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The Australian landscape is affected by abandoned mines that pose environmental, public health and safety risks. To promote the beneficial reuse, rehabilitation and/or remediation of these sites and understand their spatial arrangement, we compiled, classified and analysed a country-wide geospatial database of all known inactive hard rock mine sites. Following extensive review and classification of disparate records of such sites that have been terminated, neglected or classified as heritage, plus those under care and maintenance in Australia, we assessed state-by-state reporting and cross-border rehabilitation requirements. This was enabled by the development of the Mining Incidence Documentation & Assessment Scheme (MIDAS) that can be used to catalogue and compare active or inactive mine data regardless of reporting conventions. At a national level, and with four case studies, we performed GIS-based spatial analyses and environmental risk assessments to demonstrate potential uses of our database. Analyses considered the proximity of sites to factors such as infrastructure and sensitive environmental receptors. As Australia struggles to manage the ongoing technical, socioeconomic and environmental challenges of effective mine rehabilitation, the insights enabled by this national-level spatial database may be key to developing coordinated responses that extend beyond state boundaries. Our classification and methodology are easily transferable, thereby encouraging more formalized, systematic and widespread documentation of abandoned mines worldwide.
Tim Werner; Peter Bach; Mohan Yellishetty; Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed; Stuart Walsh; Alec Miller; Matthew Roach; Andrew Schnapp; Philippa Solly; Youming Tan; Chloe Lewis; Ehren Hudson; Kim Heberling; Thomas Richards; Han Chia; Melissa Truong; Tushar Gupta; Xiaoling Wu. A Geospatial Database for Effective Mine Rehabilitation in Australia. Minerals 2020, 10, 745 .
AMA StyleTim Werner, Peter Bach, Mohan Yellishetty, Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed, Stuart Walsh, Alec Miller, Matthew Roach, Andrew Schnapp, Philippa Solly, Youming Tan, Chloe Lewis, Ehren Hudson, Kim Heberling, Thomas Richards, Han Chia, Melissa Truong, Tushar Gupta, Xiaoling Wu. A Geospatial Database for Effective Mine Rehabilitation in Australia. Minerals. 2020; 10 (9):745.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Werner; Peter Bach; Mohan Yellishetty; Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed; Stuart Walsh; Alec Miller; Matthew Roach; Andrew Schnapp; Philippa Solly; Youming Tan; Chloe Lewis; Ehren Hudson; Kim Heberling; Thomas Richards; Han Chia; Melissa Truong; Tushar Gupta; Xiaoling Wu. 2020. "A Geospatial Database for Effective Mine Rehabilitation in Australia." Minerals 10, no. 9: 745.
In Australia, local government authorities play an essential role in diverting waste from landfill, including through domestic waste recycling. To date, the effectiveness of these recycling operations in Australia has not been thoroughly investigated. This study assessed recycling performance in the state of Victoria through a survey of all 79 municipal councils. This survey identified key challenges affecting successful domestic waste management, primarily relating to contamination in recycling streams, stemming from residents’ inability to differentiate between recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Councils were concerned about inconsistent waste management practices between councils, and highlighted that revising Australian Standard AS4123.3 to standardise bin lid colours could reduce community confusion. Many councils faced information gaps, which could be resolved by including more performance indicators in the Local Government Performance Reporting Framework. Drivers of recycling performance were also considered through multiple regression, using data from the survey, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and other government sources. This analysis supported the councils’ identification of high service costs and residents’ inability to differentiate between recyclable and non-recyclable materials as key issues. An extension of this quantitative approach to other Australian jurisdictions exposed significant data gaps, indicating the need for a more consistent national data collection policy.
Priya Agarwal; Tim T. Werner; Ruth Lane; Julia Lamborn. Municipal recycling performance in Victoria, Australia: results from a survey of local government authorities. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 27, 294 -308.
AMA StylePriya Agarwal, Tim T. Werner, Ruth Lane, Julia Lamborn. Municipal recycling performance in Victoria, Australia: results from a survey of local government authorities. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 27 (3):294-308.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriya Agarwal; Tim T. Werner; Ruth Lane; Julia Lamborn. 2020. "Municipal recycling performance in Victoria, Australia: results from a survey of local government authorities." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 27, no. 3: 294-308.
