonlocal Strain Gradient Plates. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11 (1):87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Tocci Monaco; Nicholas Fantuzzi; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. 2021. "Critical Temperatures for Vibrations and Buckling of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Nonlocal Strain Gradient Plates." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1: 87.
The strengthening intervention strategies that exist for masonry buildings are based on the use of thin composites and are a recent activity used in structural engineering. Nowadays, mortar matrices are frequently found instead of epoxy resins, since the fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are more compatible with masonry than fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) ones. The mortar matrix in FRCM composites is not comparable to the epoxy resin, and therefore its contribution is different not only in traction but above all on the compression side. Due to its larger thickness, if compared to the epoxy resin, the impact of the mortar matrix on the flexural response of strengthened cross sections is not negligible. This paper aimed to investigate the influence of the contribution of the mortar matrix on the compression side on the flexural capacity of strengthened cross section. As such, p–m interaction domains and bending moment–curvature diagrams were evaluated to understand the influence of several mechanical properties of fiber and mortar matrices on FRCM efficiency, typical of real applications. Hence, the impact of several constitutive relationships of composites (linear and bilinear behavior) was considered for the structural analysis of the strengthened cross section. The presented results are all completely in a dimensionless form; therefore, independent of geometry and mechanical parameters can be the basis for developing standardized design and/or verification methodologies useful for the strengthening systems for masonry elements.
Giovanni Crisci; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Francesco Fabbrocino; Andrea Prota. Effects of the Mortar Matrix on the Flexural Capacity of Masonry Cross Sections Strengthened with FRCM Materials. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7908 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Crisci, Giancarlo Ramaglia, Gian Piero Lignola, Francesco Fabbrocino, Andrea Prota. Effects of the Mortar Matrix on the Flexural Capacity of Masonry Cross Sections Strengthened with FRCM Materials. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7908.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Crisci; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Francesco Fabbrocino; Andrea Prota. 2020. "Effects of the Mortar Matrix on the Flexural Capacity of Masonry Cross Sections Strengthened with FRCM Materials." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7908.
Strengthening strategies have become extremely efficient as demonstrated in recent scientific works and real field applications. The recent calamitous events focused the interest on existing masonry structures. In the common practice the strengthening strategies are performed improving the load capacity of existing structural elements. However, especially for slender masonry elements like as arches and barrel vaults, the increase of load capacity may not be the only and optimal approach. The ductility capacity represents an important aspect that should be taken into account in a strengthening strategy. A great number of applications is performed without relying on and assessing the ductility of the strengthened elements. This approach could promote deleterious effects on the structural behavior due to the brittle behavior provided by excessive amount of strengthening. Furthermore, a strengthening strategy must respect the compatibility with the masonry substrate especially for heritage applications. The present paper focuses on the out-of-plane behavior of slender masonry elements strengthened with FRP or FRCM systems. A parametrical analysis was performed and results, in terms of bending moment–curvature diagrams and ultimate curvatures were analyzed in dimensionless form. The behavior of strengthened masonry is independent on the type of stress–strain constitutive relationship of composite, depending on mechanical fiber reinforcement ratio, ω. It is very important for practical applications when an overestimation of the effective amount of reinforcement is designed. In this sense the type of composite can be optimized, especially for poor masonry, where higher ω could promote brittle behaviors. At low ω, the type of the stress–strain constitutive relationship becomes a key aspect (e.g. linear or bi-linear strongly correlated to the type of composite: FRP or FRCM). Furthermore, the impact of the axial load both on the ductility capacity and on the load capacity becomes negligible at high values of ω. The results, provided in a dimensionless form, constitute the basis for a valid support to the design of interventions using composites on masonry structures. This work represents a preliminary study to highlight some issues often overlooked in the strengthening of masonry structures, based on direct application of available design guidelines. It is the basis for future development of normalized approaches to perform targeted experimental validations and optimize the design of strengthening systems.
Giancarlo Ramaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. Impact of FRP and FRCM on the ductility of strengthened masonry members. Structures 2020, 28, 1229 -1243.
AMA StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia, Francesco Fabbrocino, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota. Impact of FRP and FRCM on the ductility of strengthened masonry members. Structures. 2020; 28 ():1229-1243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. 2020. "Impact of FRP and FRCM on the ductility of strengthened masonry members." Structures 28, no. : 1229-1243.
