The non-alloyed hypo-eutectoid steel C45 was annealed in a steady air atmosphere at T > A_C1 using three temperature ranges and annealing times t_a = ½, 1 and 2 h. The oxidation and decarburization obeyed the parabolic law of growth with time and increased with higher temperatures and longer annealing times. The maximum visible thickness of the decarburized surface layer for all the temperature ranges can be predicted from the equations for the oxidation of iron and from the Van-Ostrand-Dewey equation (derived from Fick’s 2nd law) for the distribution of carbon. In this relation, the equation that gives the lowest values for the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite is appropriate. It was found that the Van-Ostrand-Dewey equation is applicable at T > A_C1, despite the fact that it was derived for the decarburization of austenite at T > A_G. A comparison of the results showed that the depth of the decarburization with a carbon content of 0.91–0.98C₀ can be determined with optical metallography and that both the theoretical and measured values are, in general, mutually accurate in the regions of 93% to 98%. In practice, visible decarburization might not be present under some conditions while annealing in a steady air atmosphere. The reason for this is that the process of oxidation is faster than the process of decarburization. Considering the oxidation of steel under these conditions, annealing in a steady air atmosphere can be performed without any protective measures.

The precise determination of the admixing rate of the base material for certain welding parameters is very important because of the possible negative consequences. As such, it is the basis for corrections in welding technology. In the article, experimental and theoretical determinations of the admixing rate in single-bead surface welds that were arc welded onto S355 steel with different alloyed-steel-coated electrodes are discussed. The admixing rate was experimentally estimated from the ratio of the surface areas of metallographic cross-sections, from the ratios of the height and from chemical analyses of different regions of the surface weld, while it was theoretically estimated from the characteristics of the welding process and material constants. One of the key characteristics of the welding process is the melting efficiency, which can be estimated by means of different equations and from knowledge of the heat balance of the welding process. Both the average melting efficiency of the surface welding on the medium-thick S355 steel plate and the average admixing rate of the S355 steel into the surface welds have the same value, i.e., approximately 30%. New equations for estimating the melting efficiency of the arc welding with a coated electrode were developed on the basis of the results.

A destructive pressure test of styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) water-filter housings showed the influence of the shape and specific details of the housings on their critical areas and their destructive pressure. The destructive pressure varies by as much as 37 bar due to different dominant stresses in the individual types of housings. In critical areas of the housings, geometrical stress concentrators generally exist. For this reason, the stress caused by the internal pressure is locally 2.75–3.4 times greater than that expected based on the water pressure, which means that cracks are initiated in these places. However, the bottom of the housings can be in a form such that the maximum stress and the crack originates in its central part without the influence of local stress concentrators. The tensile strength of the SAN is theoretically estimated at 73 N/mm², which is comparable with the literature data. The fracture toughness of the SAN is typically low, theoretically estimated in the range 1.45–3.55 MPa·m^1/2, and strongly depends on the degree of the wall’s stress-increasing rate or the crack-propagation rate. Therefore, at various crack-propagation rates, the critical crack depths are also different, in the range 100–600 μm. Due to this, the critical thickness for brittle fracture in the SAN is also different; it is ten times greater than the critical crack length. The characteristic of a sub-critical crack, i.e., the mirror zone, is its macroscopically smooth surface, which is microscopically very finely roughened. In the case of a sufficiently slowly growing sub-critical crack, the surface of the mirror zone contains characteristic parabolic markings. The over-critical, sufficiently rapidly growing cracks generally grow mainly in the plane-strain state and only the final thin layer of the remaining wall thickness breaks in the plane-stress state. The over-critical, sufficiently slowly growing cracks grow in the plane-stress state with a strong shear plastic tearing.