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Carlos Oliveira Cruz
CERIS, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal

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Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Journal of Infrastructure Systems
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Infrastructure project delivery is a central topic in construction and project management. Time overruns are a critical dimension of successful project delivery. A significant body of knowledge exists regarding the understanding of time overruns. However, the literature has focused on endogenous determinants (project-related characteristics). This research expands the existing literature by explicitly analyzing exogenous determinants, such as the economic environment, governance and institutional quality, and legal and political frameworks. The paper analyses a set of 250 projects and attempts to understand the patterns and determinants of time overruns through an innovative approach based on the incorporation of exogenous determinants, examples being political, legal and regulatory, and economic ones. The findings confirm the hypothesis that time deviation distributions exhibit right skewness. In the used sample, the weighted average time deviation is 42.6%, and the mean time deviation is 36.7%, with a standard deviation of 32.9%. The results show that exogenous determinants have a substantial impact on time deviations (particularly political, institutional, and governance environment ones), as well the legal and institutional environment and economic context. Local government projects have more time deviations than those developed by the central government. Furthermore, no evidence was found to support that larger projects are more prone to time deviations than smaller ones.

ACS Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. The Determinants of Time Overruns in Portuguese Public Projects. Journal of Infrastructure Systems 2021, 27, 05021002 .

AMA Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. The Determinants of Time Overruns in Portuguese Public Projects. Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 2021; 27 (2):05021002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2021. "The Determinants of Time Overruns in Portuguese Public Projects." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 27, no. 2: 05021002.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic created an enormous disruption to the everyday life of the modern society. Among the various urban systems, transportation services were among those that suffered the most significant impacts, particularly severe in the case of highways. This paper addresses the challenges and responses to the pandemic from a private highway operator’s perspective and from a multidisciplinary perspective. Highway operators faced two main challenges: on one hand, the need to cope with the potential disruption caused by the pandemic and a national lockdown for almost three months, the provision of road services, and the requirement to ensure the proper operation and maintenance, and on the other hand, the strong negative impact of the pandemic on levels of traffic. Our case study shows that the operator’s management response in question is essentially characterised by being a first response to short term impacts while balancing for workers health and safety, engineering and management, internal business management, and overall economic impact. Highway operators were hardly prepared for such an event and became more focused on prioritising their employees and clients’ safety to avoid service disruption. Regarding levels of traffic, the pandemic has had severe effects, although to a varying degree, depending on the different types of vehicles (heavy, light, passenger, freight, among other types of vehicles) and the location of highways (coastal vs. interior). The lessons learnt can be valuable in future disruptive events and for other highway concession operators.

ACS Style

Carlos Cruz; Joaquim Sarmento. The Impact of COVID-19 on Highway Traffic and Management: The Case Study of an Operator Perspective. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5320 .

AMA Style

Carlos Cruz, Joaquim Sarmento. The Impact of COVID-19 on Highway Traffic and Management: The Case Study of an Operator Perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Cruz; Joaquim Sarmento. 2021. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Highway Traffic and Management: The Case Study of an Operator Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5320.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport
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Cost deviations have long been a relevant research topic within the field of public works and infrastructure. The literature has attempted to evaluate the frequency of deviations and overruns and the magnitude of these deviations. This paper provides a unique overview of 175 transport projects in the United Kingdom (UK), covering a period from 1985 to 2018, using data from the National Audit Office. The aim is to evaluate the cost deviations and overruns in the UK and to identify the main determinants, with a focus on exogenous determinants (context-related) which have been neglected in the existing literature. The results confirm that transport projects show a tendency towards overruns, although there are significant differences between road projects (with an average deviation of 18%) and other types of transport projects (with an average deviation of 60%). The results show that an increase in government efficiency levels leads to a decrease in cost overruns. This paper findings support the theory of Flybvjerg et al. (2018) that there is evidence of the existence of political determinants in cost overruns, but also that economic dynamics play a role in explaining cost overruns. Whether the political bias is psychologically or strategically-driven is yet to be demonstrated.

ACS Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Determinants of cost deviations and overruns in UK transport projects. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Determinants of cost deviations and overruns in UK transport projects. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2021. "Determinants of cost deviations and overruns in UK transport projects." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport , no. : 1-11.