This study explores contestation over the meanings, rules and practices of coal mine reclamation and mine closure in the context of East Kalimantan, Indonesia's major coal producing province. As mining intensified in the province, and coal was mined out, concessions were left with large mine voids un-refilled and abandoned without closure – many within close vicinity to human settlements. Following an extended campaign led by a diverse group of social movement actors, utilising various advocacy and litigation strategies, the East Kalimantan legislature adopted a provincial regulation in 2013, reinforcing higher-level regulations that mandate coal mining companies to conduct reclamation and post-mining clean up. The regulation was the first time that activists had directly influenced policy regulating mining at the sub-national level in Indonesia. Yet the policy outcome alone has not been sufficient to shape change: an estimated 1735 coal mine voids remain un-refilled in East Kalimantan, and the number of human fatalities from deaths in mine voids continues to grow. Remediation of mine sites is rarely performed to return land to its pre-mined conditions. By bringing together relevant scholarship in political ecology, the politics of development and legal geography, we analyse the relationships between pact-making, political settlements, contestation and policy reform related to the governance of post-mine landscapes.
Tessa Toumbourou; Muhamad Muhdar; Tim Werner; Anthony Bebbington. Political ecologies of the post-mining landscape: Activism, resistance, and legal struggles over Kalimantan's coal mines. Energy Research & Social Science 2020, 65, 101476 .
AMA StyleTessa Toumbourou, Muhamad Muhdar, Tim Werner, Anthony Bebbington. Political ecologies of the post-mining landscape: Activism, resistance, and legal struggles over Kalimantan's coal mines. Energy Research & Social Science. 2020; 65 ():101476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTessa Toumbourou; Muhamad Muhdar; Tim Werner; Anthony Bebbington. 2020. "Political ecologies of the post-mining landscape: Activism, resistance, and legal struggles over Kalimantan's coal mines." Energy Research & Social Science 65, no. : 101476.
Mines are composed of features like open cut pits, water storage ponds, milling infrastructure, waste rock dumps, and tailings storage facilities that are often associated with impacts to surrounding areas. The size and location of mine features can be determined from satellite imagery, but to date a systematic analysis of these features across commodities and countries has not been conducted. We created detailed maps of 295 mines producing copper, gold, silver, platinum group elements, molybdenum, lead-zinc, nickel, uranium or diamonds, representing the dominant share of global production of these commodities. The mapping entailed the delineation and classification of 3,736 open pits, waste rock dumps, water ponds, tailings storage facilities, heap leach pads, milling infrastructure and other features, totalling ~3,633 km2. Collectively, our maps highlight that mine areas can be highly heterogeneous in composition and diverse in form, reflecting variations in underlying geology, commodities produced, topography and mining methods. Our study therefore emphasises that distinguishing between specific mine features in satellite imagery may foster more refined assessments of mine-related impacts. We also compiled detailed annual data on the operational characteristics of 129 mines to show via regression analysis that the sum area of a mine's features is mainly explained by its cumulative production volume (cross-validated R2 of 0.73). This suggests that the extent of future mine areas can be estimated with reasonable certainty based on expected total production volume. Our research may inform environmental impact assessments of new mining proposals, or provide land use data for life cycle analyses of mined products.
Tim T. Werner; Gavin M. Mudd; Aafke M. Schipper; Mark A.J. Huijbregts; Lakshay Taneja; Stephen A. Northey. Global-scale remote sensing of mine areas and analysis of factors explaining their extent. Global Environmental Change 2019, 60, 102007 .
AMA StyleTim T. Werner, Gavin M. Mudd, Aafke M. Schipper, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, Lakshay Taneja, Stephen A. Northey. Global-scale remote sensing of mine areas and analysis of factors explaining their extent. Global Environmental Change. 2019; 60 ():102007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim T. Werner; Gavin M. Mudd; Aafke M. Schipper; Mark A.J. Huijbregts; Lakshay Taneja; Stephen A. Northey. 2019. "Global-scale remote sensing of mine areas and analysis of factors explaining their extent." Global Environmental Change 60, no. : 102007.
T.T. Werner; Anthony Bebbington; Gillian Gregory. Assessing impacts of mining: Recent contributions from GIS and remote sensing. The Extractive Industries and Society 2019, 6, 993 -1012.
