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Ai Xin
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Source, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China

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Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in IEEE Access
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Energy storage system (ESS) possesses tremendous potential to counter both the rapid growth of intermittent renewable energy resources (RESs) and provide frequency support to the microgrid (MG). Since the deployment of ESS has overcome the imbalance between generation and consumption, however, their massive cost, as well as degradation tendency, are the restricting considerations that demand alternative solutions to provide stable microgrid operation. To assist ESS, the electric vehicles (EVs) are incorporated into the system. EVs have been gradually commercially viable and considerable focus has been paid to vehicle-to-grid technologies. Appropriate collaboration between ESS and EVs has good capability to manage the frequency irregularities to ensure the efficient operation of the MG. This article presents a novel combination of two control techniques i.e., model predictive control (MPC) and adaptive droop control (ADC), to tackle the frequency regulation issue in the isolated MG, by effectively controlling the ESS and EVs during the large-scale integration of RESs or huge change in load demand. Firstly, the MPC regulates the ESS according to the system frequency deviation, and secondly, the ADC manages the power of EVs according to system specifications by retaining the least possible power for potential usage of EVs. Moreover, an advanced genetic algorithm is applied to tune the MPC and ADC parameters in order to achieve optimized performance. An isolated MG is modeled and verified in MATLAB/Simulink using the above-mentioned control techniques. Further, different case studies are taken into account to validate the combination of ADC and MPC for frequency regulation of an isolated MG. Additionally, the proposed MPC controller is compared with fuzzy logic proportional-integral (FPI) controller and proportional-integral (PI) controller, the MPC provides better performance results as compared with FPI and PI controllers.

ACS Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan; Ai Xin; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Sheeraz Iqbal; Muhammad Aurangzeb. Frequency Regulation of an Isolated Microgrid With Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage System Integration Using Adaptive and Model Predictive Controllers. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 14958 -14970.

AMA Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan, Ai Xin, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky, Sheeraz Iqbal, Muhammad Aurangzeb. Frequency Regulation of an Isolated Microgrid With Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage System Integration Using Adaptive and Model Predictive Controllers. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():14958-14970.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan; Ai Xin; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Sheeraz Iqbal; Muhammad Aurangzeb. 2021. "Frequency Regulation of an Isolated Microgrid With Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage System Integration Using Adaptive and Model Predictive Controllers." IEEE Access 9, no. : 14958-14970.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in IEEE Access
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After nearly a century with internal combustion engines dominating the transportation sector, it now appears that electric vehicles (EVs) are on the brink of enjoying rapid development due to numerous useful features they possess, such as less operational cost and reduced carbon emissions. EVs can act as load as well as source, by utilizing the technique known as Vehicle-to-Grid (or Grid-to-Vehicle technique if EVs are used as a load). This technique adds key features to an industrial microgrid in the form of primary frequency control and congestion management. In this paper, two controllers (grid regulation and charger controller) are proposed by considering different charging profiles, state of charge of electric vehicle batteries, and a varying number of electric vehicles in an electric vehicle fleet. These controllers provide bidirectional power flow, which can provide primary frequency control during different contingencies that an industrial microgrid may face during a 24-hour period. Simulation results prove that the proposed controllers provide reliable support in terms of frequency regulation to an industrial microgrid during contingencies. Furthermore, simulation results also depict that by adding more electric vehicles in the fleet during the vehicle-to-grid mode, the frequency of an industrial microgrid can be improved to even better levels. Different case studies in this article constitute an industrial microgrid with varied distributed energy resources (i.e. solar and wind farm), electric vehicles fleet, industrial and residential load along with diesel generator. These test cases are simulated and results are analyzed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

ACS Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Salman Salman; Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi; Muhammad Aurangzeb. Aggregation of EVs for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid by Implementing Grid Regulation & Charger Controller. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 141977 -141989.

AMA Style

Sheeraz Iqbal, Ai Xin, Mishkat Ullah Jan, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Salman Salman, Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi, Muhammad Aurangzeb. Aggregation of EVs for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid by Implementing Grid Regulation & Charger Controller. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):141977-141989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Salman Salman; Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi; Muhammad Aurangzeb. 2020. "Aggregation of EVs for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid by Implementing Grid Regulation & Charger Controller." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 141977-141989.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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1The integration of multiple flexible energy resources of prosumers into the distribution system has been proposed to improve system economics and reliability. However, prosumer resource flexibility depends on the distribution network. Without proper coordination, network congestion may be an issue. In addition, prosumer flexibilities are uncertain, which needs to be considered in the optimization problem. In this study, we introduce a robust virtual battery model to describe aggregated prosumer flexibilities. Then, assuming price-responsive motivations of prosumers, we employ iterative distribution locational marginal prices (iDLMP) to schedule prosumer resources optimally, with the purpose of preventing network congestion. Case studies are performed on a benchmark IEEE 33 bus system. The numerical results show that the proposed method can effectively alleviate congestion in the distribution grid, respecting prosumer economic interests and private information.