Review article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Green roofs and green walls are effective resilient and adaptive solutions that provide multiple ecosystem services when implemented in urban environments. In the past years, research efforts have been made to understand the real value of these solutions. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive calculation of the economic merit of green roofs and walls, which have restricted the decision-making process. The objective of this study is to provide a state-of-the-art of green infrastructure economics, namely, to identify research methods, summarize range values for each green system and highlight research gaps. A systematic review with a particular focus on green roofs and walls is conducted as well as a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 79 scientific articles. Overall findings suggest that green infrastructure is preferable to traditional alternatives. Financial performance is typically low, quite often negative. However, economic evaluation improves when adding ecological and social benefits. The current weight of evidence suggests that balancing costs against benefits plays a significant role in the implementation of green infrastructure. However, this evidence is still not clear as studies have been reporting contradictory results. Firstly, the listed benefits are not always supported with empirical data, especially intangible ones, where valuation can be extremely difficult. Also, there seems to be a lack of awareness about the multiple benefits and co-benefits of green infrastructure as studies analyze just a few in-depth. Thus, the full potential of green infrastructure is not fully exploited. Secondly, results depend on the dynamic behavior of green roofs and walls. A wide range of possible values for the benefits and costs come out of different study conditions, depending on the influence of design characteristics and external factors on systems performance. Lastly, research methods are not systematically laid out. All this hampers the discussion and comparison of results and further progress. This review is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on green infrastructure, by helping to set general guidelines to assess their value, identify research gaps and, thus, better support the decision-making process of greening the built environment. Current analyses focus primarily on the most acknowledged benefits, but also extrapolation of results from previous modeling. Future research should be inclusive and based on local studies, using a more collaborative and interdisciplinary approach.

ACS Style

Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. Economics of green roofs and green walls: A literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021, 69, 102781 .

AMA Style

Inês Teotónio, Cristina Matos Silva, Carlos Oliveira Cruz. Economics of green roofs and green walls: A literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021; 69 ():102781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. 2021. "Economics of green roofs and green walls: A literature review." Sustainable Cities and Society 69, no. : 102781.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Green roofs and green walls are a potential strategy to increase green spaces in the urban environment. These solutions bring multiple benefits to the cities at the economic and socio-environmental levels. However, from the point of view of private investors, green roofs and green walls often have a negative financial evaluation. Concerning this, the quantification of the benefits according to building use and occupancy could be an important tool to assist the decision-making process and guarantee returns on investment. This study aims to support the decision-making process by managers and owners of youth hostels regarding green roofs and green walls implementation. Using a structured questionnaire, users’ perceptions were assessed through a five-point Likert scale. The survey was conducted in five youth hostels in Lisbon, Portugal. Analyses were performed in two phases. Firstly, using the original sample (n = 345), and subsequently grouping homogeneous individuals through cluster analysis. The results showed that most respondents support green infrastructure installation in the hostel and consider that these solutions could provide a greater sense of individual well-being and local aesthetic improvement. However, there is no strong evidence that green infrastructure solutions are considered a deciding factor to select local lodging, despite the fact that it can be a tiebreaker factor between two similar options. Furthermore, findings have shown that 90% of the respondents from Cluster 1 and 92% from Cluster 4 are probably not willing to pay higher daily rates for youth hostels that have green infrastructure solutions in place. On the other hand, 67% of the respondents from Cluster 2 were potentially willing to pay an additional amount. For the 345 respondents, the most preferred green infrastructure typologies are indoor living wall and the accessible green roof. Moreover, findings support the gender socialization and identity theory showing that women have a greater environmental concern compared to men.

ACS Style

Tiago Liberalesso; Raul Mutevuie; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; Maria Manso. Users’ Perceptions of Green Roofs and Green Walls: An Analysis of Youth Hostels in Lisbon, Portugal. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10136 .

AMA Style

Tiago Liberalesso, Raul Mutevuie, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Cristina Matos Silva, Maria Manso. Users’ Perceptions of Green Roofs and Green Walls: An Analysis of Youth Hostels in Lisbon, Portugal. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiago Liberalesso; Raul Mutevuie; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; Maria Manso. 2020. "Users’ Perceptions of Green Roofs and Green Walls: An Analysis of Youth Hostels in Lisbon, Portugal." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10136.