A new methodology to predict interfacial debonding phenomena in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) concrete beams in the serviceability load condition is proposed. The numerical model, formulated in a bi-dimensional context, incorporates moving mesh modelling of cohesive interfaces in order to simulate crack initiation and propagation between concrete and FRP strengthening. Interface elements are used to predict debonding mechanisms. The concrete beams, as well as the FRP strengthening, follow a one-dimensional model based on Timoshenko beam kinematics theory, whereas the adhesive layer is simulated by using a 2D plane stress formulation. The implementation, which is developed in the framework of a finite element (FE) formulation, as well as the solution scheme and a numerical case study are presented.
Marco Francesco Funari; Saverio Spadea; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. A Moving Interface Finite Element Formulation to Predict Dynamic Edge Debonding in FRP-Strengthened Concrete Beams in Service Conditions. Fibers 2020, 8, 42 .
AMA StyleMarco Francesco Funari, Saverio Spadea, Francesco Fabbrocino, Raimondo Luciano. A Moving Interface Finite Element Formulation to Predict Dynamic Edge Debonding in FRP-Strengthened Concrete Beams in Service Conditions. Fibers. 2020; 8 (6):42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Francesco Funari; Saverio Spadea; Francesco Fabbrocino; Raimondo Luciano. 2020. "A Moving Interface Finite Element Formulation to Predict Dynamic Edge Debonding in FRP-Strengthened Concrete Beams in Service Conditions." Fibers 8, no. 6: 42.
The size-dependent buckling instability of shear deformable nanobeams rested on a two-parameter elastic foundation is studied through the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity and the kinematic assumptions of the Timoshenko beam theory. The small-scale size effects are taken into account by nonlocal constitutive relationships, which define the strains at each point as integral convolutions in terms of the stresses in all the points and a kernel. In this manner, the nonlocal elasticity formulation is well-posed and does not include inconsistencies usually arising using other nonlocal models. The size-dependent governing differential equations in terms of the transverse displacement and the cross-sectional rotation are decoupled, and closed form solutions are presented for the displacement functions. Proper boundary conditions are imposed and the buckling problem is reduced to finding roots of a determinant of a matrix, whose elements are given explicitly for different classical edge conditions. The closed form treatment of the problem avoids the numerical instabilities usually occurring within numerical techniques, and allows to find also higher buckling loads and shape modes. Several nanobeams rested on the Winkler or Pasternak elastic foundations and characterized by different boundary conditions, shear deformability, and nonlocality are considered and the critical loads and shape modes are presented, including those for the higher modes of buckling. Excellent agreements are found with the available approximate numerical results in the literature and novel insightful findings are presented and discussed, which are in accordance with experimental observations.
Hossein Darban; Raimondo Luciano; Andrea Caporale; Francesco Fabbrocino. Higher modes of buckling in shear deformable nanobeams. International Journal of Engineering Science 2020, 154, 103338 .
AMA StyleHossein Darban, Raimondo Luciano, Andrea Caporale, Francesco Fabbrocino. Higher modes of buckling in shear deformable nanobeams. International Journal of Engineering Science. 2020; 154 ():103338.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossein Darban; Raimondo Luciano; Andrea Caporale; Francesco Fabbrocino. 2020. "Higher modes of buckling in shear deformable nanobeams." International Journal of Engineering Science 154, no. : 103338.
Local collapse mechanisms related to the out-of-plane response of walls are commonly observed in existing masonry buildings subjected to earthquakes. In such structures, the lack of proper connections among orthogonal walls and between walls and floors does not allow a global box-type behaviour of the building to develop, which would be governed by the in-plane response of walls. In this paper, parametric linear kinematic analyses on the main local mechanisms of masonry churches were performed with the aim to evaluate the corresponding horizontal load multipliers. This study was conducted on 12 masonry churches, located in Teramo (Italy) and affected by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, whose main out-of-plane collapse mechanisms, namely facade overturning, vertical bending, corner overturning and roof gable wall overturning, have been analysed. For each mechanism, parametric analysis was carried out on varying heights and thicknesses of walls. Firstly, the acceleration values activating the considered mechanisms were calculated in order to conduct checks prescribed by the current Italian standard. Subsequently, on the basis of the obtained results, simple analytical procedures to determine load collapse multiplier for each mechanism were drawn. Finally, ranges of suitable values of both the thickness and height of walls were found in order to always satisfy seismic checks.
Generoso Vaiano; Antonio Formisano; Francesco Fabbrocino. Parametric Analysis on Local Mechanisms of Masonry Churches in Teramo (Italy). Heritage 2020, 3, 176 -197.