ACS Style

Junjie Hu; Jiechen Wu; Xin Ai; Nian Liu. Coordinated Energy Management of Prosumers in a Distribution System Considering Network Congestion. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2020, 12, 468 -478.

AMA Style

Junjie Hu, Jiechen Wu, Xin Ai, Nian Liu. Coordinated Energy Management of Prosumers in a Distribution System Considering Network Congestion. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2020; 12 (1):468-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junjie Hu; Jiechen Wu; Xin Ai; Nian Liu. 2020. "Coordinated Energy Management of Prosumers in a Distribution System Considering Network Congestion." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 12, no. 1: 468-478.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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Multi-energy complementary microgrids (MECMs) provide an important means to accommodate renewable energy sources due to their abundant adjustable resources and flexible operation modes. However, limited capacity and controllability are the main obstacles that prevent MECMs from participating in the market. In this study, we develop a transactive energy (TE) mechanism-supported energy sharing strategy to coordinate interconnected MECMs in a regional integrated energy system (RIES), where the uncertainty of renewable energy and loads is taken into account via stochastic programming. An RIES operator is introduced to trade with the utility grid as an intermediate player between the electricity market and MECMs. For the TE mechanism, we employ alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to achieve distributed optimization of energy sharing, which is based on the average of the shared energy residual over all MECMs. A clear economic interpretation exists in the method, wherein shared electrical and thermal energy prices can be obtained. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-energy sharing scheme considering integrated demand response (IDR). Moreover, the distributed algorithm can be implemented and converge easily while respecting MECMs’ individual benefits and private information.

ACS Style

Zhao Yang; Junjie Hu; Xin Ai; Jiechen Wu; Guangya Yang. Transactive Energy Supported Economic Operation for Multi-Energy Complementary Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2020, 12, 4 -17.

AMA Style

Zhao Yang, Junjie Hu, Xin Ai, Jiechen Wu, Guangya Yang. Transactive Energy Supported Economic Operation for Multi-Energy Complementary Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2020; 12 (1):4-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao Yang; Junjie Hu; Xin Ai; Jiechen Wu; Guangya Yang. 2020. "Transactive Energy Supported Economic Operation for Multi-Energy Complementary Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 12, no. 1: 4-17.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in IEEE Access
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Due to the expansion of restructured electricity markets and consequently power network operation approaching dynamic and static margins, the probability of transient instability has remarkably been increased. To reduce the transient instability risk or probabilistic cost of power quality, the present study focuses on determining the optimum location of a flux-coupling type SFCL. To this end, the candidate locations with lower related transient instability risk are selected as the best locations for installing flux-coupling type SFCLs. Nowadays, the type of SFCL employed in this study, which enjoys the benefits of both resistive and inductive type SFCLs, is a suitable means for enhancing the transient stability of electrical grids. Despite being another useful approach in transient stability evaluation, the equal-area criterion is merely restricted to the analysis of the stability of a single-machine power system connected to an infinite bus and also a two-machine power system. The online approach employed in this study is based on the corrected transient energy margin (CTEM), some probabilistic factors, and the cost of transient instability. Furthermore, CTEM index is a useful tool for calculating the critical clearing time (CCT). Therefore, in recent years, this index has become more and more useful. The studies carried out on the IEEE New England 39-bus test system ascertain the high applicability of the proposed method.

ACS Style

Muhammad Aurangzeb; Ai Xin; Sheeraz Iqbal; Mishkat Ullah Jan. An Evaluation of Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Placement in Hybrid Grid System Based on Power Quality Risk Index. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 98800 -98809.