Research article
Published: 21 August 2020 in International Public Management Journal
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There is a growing concern in the field of public administration regarding cost overruns, which are often perceived to be a sign of project failure. Past studies have identified potential causes and explanatory factors for the occurrence of cost deviations. This article expands the existing body of knowledge by explicitly considering exogenous determinants (political, governance, and economic) to analyze how public management affects cost deviations and overruns. The article provides an empirical analysis of 4,305 projects developed in Portugal from 1980 to 2014. The study found that electoral periods; institutional, legal, and regulatory frameworks; and economic cycles all influence cost overruns.

ACS Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Public management and cost overruns in public projects. International Public Management Journal 2020, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Public management and cost overruns in public projects. International Public Management Journal. 2020; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Pinheiro Catalão; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2020. "Public management and cost overruns in public projects." International Public Management Journal , no. : 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Urban mobility is experiencing a profound change. Mobility patterns are becoming more complex, and typical home–work–home travel is no longer the rule, as journeys tend to connect multiple points in a rather inconstant pattern. This has changed the approach to transport planning. Existing transportation planning and operation approaches have been focussed on the ability to identify and forecast typical home–work/school–home travel and subsequently plan the transport system accordingly. The traditional approach has been: Forecast - > plan - > deliver. New mobility patterns and mobility solutions are characterised by greater flexibility, taking advantage of the “sharing concept” and simultaneously providing solutions that have lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These dynamics and an evolving environment raise several new challenges at different levels, fostering the development of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). This system transforms the physical transportation system into a commodity and takes advantage of the internet of things (IoT). However, the onset of MaaS solutions is anything but linear. Several business models have emerged, with different partners originating from different industries (e.g., technological, transport operators, infrastructure managers, etc.) developing their own solutions, often in competition with others. It is not unusual to find different MaaS solutions in the same city, which integrate different solutions. This paper intends to provide an analysis on the main challenges affecting mobility in general, and MaaS in particular, as well as the main business models used for delivering MaaS solutions. The paper uses a case study in Lisbon to illustrate some of the challenges.

ACS Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. “Mobility as a Service” Platforms: A Critical Path Towards Increasing the Sustainability of Transportation Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6368 .

AMA Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. “Mobility as a Service” Platforms: A Critical Path Towards Increasing the Sustainability of Transportation Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2020. "“Mobility as a Service” Platforms: A Critical Path Towards Increasing the Sustainability of Transportation Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6368.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction
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ACS Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Fernando Branco. Reconstruction Cost Model for Housing Insurance. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 2020, 12, 05020007 .

AMA Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Fernando Branco. Reconstruction Cost Model for Housing Insurance. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 2020; 12 (3):05020007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Fernando Branco. 2020. "Reconstruction Cost Model for Housing Insurance." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 12, no. 3: 05020007.

Preprint
Published: 28 July 2020
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Urban mobility is experiencing a profound change. On the one hand, mobility patterns are becoming more complex, and typical home-work-home travel is no longer the rule, as journeys now tend to connect multiple points in a rather inconstant pattern. This has changed the approach to transport planning, in that the existing transportation planning and operation approaches have been focussed on the ability to identify typical home-work/school-home travel and subsequently plan the transport system accordingly. The traditional approach has been: forecast -> plan -> deliver, as new mobility solutions are emerging. These are characterised by greater flexibility, in that they take advantage of the “sharing concept” and simultaneously provide solutions that have lower GHG emissions. Urban mobility follows a fuzzier pattern, with even the urban transportation system behaving like an active organism, where solutions are often quickly replaced. This dynamic and evolving environment raises several new challenges at different levels. The best digital solution system is the Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) one. This system transforms the physical transportation system into a commodity and takes advantage of the internet of things (IoT). However, the onset of MaaS solutions is anything but linear. Several business models have emerged, with different partners originating from different industries (e.g., technological, transport operators, infrastructure managers, etc.) developing their own solutions, often in competition with others. It is not unusual to find different MaaS solutions in the same city, which integrate different solutions.