AMA StyleT.T. Werner, Anthony Bebbington, Gillian Gregory. Assessing impacts of mining: Recent contributions from GIS and remote sensing. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2019; 6 (3):993-1012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT.T. Werner; Anthony Bebbington; Gillian Gregory. 2019. "Assessing impacts of mining: Recent contributions from GIS and remote sensing." The Extractive Industries and Society 6, no. 3: 993-1012.
The advent of corporate sustainability reporting and water accounting standards has resulted in increased disclosure of water use by mining companies. However, there has been limited compilation and analysis of these disclosures. To address this, we compiled a database of 8,314 data points from 359 mining company reports, classified according to mining industry water accounting guidelines. The quality of disclosures is shown to have improved considerably over time. Although, opportunities still exist to improve reporting practices, such as by ensuring that all relevant water flows are reported and to explicitly state non-existent flows (e.g. discharges). Initial data analysis reveals considerable variability in water withdrawals, use efficiency and discharges between mining operations. Further work to improve industry coverage and to analyse the influence of mine specific factors such as ore processing methods and local climate will provide insights into the interactions of mining and water resources at a global scale.
Stephen Northey; Gavin M. Mudd; Tim T. Werner; Nawshad Haque; Mohan Yellishetty. Sustainable water management and improved corporate reporting in mining. Water Resources and Industry 2018, 21, 100104 .
AMA StyleStephen Northey, Gavin M. Mudd, Tim T. Werner, Nawshad Haque, Mohan Yellishetty. Sustainable water management and improved corporate reporting in mining. Water Resources and Industry. 2018; 21 ():100104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Northey; Gavin M. Mudd; Tim T. Werner; Nawshad Haque; Mohan Yellishetty. 2018. "Sustainable water management and improved corporate reporting in mining." Water Resources and Industry 21, no. : 100104.
Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner; Zhehan Weng; Gavin M. Mudd. Recycling of the rare earth elements. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2018, 13, 1 -7.
AMA StyleSimon M. Jowitt, Timothy T. Werner, Zhehan Weng, Gavin M. Mudd. Recycling of the rare earth elements. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 2018; 13 ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner; Zhehan Weng; Gavin M. Mudd. 2018. "Recycling of the rare earth elements." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 13, no. : 1-7.
The platinum group elements (PGEs) are used in many technologies and products in modern society, especially auto-catalysts, chemical process catalysts and specialty alloys, yet supply is dominated by South Africa. This leads PGEs to be assessed as 'critical metals', signalling concern about the likelihood and consequences of social, environmental and economic impacts from disruptions to supply. In order to better understand the global PGE situation, this paper presents a comprehensive global assessment of PGE reserves and resources and the key mining trends which can affect supply. The data shows that global PGE resources have increased from 90,733t PGEs in 2010 to 105,682t PGEs in 2015, a 16.4% increase - despite global production of 2243t PGEs over this period. This suggests that the key issues facing the PGE sector are not geological or resource depletion, but clearly social, economic and environmental in nature - as highlighted by recent social issues in South Africa and volatile global economic conditions. Concerns over PGE supply reliability and the implications of any supply disruption will therefore continue to see the PGEs labelled as critical metals - but certainly not due to resource depletion.
Gavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. Global platinum group element resources, reserves and mining – A critical assessment. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 622-623, 614 -625.
AMA StyleGavin M. Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt, Timothy T. Werner. Global platinum group element resources, reserves and mining – A critical assessment. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 622-623 ():614-625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. 2018. "Global platinum group element resources, reserves and mining – A critical assessment." Science of The Total Environment 622-623, no. : 614-625.
Indium is a specialty metal crucial for modern technology, yet it is potentially critical due to its byproduct status in mining. Measures to reduce its criticality typically focus on improving its recycling efficiency at end-of-life. This study quantifies primary and secondary indium resources (“stocks”) for Australia through a dynamic material-flow analysis. It is based on detailed assessments of indium mineral resources hosted in lead–zinc and copper deposits, respective mining activities from 1844 to 2013, and the trade of indium-containing products from 1988 to 2015. The results show that Australia’s indium stocks are substantial, estimated at 46.2 kt in mineral resources and an additional 14.7 kt in mine wastes. Australian mineral resources alone could meet global demand (∼0.8 kt/year) for more than five decades. Discarded material from post-consumer products, instead, is negligible (43 t). This suggests that the resilience of Australia’s indium supply can best be increased through efficiency gains in mining (such as introducing domestic indium refining capacity) rather than at the end of the product life. These findings likely also apply to other specialty metals, such as gallium or germanium, and other resource-dominated countries. Finally, the results illustrate that national circular economy strategies can differ substantially.