AMA Style

Muhammad Aurangzeb, Ai Xin, Sheeraz Iqbal, Mishkat Ullah Jan. An Evaluation of Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Placement in Hybrid Grid System Based on Power Quality Risk Index. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):98800-98809.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Aurangzeb; Ai Xin; Sheeraz Iqbal; Mishkat Ullah Jan. 2020. "An Evaluation of Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Placement in Hybrid Grid System Based on Power Quality Risk Index." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 98800-98809.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in IEEE Access
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The number of electric vehicles and renewable energy resources integrated into the power system is increasing day by day. The objective behind the development of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources is to build a sustainable and green power system. The renewables either don't possess system inertia or have less system inertia, therefore, they don’t effectively respond to the load variations. The battery storage system of electric vehicles is used as the first line of defense to counter the effect of load/frequency variations and make the system stable. As active power is inversely proportional to the system frequency, for this purpose electric vehicles are included in the microgrid environment. In this paper, an isolated microgrid having a reheat turbine system, wind turbine system, photovoltaic system, and electric vehicles is studied. The output of the renewables is not controlled to utilize its maximum output power. Therefore, adaptive droop control and fuzzy PI control mechanisms are implemented to cater to the frequency variations of the isolated microgrid; the former regulates the power of electric vehicles while maintaining the energy needs of each EV and the later controls the output power of reheat turbine system according to the frequency variation. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm optimization toolbox is utilized to optimize the parameters of the adaptive and fuzzy PI controllers. The proposed model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink which shows that these control techniques effectively sustained the system frequency of isolated microgrid in the desired limits.

ACS Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan; Ai Xin; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Sheeraz Iqbal. Adaptive and Fuzzy PI Controllers Design for Frequency Regulation of Isolated Microgrid Integrated With Electric Vehicles. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 87621 -87632.

AMA Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan, Ai Xin, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Sheeraz Iqbal. Adaptive and Fuzzy PI Controllers Design for Frequency Regulation of Isolated Microgrid Integrated With Electric Vehicles. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):87621-87632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mishkat Ullah Jan; Ai Xin; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Sheeraz Iqbal. 2020. "Adaptive and Fuzzy PI Controllers Design for Frequency Regulation of Isolated Microgrid Integrated With Electric Vehicles." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 87621-87632.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The advent of renewable energy resources and distributed energy systems herald a new set of challenges of power quality, efficient distribution, and stability in the power system. Furthermore, the power electronic converters integration has been increased in interfacing alternate energy systems and industries with the transmission and distribution grids. Owing to the intermittency of renewable energy resources and the application of power electronic converters the power distribution faces peculiar challenges. The dead-time effects are among the main challenges, which leads to the distortion of third harmonics, phase angle, torque pulsation, and induction motor current, causing severe quality problems for power delivery. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes a novel dead time compensation technique for improving the power quality parameters and improving the efficiency of power converters. The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB and the parametric equations are plotted against the corresponding parametric values. Furthermore, by implementing the proposed strategy, significant improvements are attained in the torque pulsation, speed, and total harmonic distortion of the induction motor. The comparisons are drawn between with and without dead time compensation technique, the former shows significant improvements in all aspects of the power quality parameters and power converters efficiency.

ACS Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Salman Salman; Muhammad Aurangzeb; Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi; Noor Ahmad Shah. Improvement of Power Converters Performance by an Efficient Use of Dead Time Compensation Technique. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3121 .

AMA Style

Sheeraz Iqbal, Ai Xin, Mishkat Ullah Jan, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Salman Salman, Muhammad Aurangzeb, Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi, Noor Ahmad Shah. Improvement of Power Converters Performance by an Efficient Use of Dead Time Compensation Technique. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Salman Salman; Muhammad Aurangzeb; Syed Asad Abbas Rizvi; Noor Ahmad Shah. 2020. "Improvement of Power Converters Performance by an Efficient Use of Dead Time Compensation Technique." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3121.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Electronics
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Electric vehicles (EVs) have been receiving greater attention as a tool for frequency control due to their fast regulation capability. The proliferation of EVs for primary frequency regulation is hampered by the need to simultaneously maintain industrial microgrids dispatch and EV state of charge levels. The current research aims to examine the operative and dominating role of the charging station operator, along with a vehicle to grid strategy; where, indeterminate tasks are executed in the microgrid without the EVs charging/discharging statistics. The role of the charging station operator in regulation is the assignment of the job inside the primary frequency control capacity of electric vehicles. Real-time rectification of programmed vehicle to grid (V2G) power ensures electric vehicles’ state of charge at the desired levels. The proposed V2G strategy for primary frequency control is validated through the application of a two-area interconnected industrial micro-grid and another microgrids with renewable resources. Regulation specifications are communicated to electric vehicles and charging station operators through an electric vehicle aggregator in the proposed strategy. At the charging station operator, V2G power at the present time is utilized for frequency regulation capacity calculation. Subsequently, the V2G power is dispatched in light of the charging demand and the frequency regulation. Furthermore, V2G control strategies for distribution of regulation requirement to individual EVs are also developed. In summary, the article presents a novel primary frequency control through V2G strategy in an industrial microgrid, involving effective coordination of the charging station operator, EV aggregator, and EV operator.