AMA StyleGeneroso Vaiano, Antonio Formisano, Francesco Fabbrocino. Parametric Analysis on Local Mechanisms of Masonry Churches in Teramo (Italy). Heritage. 2020; 3 (2):176-197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeneroso Vaiano; Antonio Formisano; Francesco Fabbrocino. 2020. "Parametric Analysis on Local Mechanisms of Masonry Churches in Teramo (Italy)." Heritage 3, no. 2: 176-197.
An analysis to show the capability of moving mesh strategy to predict dynamic crack growth phenomena in 2D continuum media is proposed. The numerical method is implemented in the framework of the finite element method, which is coupled with moving mesh strategy to simulate the geometry variation produced by the crack tip motion. In particular, a computational procedure based on the combination of Fracture Mechanics concepts and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach (ALE) is developed. This represents a generalization of previous authors’ works in a dynamic framework to propose a unified approach for predicting crack propagation in both static and dynamic frameworks. The crack speed is explicitly evaluated at each time step by using a proper crack tip speed criterion, which can be expressed as a function of energy release rate or stress intensity factor. Experimental and numerical results are proposed to validate the proposed approach. Mesh dependence problem, computational efficiency and numerical complexity are verified by comparative results
Francesco Fabbrocino; Marco Francesco Funari; Fabrizio Greco; Paolo Lonetti; Raimondo Luciano. Numerical modeling based on moving mesh method to simulate fast crack propagation. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 2019, 14, 410 -422.
AMA StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino, Marco Francesco Funari, Fabrizio Greco, Paolo Lonetti, Raimondo Luciano. Numerical modeling based on moving mesh method to simulate fast crack propagation. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale. 2019; 14 (51):410-422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino; Marco Francesco Funari; Fabrizio Greco; Paolo Lonetti; Raimondo Luciano. 2019. "Numerical modeling based on moving mesh method to simulate fast crack propagation." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 14, no. 51: 410-422.
The present work deals with the analysis of unreinforced and FRCM reinforced masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading. In particular, numerical simulations of full scale experimental clay brick walls, previously tested, are developed. The out of plane behaviour is relevant not only for flat walls, but also for curved structures, like as domes and vaults, for which FRCM demonstrated to be highly effective in improving their structural behaviour. In this paper, two tested walls are numerically analysed. The first wall has been tested in an unreinforced configuration inducing a significant damage distribution; then, it has been retrofitted by FRCM and tested again. The second wall has been reinforced without pre-damage and tested applying the same loading history adopted for the first wall. This allowed to remark the effect of retrofitting to damaged and undamaged walls. Both the walls were constrained on two consecutive sides and loaded by a pointwise force orthogonal to the wall mid-plane, applied at the top free corner inducing a biaxial behaviour. The numerical simulations are developed performing nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) FE analyses to clearly remark the potential benefits of the strengthening technique involving FRCM systems on the out of plane behaviour. On the basis of a micro-modelling approach, bricks and equivalent interfaces were modelled separately assigning the nonlinearity only to equivalent interface. In fact, experimental testes demonstrated that the cracking and failure localize in the mortar joints. The FRCM system was modelled by means of an equivalent layer bonded on one side of the wall through interfaces. A parametric analysis is performed on the mechanical properties of the interface to investigate on the influence of these parameters on the wall response. This allowed to discuss the main parameters governing the out-of-plane behaviour of such masonry walls.
Claudio D'ambra; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota; Francesco Fabbrocino; Elio Sacco. FRCM strengthening of clay brick walls for out of plane loads. Composites Part B: Engineering 2019, 174, 107050 .
AMA StyleClaudio D'ambra, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota, Francesco Fabbrocino, Elio Sacco. FRCM strengthening of clay brick walls for out of plane loads. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2019; 174 ():107050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudio D'ambra; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota; Francesco Fabbrocino; Elio Sacco. 2019. "FRCM strengthening of clay brick walls for out of plane loads." Composites Part B: Engineering 174, no. : 107050.
Increments of the axial capacity of existing masonry elements can be provided by confinement. Assessment methodologies with general validity to assess the behavior of confined masonry columns with strengthening systems are not available in the technical literature, in fact, the strong variability and heterogeneity of masonry material did not allow to develop generalized models. For brittle materials damage mechanics and failure criteria allow to do this in the framework of solid mechanics. However, the recent scientific researches provided relevant information about the experimental behavior of masonry confined with composites. In this paper, an analytical model able to assess the behavior of the confined masonry with composite is proposed. It was developed according to a failure criterion based on mechanical parameters representative of masonry. It can be applied to masonry cross sections of any shape also under a non-uniform lateral stress field (i.e. generic stress fields). To confirm the flexibility of the proposed model some existing experimental results have been used. The comparison between model predictions and experimental results in terms of axial strength showed that the proposed model is a valid tool to assess the confinement properties of strengthened masonry elements.
Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Francesco Fabbrocino; Andrea Prota. Multi-parameters mechanical modeling to derive a confinement model for masonry columns. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 214, 303 -317.
AMA StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia, Gian Piero Lignola, Francesco Fabbrocino, Andrea Prota. Multi-parameters mechanical modeling to derive a confinement model for masonry columns. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 214 ():303-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Francesco Fabbrocino; Andrea Prota. 2019. "Multi-parameters mechanical modeling to derive a confinement model for masonry columns." Construction and Building Materials 214, no. : 303-317.
Recent calamitous events have shown the fragility of the existing masonry buildings. Many of them are heritage structures, such as churches and monumental buildings. Therefore, optimized strengthening strategies are necessary. Experimental studies performed on masonry elements strengthened with composite systems have shown the performance of these materials. However, further development is necessary to optimize the intervention strategies. In fact, due to the lack of general validity models, the design is usually based on prescriptive approaches according to manufacturers’ broad instructions, often producing systems with low efficiency and overestimations of the amount of reinforcement. In this paper a generalized approach is proposed to assess the flexural behavior of masonry sections strengthened with composites. The proposed theory has allowed performance of a sensitivity analysis assessing the impact both of the mechanical parameters of masonry and of the strengthening system. In particular, the impact of several constitutive relationships of composites (linear, bilinear, or trilinear) have been evaluated in terms of ultimate behavior of the strengthened masonry. For strengthening systems more compatible with the masonry substrate, the form of the stress–strain relationship becomes a key aspect. For such cases, the modeling of the reinforcement plays a fundamental role and the form of the relationship is strongly correlated to the type of reinforcement selected, e.g., organic versus inorganic matrix.
Giancarlo Ramaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. Unified Theory for Flexural Strengthening of Masonry with Composites. Materials 2019, 12, 680 .
AMA StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia, Francesco Fabbrocino, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota. Unified Theory for Flexural Strengthening of Masonry with Composites. Materials. 2019; 12 (4):680.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiancarlo Ramaglia; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. 2019. "Unified Theory for Flexural Strengthening of Masonry with Composites." Materials 12, no. 4: 680.
In many engineering applications the limit analysis theorems can be used to estimate the ultimate capacity of several structures. However, the limit analysis can be applied on structures with an adequate plastic capacity. When the goal is to evaluate the ultimate capacity of masonry structures, they could show some drawbacks. For this reason, the incremental analysis represents a valid alternative to estimate the ultimate capacity of masonry structures. These structures could show brittle failures before the hinge mechanism. It is a key aspect especially for curved masonry elements like as arches and vaults. The work focuses on the incremental analysis of masonry barrel vaults without backfill. An analytical model in the framework of the incremental analysis has been proposed. The analytical model allows to assess both the ultimate capacity and the ductility of the masonry barrel vaults. In the first part, the proposed model has been discussed. Then, parametric analysis was performed to assess the impact of physical, geometrical and mechanical parameters on the ultimate behaviour. The numerical results allow to identify some structural examples where the brittle behaviour becomes crucial. Finally, the proposed model was validated with experimental results on a full-scale masonry barrel vault.
Francesco Fabbrocino; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. Ductility-based incremental analysis of curved masonry structures. Engineering Failure Analysis 2019, 97, 653 -675.
AMA StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino, Giancarlo Ramaglia, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota. Ductility-based incremental analysis of curved masonry structures. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019; 97 ():653-675.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino; Giancarlo Ramaglia; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. 2019. "Ductility-based incremental analysis of curved masonry structures." Engineering Failure Analysis 97, no. : 653-675.
In this paper the capacity of an innovative composite basalt grid with inorganic matrix (FRCM) has been evaluated both in terms of repairing pre-damaged and strengthening clay brick walls under out-of-plane loads. Experimental tests have been performed on full scale clay brick walls subjected to out-of-plane loads. A wall, damaged after a test, has been repaired by means of basalt FRCM. A similar wall has been tested directly, without pre-damage, after strengthening by means of FRCM. This allowed to remark the effect of retrofitting pre-damaged and new walls. To simulate a non-uniform out-of-plane behaviour of the wall, two adjacent edges of the wall have been constrained and the other two were left free while a pointwise normal force has been applied at the free opposite corner of the wall. The purpose of this work was to assess the potentiality of FRCM to recover the capacity of a wall after significant damage and to increase the global response of strengthened wall not previously damaged. The experimental results demonstrated that the externally bonded strengthening was able to prevent a brittle failure and it was not affected by debonding; ultimate load of the retrofitted wall almost doubled with respect to the unreinforced configuration, despite complex stress state, and that the failure was governed by shear sliding at higher displacement levels.