Tim T. Werner; Luca Ciacci; Gavin Mark Mudd; Barbara Reck; Stephen Northey. Looking Down Under for a Circular Economy of Indium. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52, 2055 -2062.
AMA StyleTim T. Werner, Luca Ciacci, Gavin Mark Mudd, Barbara Reck, Stephen Northey. Looking Down Under for a Circular Economy of Indium. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52 (4):2055-2062.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim T. Werner; Luca Ciacci; Gavin Mark Mudd; Barbara Reck; Stephen Northey. 2018. "Looking Down Under for a Circular Economy of Indium." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 4: 2055-2062.
Gavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Tim Werner. Corrigendum to “The world's lead–zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities” [Ore Geol. Rev. 80 (2017) 1160–1190]. Ore Geology Reviews 2017, 89, 1131 .
AMA StyleGavin M. Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt, Tim Werner. Corrigendum to “The world's lead–zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities” [Ore Geol. Rev. 80 (2017) 1160–1190]. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017; 89 ():1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Tim Werner. 2017. "Corrigendum to “The world's lead–zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities” [Ore Geol. Rev. 80 (2017) 1160–1190]." Ore Geology Reviews 89, no. : 1131.
Considerations of mineral resource availability and depletion form part of a diverse array of sustainable development-oriented studies, across domains such as resource criticality, life cycle assessment and material flow analysis. Given the multidisciplinary nature of these studies, it is important that a common understanding of the complexity and nuances of mineral supply chains be developed. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of these assessment approaches and expand on several areas that are conceptually difficult to account for in these studies. These include the dynamic nature of relationships between reserves, resources, cut-off grades and ore grades; the ability to account for local economic, social and environmental factors when performing global assessments; and the role that technology improvements play in increasing the availability of economically extractable mineral resources. Advancing knowledge in these areas may further enhance the sophistication and interpretation of studies that assess mineral resource depletion or availability.
Stephen Northey; Gavin M. Mudd; Tim Werner. Unresolved Complexity in Assessments of Mineral Resource Depletion and Availability. Natural Resources Research 2017, 27, 241 -255.
AMA StyleStephen Northey, Gavin M. Mudd, Tim Werner. Unresolved Complexity in Assessments of Mineral Resource Depletion and Availability. Natural Resources Research. 2017; 27 (2):241-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Northey; Gavin M. Mudd; Tim Werner. 2017. "Unresolved Complexity in Assessments of Mineral Resource Depletion and Availability." Natural Resources Research 27, no. 2: 241-255.
Many of the metals extracted as by-products and rated as ‘critical’ are vital to important modern technologies but are seldom reported as extractable commodities by the mining industry. This creates numerous uncertainties and challenges in estimating the global resources of these metals; here we outline the current approaches (or lack thereof) used in resource reporting and identify and discuss the uncertainties surrounding critical co- and by-product reporting in detail. We present a review of ore reserve and mineral resource reporting in the mining industry, including the identification of various methods by which resource accounts have been constructed, a discussion of examples and differences between countries, states and organisations that conduct these assessments, and a discussion of the various ways in which these resource data have been interpreted. This is followed by a series of case studies that document and discuss the reporting of selected critical metals that suggest that the lack of reporting is dominantly as a result of the perceived or actual low monetary value of by-products at the mine site rather than as a result of any lack of these metals, indicating that different types of uncertainties can arise in estimating the global resources of these critical commodities. This paper also addresses (and continues in parts II and III) the numerous issues and uncertainties identified in this study by outlining approaches and alternative data sources that can be used to develop more comprehensive assessments of critical metal resources from deposit to global levels. The hybrid methodologies proposed in this paper provide reasons for some optimism in that by-product and critical metal resources can still be identified to a reasonable degree of accuracy, and these resources are likely to be sufficient to meet demand for some decades. However, there is still a strong case for improved reporting of by-products and critical metals in mineral deposits to assist in these efforts and to clarify the true global position in terms of the future security of supply of co- and by-product metals, invariably including the critical or e-tech metals.
Gavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. The world's by-product and critical metal resources part I: Uncertainties, current reporting practices, implications and grounds for optimism. Ore Geology Reviews 2017, 86, 924 -938.
AMA StyleGavin M. Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt, Timothy T. Werner. The world's by-product and critical metal resources part I: Uncertainties, current reporting practices, implications and grounds for optimism. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017; 86 ():924-938.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavin M. Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. 2017. "The world's by-product and critical metal resources part I: Uncertainties, current reporting practices, implications and grounds for optimism." Ore Geology Reviews 86, no. : 924-938.
T.T. Werner; Gavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt. The world’s by-product and critical metal resources part III: A global assessment of indium. Ore Geology Reviews 2017, 86, 939 -956.
AMA StyleT.T. Werner, Gavin Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt. The world’s by-product and critical metal resources part III: A global assessment of indium. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017; 86 ():939-956.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT.T. Werner; Gavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt. 2017. "The world’s by-product and critical metal resources part III: A global assessment of indium." Ore Geology Reviews 86, no. : 939-956.
Xuan Zhu; Ruth Lane; T.T. Werner. Modelling in-use stocks and spatial distributions of household electronic devices and their contained metals based on household survey data. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2017, 120, 27 -37.
AMA StyleXuan Zhu, Ruth Lane, T.T. Werner. Modelling in-use stocks and spatial distributions of household electronic devices and their contained metals based on household survey data. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 120 ():27-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuan Zhu; Ruth Lane; T.T. Werner. 2017. "Modelling in-use stocks and spatial distributions of household electronic devices and their contained metals based on household survey data." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 120, no. : 27-37.
Stephen Northey; Gavin Mudd; Timothy T. Werner; Simon M. Jowitt; Nawshad Haque; Mohan Yellishetty; Zhehan Weng. The exposure of global base metal resources to water criticality, scarcity and climate change. Global Environmental Change 2017, 44, 109 -124.
AMA StyleStephen Northey, Gavin Mudd, Timothy T. Werner, Simon M. Jowitt, Nawshad Haque, Mohan Yellishetty, Zhehan Weng. The exposure of global base metal resources to water criticality, scarcity and climate change. Global Environmental Change. 2017; 44 ():109-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Northey; Gavin Mudd; Timothy T. Werner; Simon M. Jowitt; Nawshad Haque; Mohan Yellishetty; Zhehan Weng. 2017. "The exposure of global base metal resources to water criticality, scarcity and climate change." Global Environmental Change 44, no. : 109-124.
Timothy T. Werner; Gavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt. The world's by-product and critical metal resources part II: A method for quantifying the resources of rarely reported metals. Ore Geology Reviews 2017, 80, 658 -675.
AMA StyleTimothy T. Werner, Gavin Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt. The world's by-product and critical metal resources part II: A method for quantifying the resources of rarely reported metals. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017; 80 ():658-675.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimothy T. Werner; Gavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt. 2017. "The world's by-product and critical metal resources part II: A method for quantifying the resources of rarely reported metals." Ore Geology Reviews 80, no. : 658-675.
Gavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities. Ore Geology Reviews 2017, 80, 1160 -1190.
AMA StyleGavin Mudd, Simon M. Jowitt, Timothy T. Werner. The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017; 80 ():1160-1190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavin Mudd; Simon M. Jowitt; Timothy T. Werner. 2017. "The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity, data, issues and opportunities." Ore Geology Reviews 80, no. : 1160-1190.