ACS Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Salman Salman; Atta Ul Munim Zaki; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Muhammad Fahad Shinwari; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky. V2G Strategy for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Considering the Charging Station Operator. Electronics 2020, 9, 549 .

AMA Style

Sheeraz Iqbal, Ai Xin, Mishkat Ullah Jan, Salman Salman, Atta Ul Munim Zaki, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Fahad Shinwari, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky. V2G Strategy for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Considering the Charging Station Operator. Electronics. 2020; 9 (4):549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheeraz Iqbal; Ai Xin; Mishkat Ullah Jan; Salman Salman; Atta Ul Munim Zaki; Haseeb Ur Rehman; Muhammad Fahad Shinwari; Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky. 2020. "V2G Strategy for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Considering the Charging Station Operator." Electronics 9, no. 4: 549.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in Electronics
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In this research study, a multiterminal voltage source converter (VSC) medium voltage DC (MVDC) distribution network hierarchical control scheme is proposed for renewable energy (RE) integration in a co-simulation environment of MATLAB and PSCAD/EMTDC. A DC optimal power flow (DC OPF) secondary controller is created in MATLAB. In PSCAD/EMTDC, the main circuit containing the adaptive DC voltage droop with a dead band and virtual synchronous generator (VSG) based primary controller for the VSCs is implemented. The simulation of the MVDC network under the proposed hierarchical control scheme is investigated considering variations in wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power. The network is also connected to the standard IEEE-39 bus system and the hierarchical scheme tested by assessing the effect of tripping as well as restoration of the REs. The results show that during random variations in active power such as increasing wind and PV power generation, a sudden reduction or tripping of wind and PV power, the primary controller ensures accurate active power sharing amongst the droop-based VSCs as well as regulates DC voltage deviations within the set range of 0.98–1.02 pu with an enhanced dynamic response. The DC OPF secondary control optimizes the system’s losses by 38% regularly giving optimal droop settings to the primary controllers to ensure proper active power balance and DC voltage stability. This study demonstrates that the hierarchical control strategy is effective for RE integration in the MVDC distribution network.

ACS Style

Patrobers Simiyu; Ai Xin; Kunyu Wang; George Adwek; Salman Salman. Multiterminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network Hierarchical Control. Electronics 2020, 9, 506 .

AMA Style

Patrobers Simiyu, Ai Xin, Kunyu Wang, George Adwek, Salman Salman. Multiterminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network Hierarchical Control. Electronics. 2020; 9 (3):506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrobers Simiyu; Ai Xin; Kunyu Wang; George Adwek; Salman Salman. 2020. "Multiterminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network Hierarchical Control." Electronics 9, no. 3: 506.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in IEEE Access
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ACS Style

Arsalan Masood; Junjie Hu; Ai Xin; Ahmed Rabee Sayed; Guangya Yang. Transactive Energy for Aggregated Electric Vehicles to Reduce System Peak Load Considering Network Constraints. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 31519 -31529.

AMA Style

Arsalan Masood, Junjie Hu, Ai Xin, Ahmed Rabee Sayed, Guangya Yang. Transactive Energy for Aggregated Electric Vehicles to Reduce System Peak Load Considering Network Constraints. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 ():31519-31529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arsalan Masood; Junjie Hu; Ai Xin; Ahmed Rabee Sayed; Guangya Yang. 2020. "Transactive Energy for Aggregated Electric Vehicles to Reduce System Peak Load Considering Network Constraints." IEEE Access 8, no. : 31519-31529.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Power electronic transformers (PETs), as the core devices of the energy internet, are the key to achieve both effective consumption for renewable energy and the safe and coordinated operation for AC/DC hybrid system. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing PETs, a novel PET with an improved structure that applicable for multi-voltage level AC/DC hybrid distribution network is proposed. The topology of the proposed PET is analyzed, and the corresponding control methods are suggested for different parts. The input stage utilizes the modular multilevel converter structure and applies the virtual synchronous machine control strategy to enhance the inertia and damping of the system. The power of the output stage is adjusted flexibly and that enables the PET to provide certain power support to the upper grid and participate in its primary frequency regulation. A combined connection of input-series output-series and input-series output-parallel is applied for the dual-active-bridge modules of the isolation stage to enable network interconnection and electrical isolation of AC/DC grids with significantly different voltage levels. A power coordinated control method is then proposed to meet the power demand of the distribution networks connected to the output stage and ensure stable operations of PET simultaneously. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed PET topology and control strategy for AC/DC hybrid distribution network are finally verified via PSCAD/EMTDC simulation.