ACS Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. “Mobility as a Service” Platforms: Using Digitalization to Increase the Sustainability of Transportation Systems. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. “Mobility as a Service” Platforms: Using Digitalization to Increase the Sustainability of Transportation Systems. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2020. "“Mobility as a Service” Platforms: Using Digitalization to Increase the Sustainability of Transportation Systems." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Infrastructure Systems
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Governments have used public–private partnership (PPP) units to ensure that PPP programs and projects are successfully delivered. These units frequently are understaffed and vulnerable to political and economic pressure to deliver. Few researchers have examined the organization, size, and transparency of these units. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of 27 Brazilian federative units. The research has been focused more on identifying governance characteristics, and this study includes indicators of success, such as project implemented and transparency level. The research concluded the following: (1) Brazilian PPP units still have to significantly improve PPP public transparency; (2) a reduced number of PPP projects is actually implemented, but the more transparent PPP units are those with the ability to successfully implement more projects; and (3) size matters in terms of staff—the larger the units are, the more projects are implemented and the better the conversion ratio (projects appraised versus projects in operation).

ACS Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Fernanda Rodrigues; Paulo Silva. PPP Development and Governance in Latin America: Analysis of Brazilian State PPP Units. Journal of Infrastructure Systems 2020, 26, 05020003 .

AMA Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Fernanda Rodrigues, Paulo Silva. PPP Development and Governance in Latin America: Analysis of Brazilian State PPP Units. Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 2020; 26 (2):05020003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Fernanda Rodrigues; Paulo Silva. 2020. "PPP Development and Governance in Latin America: Analysis of Brazilian State PPP Units." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 26, no. 2: 05020003.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in CivilEng
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Insurance is a growing economic activity within the construction sector. Homes and buildings are perhaps the most important investment an individual makes in his/her lifetime. Nevertheless, the market for insurance coverage policies applied to the building envelope is in an embryonic stage, mainly due to the lack of knowledge in terms of risk and costs associated to the failure of these elements. This study provides an innovative and methodological approach to the development of an insurance product that targets the obsolescence of building components. In defining a structured approach to the design of insurance policies for buildings, the use of the service life prediction models proposed in this study allows establishing different types of insurance policies with different risk premiums and evaluating different losses and risks accepted by the owners, thus promoting the increase of the patrimonial value of the asset and reducing the risk of premature failure and the uncertainty of the costs of maintenance during its life cycle.

ACS Style

Miguel Macedo; Jorge De Brito; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Ana Silva. Methodological Proposal for the Development of Insurance Policies for Building Components. CivilEng 2020, 1, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Miguel Macedo, Jorge De Brito, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Ana Silva. Methodological Proposal for the Development of Insurance Policies for Building Components. CivilEng. 2020; 1 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Macedo; Jorge De Brito; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Ana Silva. 2020. "Methodological Proposal for the Development of Insurance Policies for Building Components." CivilEng 1, no. 1: 1-9.

Review
Published: 29 April 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Worldwide, green infrastructure is increasingly used to mitigate the impacts of dense urban areas, contributing towards the naturalization of the built environment. However, for investors, these systems often emerge as requiring substantial upfront cost (high installation costs) and, depending on the solution, might also have significant maintenance costs. On the other hand, policymakers are placing green infrastructure on the agenda, as a solution to consider in urban planning and design. There is a mismatch between the economic/social/environmental value of green infrastructure and their financial analysis. As the quantified benefits of these solutions may not compensate the high implementation costs, discouraging building owners to invest in them. The alignment of both expectations, public and private agents, regarding the development of green infrastructure, is done through the use of incentives, with distinct configurations and nature, that promote and facilitate the adoption of green infrastructure by private investors. This research aims to identify and analyse the incentive policies used by several municipalities to promote the installation of green roofs and/or green walls. The data set includes 113 cities in 19 countries. The incentive policies were classified into six different categories: tax reductions, financing, construction permit, sustainability certification, obligations by law and agile administrative process. The results show that incentive policies are mainly concentrated in Europe and North America, and most incentive policies focus on the promotion of green roofs, as no exclusive incentive policies for the promotion of green walls were found. From all incentive policies studied, financial subsidies and obligations by law are the most used ways to promote green infrastructure worldwide.

ACS Style

Tiago Liberalesso; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; Maria Manso. Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives. Land Use Policy 2020, 96, 104693 .