Although critical to newly evolving and increasingly essential technologies, antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), and germanium (Ge) are generally recovered as byproducts or ‘companion metals’ of other metal ores. The stage at which companion metals are extracted depends on metallurgical processes by which the host ore mineral is extracted and processed; many companion metals are recovered late during this processing. Therefore, the current and future supply of companion metals relies not only on production of major commodities, but also on the efficient recovery of these metals during processing that recovers the primary commodity. National geological surveys, particularly the USGS, publish annual estimates of global reserves for a variety of primary metals, but generally not for companion metals. This study provides estimates for the geogenic stocks (in waste rock piles, tailings, smelting, and refining) of Ga, Ge, and Sb as companion metals. These elements are mined in Australia but may be recovered outside of Australia, but their life cycles have not yet been well understood. Based on the methodology adapted, this paper estimates a minimum of 970–1230 kt of Ga, 30–10,000 kt of Ge and 70–1000 kt of Sb in current Australian lead-zinc-silver, gold, copper, iron ore, coal, bauxite, and bauxite residue (red mud) resources. The large range of estimated stocks stems from the variable range of ore grades reported by companies and the considerable uncertainty that exists among the grade estimates presented. However, these estimates are reflective of best practice in mineral resource estimation of Ga, Ge, and Sb, and provide a basis for determining similar recoverable resource estimates of other companion metals, such as indium, rhenium, and selenium, all of which are of increasing importance in modern-day life.
Mohan Yellishetty; David Huston; T.E. Graedel; T.T. Werner; Barbara K. Reck; Gavin Mudd. Quantifying the potential for recoverable resources of gallium, germanium and antimony as companion metals in Australia. Ore Geology Reviews 2016, 82, 148 -159.
AMA StyleMohan Yellishetty, David Huston, T.E. Graedel, T.T. Werner, Barbara K. Reck, Gavin Mudd. Quantifying the potential for recoverable resources of gallium, germanium and antimony as companion metals in Australia. Ore Geology Reviews. 2016; 82 ():148-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohan Yellishetty; David Huston; T.E. Graedel; T.T. Werner; Barbara K. Reck; Gavin Mudd. 2016. "Quantifying the potential for recoverable resources of gallium, germanium and antimony as companion metals in Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 82, no. : 148-159.
Artem Golev; Tim T. Werner; Xuan Zhu; Kazuyo Matsubae. Product flow analysis using trade statistics and consumer survey data: a case study of mobile phones in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 133, 262 -271.
AMA StyleArtem Golev, Tim T. Werner, Xuan Zhu, Kazuyo Matsubae. Product flow analysis using trade statistics and consumer survey data: a case study of mobile phones in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 133 ():262-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArtem Golev; Tim T. Werner; Xuan Zhu; Kazuyo Matsubae. 2016. "Product flow analysis using trade statistics and consumer survey data: a case study of mobile phones in Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 133, no. : 262-271.
Episodic supply shortages of metals and unsettling predictions of potential supply constraints in the future have led to a series of recent criticality evaluations. This study applies a consistent criticality methodology to the United States, Australia, and to the global level for both 2008 and 2012. It is the first time that criticality assessments are presented for Australia, a country that contrasts with the United States in terms of its mineral deposits and metal use characteristics. We use the Yale criticality methodology, which measures Supply Risk (SR), Environmental Implications (EI), and Vulnerability to Supply Restriction (VSR) to derive criticality assessments for five major metals (Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) and for indium (In). We find only modest changes in SR between 2008 and 2012 at both country and global levels; these changes are due to revisions in resource estimates. At the country level, Australia’s VSR for Ni, Cu, and Zn is 23%–33% lower than that for the United States, largely because of Australia’s abundant domestic resources. At the global level, SR is much higher for In, Ni, Cu, and Zn than for Al and Fe as a consequence of SR’s longer time horizon and anticipated supply/demand constraints. The results emphasize the dynamic nature of criticality and its variance between countries and among metals.
Luca Ciacci; Philip Nuss; Barbara K. Reck; Tim Werner; T. E. Graedel. Metal Criticality Determination for Australia, the US, and the Planet—Comparing 2008 and 2012 Results. Resources 2016, 5, 29 .
AMA StyleLuca Ciacci, Philip Nuss, Barbara K. Reck, Tim Werner, T. E. Graedel. Metal Criticality Determination for Australia, the US, and the Planet—Comparing 2008 and 2012 Results. Resources. 2016; 5 (4):29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Ciacci; Philip Nuss; Barbara K. Reck; Tim Werner; T. E. Graedel. 2016. "Metal Criticality Determination for Australia, the US, and the Planet—Comparing 2008 and 2012 Results." Resources 5, no. 4: 29.