ACS Style

Jingguo Rong; Xin Ai; Yunning Li; Dapeng Ren. Research on the Structure and Control Strategy of a Novel Power Electronic Transformer for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 727 .

AMA Style

Jingguo Rong, Xin Ai, Yunning Li, Dapeng Ren. Research on the Structure and Control Strategy of a Novel Power Electronic Transformer for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (4):727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingguo Rong; Xin Ai; Yunning Li; Dapeng Ren. 2019. "Research on the Structure and Control Strategy of a Novel Power Electronic Transformer for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4: 727.

Case study
Published: 17 August 2018 in Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems
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Solar cells convert sun light into electricity, but have the major drawbacks of high initial cost, low photo-conversion efficiency and intermittency. The current-voltage characteristics of the solar cells depend on solar insolation level and temperature, which lead to the variation of the maximum power point (MPP). Herein, to improve photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency, and increase the lifetime of the battery, a microcontroller-based battery charge controller with maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is designed for harvesting the maximum power available from the PV system under given insolation and temperature conditions. Among different MPPT techniques, perturb and observe (P&O) technique gives excellent results and thus is used. This work involves the design of MPPT charge controller using DC/DC buck converter and microcontroller. A prototype MPPT charge controller is tested with a 200 W PV panel and lead acid battery. The results show that the designed MPPT controller improves the efficiency of the PV panel when compared to conventional charge controllers.

ACS Style

Salman Salman; Xin Ai; Zhouyang Wu. Design of a P-&-O algorithm based MPPT charge controller for a stand-alone 200W PV system. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2018, 3, 25 .

AMA Style

Salman Salman, Xin Ai, Zhouyang Wu. Design of a P-&-O algorithm based MPPT charge controller for a stand-alone 200W PV system. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems. 2018; 3 (1):25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salman Salman; Xin Ai; Zhouyang Wu. 2018. "Design of a P-&-O algorithm based MPPT charge controller for a stand-alone 200W PV system." Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 3, no. 1: 25.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2015 in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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This paper examines operation models of multiple virtual power plants (multiVPPs), aiming at unified management of the multiVPP through VPP central controller, which reveals the controllability of the VPP as source and load in general. Two operation models will be introduced in this paper: 1) VPP dispatch model; and 2) the game theoretic model for multiVPP dispatch. In the VPP dispatch model, considering interactive coordination between VPP and energy consumers, a demand response model based on time-of-use pricing mechanism and interruptible loads is employed. And then the optimal results of VPP dispatch model are applied in the game theoretic model for multiVPP dispatch. During the process of market competition, the bidding strategy of each VPP is determined by its affordable power output and fuel cost. To solve the inherent variability and unpredictability of the renewable generation sources, the multitime scale rolling scheduling strategy is adopted. Finally, taking the multiVPP, which consists of various distributed generations and battery storage devices, as an example, variables including transferred load, compensation capacity, optimal bidding strategy, and profits for each VPP are obtained. From the analysis of the results, the method serves as a foundation for dispatch of multiVPP.

ACS Style

Yao Wang; Xin Ai; Zhongfu Tan; Lei Yan; Shuting Liu. Interactive Dispatch Modes and Bidding Strategy of Multiple Virtual Power Plants Based on Demand Response and Game Theory. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2015, 7, 510 -519.

AMA Style

Yao Wang, Xin Ai, Zhongfu Tan, Lei Yan, Shuting Liu. Interactive Dispatch Modes and Bidding Strategy of Multiple Virtual Power Plants Based on Demand Response and Game Theory. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2015; 7 (1):510-519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao Wang; Xin Ai; Zhongfu Tan; Lei Yan; Shuting Liu. 2015. "Interactive Dispatch Modes and Bidding Strategy of Multiple Virtual Power Plants Based on Demand Response and Game Theory." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7, no. 1: 510-519.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2014 in 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
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With a large number of EV (Electric Vehicle) accessing to distribution network, this paper put to use game theory to balance grid company's gains and the consumers' costs. Reasonable subsidy and discharging price are the fundamental driving force for consumers to participate in V2G (Vehicle-to-grid). Based on different strategic decisions of grid company and consumers, the paper analyzes the their profits and the losses explains the relasionship between dischanging price and the numbers of EV paticipating to V2G. This research provides a reference for companies to formulate the subsidy and the discharging price.