AMA Style

Tiago Liberalesso, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Cristina Matos Silva, Maria Manso. Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives. Land Use Policy. 2020; 96 ():104693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiago Liberalesso; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; Maria Manso. 2020. "Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives." Land Use Policy 96, no. : 104693.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in Sustainability
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Green infrastructure, such as green roofs/walls, plays a key role in addressing urban problems. Despite the well-established sustainable mentality, aspects such as aesthetics, recreation, and welfare are still the main drivers for undertaking such investments. Several studies have focused on proving the benefits of green infrastructure, namely, thermal insulation, air quality, and others. However, significant soft benefits have not yet been properly addressed. It is, therefore, important to understand how much citizens are willing to invest in those mitigating measures and list the aspects that influence that value. This study suggests a methodology based on stated preferences to evaluate the willingness-to-pay of owner/tenants for green roofs/walls in residential buildings and determine the influence of multiple factors. Results show that consumers reveal higher willingness-to-pay for accessible green roofs. Knowledge of benefits and the accessibility of green roofs have a great impact on the willingness-to-pay. Recreation benefit is at the forefront of individuals’ concerns; even more than aesthetics.

ACS Style

Inês Teotónio; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; José Morais. Investing in Sustainable Built Environments: The Willingness to Pay for Green Roofs and Green Walls. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3210 .

AMA Style

Inês Teotónio, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Cristina Matos Silva, José Morais. Investing in Sustainable Built Environments: The Willingness to Pay for Green Roofs and Green Walls. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inês Teotónio; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva; José Morais. 2020. "Investing in Sustainable Built Environments: The Willingness to Pay for Green Roofs and Green Walls." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3210.

Case reports
Published: 07 April 2020 in The Engineering Economist
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Green infrastructure has been applied in urban areas to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization and promote the efficient use of resources. This study suggests a methodology for assessing the economic value of installing green roofs and green walls in public buildings, particularly in primary schools. The economic evaluation considers costs and benefits from three perspectives—(i) infrastructure, (ii) users, and (iii) environment—using three levels of analysis (i) financial, (ii) economic, and (iii) socio-environmental. The methodology is applied to ten alternative green roofs/walls scenarios in two primary schools in Lisbon, Portugal, for validation purposes. The cost-benefit analysis is carried out for a 40 and 50-year life cycle, using a 6.67% discount rate. The results show that all scenarios are feasible. The final benefit-cost ratios range between 3.01 and 34.99. A sensitivity analysis shows that the installation cost, esthetic improvement, and increased sound insulation have a significant impact on the results.

ACS Style

Catarina Almeida; Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. Socioeconomic feasibility of green roofs and walls in public buildings: The case study of primary schools in Portugal. The Engineering Economist 2020, 66, 27 -50.

AMA Style

Catarina Almeida, Inês Teotónio, Cristina Matos Silva, Carlos Oliveira Cruz. Socioeconomic feasibility of green roofs and walls in public buildings: The case study of primary schools in Portugal. The Engineering Economist. 2020; 66 (1):27-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catarina Almeida; Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. 2020. "Socioeconomic feasibility of green roofs and walls in public buildings: The case study of primary schools in Portugal." The Engineering Economist 66, no. 1: 27-50.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Green infrastructure have been widely spread to counter the negative effects of urbanization. However, their economic feasibility still generates discussion between researchers, investors and suppliers, leading to the need for more accurate and case-specific cost-benefit analysis. This study pretends to analyze the economic feasibility of greening transport infrastructures, in particular road tunnels. The proposed methodology includes the life-cycle costs and benefits of green systems. Its incremental approach considers economic appraisal components (financial, economic and socioenvironmental) and transport infrastructures dimensions (infrastructure, user and surroundings). This study simulates five green case studies in underground passages of a roadway with high traffic intensity in Lisbon, Portugal. Four out of five scenarios are economically feasible using a life-cycle of 40–50 years and a discount rate of 4,8 %. The final net present values range from 33.961 to 5.079.356 €. Discount and inflation rates, financial costs, reduction of the noise inside the tunnels, creation of new functional areas and aesthetical improvements have great significant impact on projects’ economic return.

ACS Style

Catarina Melo; Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. What’s the economic value of greening transport infrastructures? The case of the underground passages in Lisbon. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 56, 102083 .

