For the first time since 2015, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance (GLASS) featured both global reports for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial consumption (AMC) data in its annual reports. In this study we investigated the relationship of AMR with AMC within participating countries reported in the GLASS 2022 report. Our analysis found a statistically significant correlation between beta-lactam/cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones consumption and AMR to these antimicrobials associated with bloodstream E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among the participating countries (P<0.05). We observed that for every 1 unit increase in defined daily dose DDD of beta-lactam/cephalosporins and quinolone consumptions among the countries, increased the recoveries of bloodstream-associated beta-lactam/cephalosporins-resistant E. coli/Klebsiella spp. by 11–22% and quinolone-resistant E. coli/Klebsiella spp. by 31–40%. When we compared the antimicrobial consumptions between the antimicrobial ATC (Alphanumeric codes developed by WHO) groups and countries, we observed a statistically significant higher daily consumption of beta-lactam-penicillins (J01C, DDD difference range: 5.23–8.13) and cephalosporins (J01D, DDD difference range: 2.57–5.13) compared to other antimicrobial groups among the countries (adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method). Between the participating countries, we observed a statistically significant higher daily consumption of antimicrobial groups in Iran (DDD difference range: 3.63–4.84) and Uganda (DDD difference range: 3.79–5.01) compared to other participating countries (adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method). Understanding AMC and how it relates to AMR at the global scale is critical in the global AMR policy development and implementation of global antimicrobial stewardship.

This study was carried out to determine the frequency of fecal carriage, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) isolated from 488 dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada. Both S. enterica and E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC were isolated using selective culture. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to a panel of antimicrobial drugs were determined for randomly selected E. coli isolates and all of the Salmonella isolates. Multiplex PCR were conducted on the selected ESC-resistant E. coli to assess the β-lactamase resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM) and plasmid-mediated qnrB and qnrS resistant genes. Information on ceftiofur use and other farm management practices were collected by the use of a questionnaire to determine the risk factors for the fecal recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC. Salmonella enterica frequency in calves' fecal samples was 3.3%, and all were pansusceptible. Salmonella isolates belonged to 3 serovars namely Salmonella Senftenberg, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Derby. The frequency of fecal carriage of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC in calves was 81.2%. Of the selected isolates (n = 100), all were multi-drug resistant, whereas 88% were ESC resistant based on minimum inhibitory concentration testing. From the selected ESC-resistant E. coli isolates, blaTEM was detected in 84.1%, blaCMY-2 was detected in 52.2%, blaCTXM groups were detected in 30.7%, and blaSHV was detected in 1.1% of isolates. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were identified in 7 of 9 isolates resistant to quinolones. Five isolates were positive for qnrB, whereas 2 isolates were positive for both qnrB and qnrS. Whereas neonatal calves [odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87-3.12], regular ceftiofur use on the farm (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 2.29-6.39), feeding of unpasteurized nonsalable milk (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.18-2.18), and use of florfenicol (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.43-2.86) were statistically associated with fecal recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC, use of ceftiofur for the treatment of respiratory diseases (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41-0.79) was statistically associated with decreased recovery of E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESC. This study has provided information on the resistance genes associated with the occurrence of ESC and fluoroquinolone resistance in dairy calves within this region.

The most widely distributed bla_CTX-M gene on a global scale is bla_CTX-M-15. The dissemination has been associated with clonal spread and different types of mobile genetic elements. The objective of this review was to describe the genetic environments of the bla_CTX-M-15 gene detected from Enterobacteriaceae in published literature from Africa. A literature search for relevant articles was performed through PubMed, AJOL, and Google Scholar electronic databases; 43 articles from 17 African countries were included in the review based on the eligibility criteria. Insertion sequences were reported as part of the genetic environment of bla_CTX-M-15 gene in 32 studies, integrons in 13 studies, and plasmids in 23 studies. In this review, five insertion sequences including ISEcp1, IS26, orf447, IS903, and IS3 have been detected which are associated with the genetic environment of bla_CTX-M-15 in Africa. Seven different genetic patterns were seen in the bla_CTX-M-15 genetic environment. Insertion sequence ISEcp1 was commonly located upstream of the end of the bla_CTX-M-15 gene, while the insertion sequence orf477 was located downstream. In some studies, ISEcp1 was truncated upstream of bla_CTX-M-15 by insertion sequences IS26 and IS3. The class 1 integron (Intl1) was most commonly reported to be associated with bla_CTX-M-15 (13 studies), with Intl1/dfrA17–aadA5 being the most common gene cassette array. IncFIA-FIB-FII multi-replicons and IncHI2 replicon types were the most common plasmid replicon types that horizontally transferred the bla_CTX-M-15 gene. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were commonly collocated with the bla_CTX-M-15 gene on plasmids. This review revealed the predominant role of ISEcp1, Intl1 and IncF plasmids in the mobilization and continental dissemination of the bla_CTX-M-15 gene in Africa.

This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mobile genetic elements of 16 Escherichia coli isolates—with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime and imipenem—that were recovered from the fecal samples of coyotes and wild hogs from West Texas, USA. Whole-genome sequencing data analyses revealed distinct isolates with a unique sequence type and serotype designation. Among 16 isolates, 4 isolates were multidrug resistant, and 5 isolates harbored at least 1 beta-lactamase gene (bla_CMY-2, bla_CTX-M-55, or bla_CTX-M-27) that confers resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials. Several isolates carried genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C)), aminoglycosides (aac(3)-IId, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(3″)-lb, aadA5, and aph(6)-ld), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3), amphenicol (floR), trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17), and macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) agents (Inu(F), erm(B), and mph(A)). Nine isolates showed chromosomal mutations in the promoter region G of ampC beta-lactamase gene, while three isolates showed mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE quinolone resistance-determining regions, which confer resistance to quinolones. We also detected seven incompatibility plasmid groups, with incF being the most common. Different types of virulence genes were detected, including those that enhance bacterial fitness and pathogenicity. One bla_CMY-2 positive isolate (O8:H28) from a wild hog was also a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and was a carrier of the stx2A virulence toxin subtype. We report the detection of bla_CMY-2, bla_CTX-M-55, and bla_CTX-M-27 beta-lactamase genes in E. coli from coyotes for the first time. This study demonstrates the importance of wildlife as reservoirs of important multi-drug-resistant bacteria and provides information for future comparative genomic analysis with the limited literature on antimicrobial resistance dynamics in wildlife such as coyotes.

Background: Beta-lactamase genes are one of the most important groups of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of this group of resistance genes is needed for a better understanding of the local epidemiology within a country and global dissemination.Aim: This review was carried out to identify different beta-lactamase resistance genes reported in published literature from Nigeria.Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on eligible Nigerian articles retrieved from electronic literature searches of PubMed®, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar published between January 1990 and December 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adopted to facilitate clarity and transparency in reporting review findings.Results: Fifty-seven articles were included. All beta-lactamases reported were detected from Gram-negative bacteria, particularly from Enterobacteriaceae. Thirty-six different beta-lactamase genes were reported in Nigeria. These genes belong to the narrow-spectrum, AmpC, extended-spectrum and carbapenemase beta-lactamase resistance genes. The pooled proportion estimate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Nigeria was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26% – 36%, p 0.0001), while the estimate of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Nigeria was 46% (95% CI: 36% – 57%, p 0.0001). The proportion estimate of AmpC genes was 32% (95% CI: 11% – 52%, p 0.001), while the estimate for carbapenemases was 8% (95% CI: 5% – 12%, p 0.001).Conclusion: This study provides information on beta-lactamase distribution in Nigeria. This is necessary for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Nigeria.