ACS Style

Yao Wang; Xin Ai; Lei Yan; Zili Gao; Le Li; Shuting Liu; Han Han. A game-theoretic mode for EV discharging price and its application. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) 2014, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Yao Wang, Xin Ai, Lei Yan, Zili Gao, Le Li, Shuting Liu, Han Han. A game-theoretic mode for EV discharging price and its application. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao Wang; Xin Ai; Lei Yan; Zili Gao; Le Li; Shuting Liu; Han Han. 2014. "A game-theoretic mode for EV discharging price and its application." 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) , no. : 1-4.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2014 in 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
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Large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) connected to the power system would bring extensive negative impacts on power system operation and control. Based on this situation, this paper puts forward a coordinated schedule strategy about the charging and discharging of electric vehicles both at the scale charging station and smart residential area. The strategy adopts the demand response (DR) scheme, namely, the charging and discharging behavior of the electric vehicles are controlled by the time-of-use price (TOU). With the electricity price as a level, in order to smooth the fluctuation of load and enhance the profit of users, this paper builds a scheduling strategy model and solved by adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization to reduce the influence of premature of standard particle swarm algorithm on optimization result. Finally, through examples, the reasonable pricing mechanism for peak-valley charging and discharging as proposed in the paper has proved to be effective in smoothing the system load, and the users' economic benefits are satisfied at the same time. Meanwhile, the performance contrast between traditional PSO algorithm and improved PSO algorithm, it is proved that the latter is more effective for dealing with high-dimensional problems.

ACS Style

Huiying Zhang; Xin Ai; Zili Gao; Lei Yan. Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on demand response. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) 2014, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Huiying Zhang, Xin Ai, Zili Gao, Lei Yan. Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on demand response. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiying Zhang; Xin Ai; Zili Gao; Lei Yan. 2014. "Study on orderly charging management of EVs based on demand response." 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) , no. : 1-5.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2014 in 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific)
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A time-period dividing method is proposed for the time-of-use(TOU) charging price of plug-in electric vehicles based on a comparative analysis on time periods of TOU price in power grids and peak-valley time periods of local distribution networks. Based on the TOU charging price a mathematical optimization model is developed with two control objectives: maximizing the economic benefits of charging station and minimizing the variance of equivalent load curve. Comparing uncoordinated and coordinated charging modes, it is indicated that the peak-valley ratio of power grids can be reduced and the economic benefits can increase at the same time.

ACS Style

Weiquan Liang; Xin Ai; Shiwei Cui; Song Zhang. Study on coordinated charging strategy of PEV with price stimulation. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) 2014, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Weiquan Liang, Xin Ai, Shiwei Cui, Song Zhang. Study on coordinated charging strategy of PEV with price stimulation. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiquan Liang; Xin Ai; Shiwei Cui; Song Zhang. 2014. "Study on coordinated charging strategy of PEV with price stimulation." 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific) , no. : 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2014 in Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy
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This paper describes the research on a large-scale dispatchable grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system for supplying power to the grid for dispatch instead of supplying the electricity to a local load. In order to maximise the value of the solar energy, a hybrid electricity storage consisting of batteries and supercapacitors is used with the PV system. This paper proposes a control strategy focusing on the DC power at the DC link rather than at the grid-connected inverter. Two typical sets of real data, collected from existing sites, are used to demonstrate the practicality of the system. Finally, the simulation results are used to demonstrate the good performance and feasibility of the proposed system together with the proposed control strategy.

ACS Style

Xiaonan Han; Xin Ai; Yingyun Sun. Research on large-scale dispatchable grid-connected PV systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2014, 2, 69 -76.

AMA Style

Xiaonan Han, Xin Ai, Yingyun Sun. Research on large-scale dispatchable grid-connected PV systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 2014; 2 (1):69-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaonan Han; Xin Ai; Yingyun Sun. 2014. "Research on large-scale dispatchable grid-connected PV systems." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2, no. 1: 69-76.