AMA Style

Catarina Melo, Inês Teotónio, Cristina Matos Silva, Carlos Oliveira Cruz. What’s the economic value of greening transport infrastructures? The case of the underground passages in Lisbon. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 56 ():102083.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catarina Melo; Inês Teotónio; Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz. 2020. "What’s the economic value of greening transport infrastructures? The case of the underground passages in Lisbon." Sustainable Cities and Society 56, no. : 102083.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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When designing green roofs, decision-makers continually face the difficult task of balancing benefits against costs. The use of decision analysis methods is essential in complex decision-making processes including different perspectives, multiple objectives, and uncertainty. This is the case when choosing between green roof systems, since different stakeholders show diverse concerns, and each solution has a different cost and performance. One of the most used methods in decision analysis is multicriteria analysis. The present study aims to adapt existing multicriteria decision models for the context of green roofs installation. The proposed methodology is based on the MACBETH method (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique) and determines the green roof option with the best trade-off between costs and benefits in agreement with the preferences of the users/investors. The paper presents the application to a real case study in Lisbon, Portugal, comparing the installation of 6 different green roofs over a parking lot. The methodology application identifies the intensive green roof as best solution classifying with a score of 69.43 out of 100. The conclusions on the best option remained robust in the sensitivity and robustness analysis. This approach supports the decision-making process of green roofs and enables robust and informed decisions on urban planning, while optimizing buildings retrofitting.

ACS Style

Inês Teotónio; Marta Cabral; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva. Decision support system for green roofs investments in residential buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 249, 119365 .

AMA Style

Inês Teotónio, Marta Cabral, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Cristina Matos Silva. Decision support system for green roofs investments in residential buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 249 ():119365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inês Teotónio; Marta Cabral; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Cristina Matos Silva. 2019. "Decision support system for green roofs investments in residential buildings." Journal of Cleaner Production 249, no. : 119365.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in European Journal of Sustainable Development
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Green roofs and walls are one of the most promising alternatives for retrofitting existing built environments and tackle urban challenges in a multifunctional way. Yet, these solutions are being confined to specific countries or cities, as their economic contribution has not been fully examined nor accepted. GENESIS is a trans-disciplinary project funded by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia that will develop a systematic and comprehensive model to support potential investors or decision-makers, balancing the costs with the benefits of green roofs and walls in a life cycle perspective. The main objective of the project is to enhance existing cost-benefit analysis of green roofs and walls through a multidisciplinary approach that will allow the replication in different regions and type of infrastructures. This will be achieved by: i) monetizing and including all economic, social and environmental benefits in the analysis in order to weight different types of benefits (even those that are typically difficult to estimate because they have no market value) and establish a comparative basis of alternative solutions and potential scenarios; ii) comprising an uncertainty model to cope with climate change and inaccurate forecasting of benefits/costs modelling and; iii) including multi-criteria mode in order to incorporate users and investors preferences. This all-inclusive model crucial for a wide spreading in is green roofs and walls and a more sustainable development in cities. Keywords: green roofs/walls; cost-benefit analysis; investors/users preferences; sustainable urban development; uncertainty

ACS Style

Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Inês Teotónio. Project GENESIS: An All-inclusive Model to Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs and Walls. European Journal of Sustainable Development 2019, 8, 85 -85.

AMA Style

Cristina Matos Silva, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Inês Teotónio. Project GENESIS: An All-inclusive Model to Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs and Walls. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 2019; 8 (3):85-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Matos Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Inês Teotónio. 2019. "Project GENESIS: An All-inclusive Model to Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs and Walls." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 3: 85-85.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2019 in Case Studies on Transport Policy
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Along with an increase in the use of PPPs for the management and development of transport projects, considerable evidence exists regarding the difficulties encountered in creating robust contracts. It becomes necessary to adapt contracts to new circumstances, through renegotiation. The aim of this paper is to characterise this renegotiation and to improve the knowledge regarding what are the main drivers for renegotiation, and what are their main determinants and consequences. This paper focusses on the analysis and discussion of renegotiation in transport PPP projects, using a sample of seven projects in Brazil, during the period of 2006 to 2016, for a total of 20 renegotiations. The results exhibit a high frequency of renegotiation, and evidence of political influence on the likelihood of renegotiation, particularly when elections occur and/or there is a change in government. Institutional and regulatory framework play a key role in decreasing the likelihood (and consequences) of renegotiation.