Claudio D'Ambra; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota; Elio Sacco; Francesco Fabbrocino. Experimental performance of FRCM retrofit on out-of-plane behaviour of clay brick walls. Composites Part B: Engineering 2018, 148, 198 -206.
AMA StyleClaudio D'Ambra, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota, Elio Sacco, Francesco Fabbrocino. Experimental performance of FRCM retrofit on out-of-plane behaviour of clay brick walls. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2018; 148 ():198-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudio D'Ambra; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota; Elio Sacco; Francesco Fabbrocino. 2018. "Experimental performance of FRCM retrofit on out-of-plane behaviour of clay brick walls." Composites Part B: Engineering 148, no. : 198-206.
In this paper the problem of seismic vulnerability of masonry churches is analysed with reference to the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary ecclesiastic complex in Stellata of Bondeno (Italy). This religious construction is composed of a church, two bell towers, a cloister and the Saint Domenico´s oratory. The church, made of masonry brick stones, is characterized by a single hall with chapels, which is divided into three parts by arches, and has an apse elevated by a few steps with reference to the hall. The study herein presented is carried out according to the Italian Standards and Guidelines on Cultural Heritage. In a first step, the seismic risk coefficients both at Damage Limit State (αDLS) and Ultimate Limit State (αULS) are evaluated by using the 3Muri calculation software for masonry structures. These coefficients indicate the ratio between the ground acceleration leading towards attainment of the two mentioned limit states and the PGAs of the site referred to a given reference return period. Afterwards, the variability of such coefficients is examined by changing both the masonry type and the seismic zone in order to detect the worst situations on the Italian land. In a second analysis step a comparison among the seismic risk coefficients αULS and the damage index calculated through a fast method provided in a suitable form by the Italian Civil Protection Department is proposed. Moreover, overturning mechanisms of facades are checked by using the 3Muri software with the ultimate goal to compare the predictive theoretical results with the real damages detected after the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake. Finally, in order to obtain a more precise assessment of the seismic behaviour of the church under study, linear and non-linear dynamic analyses are performed on a 3D FEM model setup through the ABAQUS software package.
Antonio Formisano; Generoso Vaiano; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gabriele Milani. Seismic vulnerability of Italian masonry churches: The case of the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary in Stellata of Bondeno. Journal of Building Engineering 2018, 20, 179 -200.
AMA StyleAntonio Formisano, Generoso Vaiano, Francesco Fabbrocino, Gabriele Milani. Seismic vulnerability of Italian masonry churches: The case of the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary in Stellata of Bondeno. Journal of Building Engineering. 2018; 20 ():179-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Formisano; Generoso Vaiano; Francesco Fabbrocino; Gabriele Milani. 2018. "Seismic vulnerability of Italian masonry churches: The case of the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary in Stellata of Bondeno." Journal of Building Engineering 20, no. : 179-200.
Reinforced concrete is used since more than a century, but in first constructions there was not particular care in the design of beam and column intersections, i.e. joint panels. For this reason today there is a need to improve the knowledge on their behavior, especially in seismic prone areas, for new constructions and to define design specifications for their retrofit in existing structures. The scope of this work is to analyze the seismic behavior of corner-positioned RC beam-column joints and to allow evaluating the strength hierarchy (in the framework of capacity design) for beam-column joints, particularly focusing on corner-positioned joints. This is the basis for a good practice in the retrofit deign. Modern design codes are based on these design principles and it is crucial to correctly detect the behavior of beam-column joint panels because this impacts strongly on the ductility of the global structure. A simplified analytical model of joint behavior is proposed to identify the potential failure modes (namely shear or flexural failures of columns or beams, failure of cracked joint, bond failure of passing through bars) in terms of capacity, to identify the first one occurring and the order of the others, potentially aiming to govern the strength hierarchy. In the broader work of the authors, the present contribution focuses on T-shaped joints (external corner-positioned). Numerical outcomes are shown and compared to experimental results.
Francesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. Theoretical assessment of reinforced concrete T-shaped beam-column joints. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2017) 2018, 1978, 450002 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota. Theoretical assessment of reinforced concrete T-shaped beam-column joints. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2017). 2018; 1978 (1):450002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Fabbrocino; Gian Piero Lignola; Andrea Prota. 2018. "Theoretical assessment of reinforced concrete T-shaped beam-column joints." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2017) 1978, no. 1: 450002.