ACS Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Renegotiation of transport public private partnerships: Policy implications of the Brazilian experience in the Latin American context. Case Studies on Transport Policy 2019, 7, 554 -561.

AMA Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. Renegotiation of transport public private partnerships: Policy implications of the Brazilian experience in the Latin American context. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 2019; 7 (3):554-561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dimas De Castro E Silva Neto; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Joaquim Miranda Sarmento. 2019. "Renegotiation of transport public private partnerships: Policy implications of the Brazilian experience in the Latin American context." Case Studies on Transport Policy 7, no. 3: 554-561.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2019 in Journal of Building Engineering
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges tackled today by the construction industry regarding sustainable development, and present a conceptual model to incorporate sustainability concerns in the long-term development of the sector. This means the adoption of best practices and strategies that will ultimately lead to a more sustainable development. The traditional approach to sustainability in the construction sector is excessively focused on the environmental dimension. In this paper the importance of considering all three dimensions of the well-known triple bottom line approach (environment, economic and social) is discussed. Furthermore, it is important to consider the operational, tactical and strategic dimensions to accommodate short to long-term impact in a strategy towards sustainability. The main conclusion of the paper is that it is necessary to have a comprehensive and long term strategy following an approach defined as “sustainable sustainability”. The analysis provided a roadmap of practical actions organized into a matrix (double entry: each of the three levels of sustainability; and three levels of actions: operational tactical and strategic), and set of key performance indicators to measure it.

ACS Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Patrícia Gaspar; Jorge de Brito. On the concept of sustainable sustainability: An application to the Portuguese construction sector. Journal of Building Engineering 2019, 25, 100836 .

AMA Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz, Patrícia Gaspar, Jorge de Brito. On the concept of sustainable sustainability: An application to the Portuguese construction sector. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 25 ():100836.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Oliveira Cruz; Patrícia Gaspar; Jorge de Brito. 2019. "On the concept of sustainable sustainability: An application to the Portuguese construction sector." Journal of Building Engineering 25, no. : 100836.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2019 in Buildings
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The insurance market deliberately excludes the buildings’ envelope from their insurance policies, neglecting all the damage that can be caused by the degradation process or ageing of the materials. This stance is mainly due to the lack of knowledge in terms of risk and costs associated to the failure of these elements. Even though the building and its elements are the most valuable asset of any owner, most often homeowners do not adopt effective preventive measures to mitigate the deterioration and obsolescence of their assets. This study proposes an innovative methodology for the design of insurance policies for buildings’ envelopes, applied to natural stone facade claddings. The insurance product is defined based on deterministic and stochastic service life prediction models, established through the past degradation history of 142 natural stone claddings analyzed in service conditions in Portugal. Single-parameter (only analyzing the cladding’s age) and multiparameter (encompassing the relevant variables) models are applied in the calculation of the insurance premium. The expected claims are related with the performance of maintenance actions and established according to three degradation levels. The results obtained reveal that an increased knowledge about the insured cladding leads to a reduction of the risk margin and consequently, to a lower annual value of commercial premium paid by a household. This study proposes an innovative solution for tailoring the insurance products, in terms of the risk of failure of the buildings components, as well as the financial charges related with the maintenance of these elements, channeling the risks to the market.

ACS Style

Miguel Macedo; Jorge De Brito; Ana Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; De Brito; Oliveira Cruz. Design of an Insurance Policy Model Applied to Natural Stone Facade Claddings. Buildings 2019, 9, 111 .

AMA Style

Miguel Macedo, Jorge De Brito, Ana Silva, Carlos Oliveira Cruz, De Brito, Oliveira Cruz. Design of an Insurance Policy Model Applied to Natural Stone Facade Claddings. Buildings. 2019; 9 (5):111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Macedo; Jorge De Brito; Ana Silva; Carlos Oliveira Cruz; De Brito; Oliveira Cruz. 2019. "Design of an Insurance Policy Model Applied to Natural Stone Facade Claddings." Buildings 9, no. 5: 111.