This paper reviews the position of entrepreneurial competency practices for sustainability within the learning and development (L&D) narrative over the last three decades. In alignment with the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, gaps within the context of entrepreneurial learning theories, learning delivery, and roles of interlocutors are addressed. The discourse unfolds the meaning and measurement attributes of entrepreneurial competencies, advocating for developing an inclusive framework within the entrepreneurial L&D space. Extant literature posits exclusivity in learning theories, learning delivery, and role of interlocutors as approaches to achieving Entrepreneurial Competencies (EC); however, scarcity in research adapting a dynamic and inclusive framework for amalgamating learning theories, learning delivery, and roles of interlocutors can impact entrepreneurial competency sustainability. This paper analyzes EC to achieve L&D sustainability, employing a mixed-method content analysis to develop a dynamic and inclusive framework encompassing learning theories, learning delivery, and roles of interlocutors. The paper concludes by establishing an Inclusive Framework of Entrepreneurial Competency Practices (IFECP) that bridges learning and development gaps, namely learning theories, learning delivery, and roles of interlocutors. The IFECP is aimed at assisting interlocutors and learners from nascent to mastery stages in ECs to embody the core values of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Amidst the rapid AI integration in higher education, this qualitative study explores psychological dynamics among higher education students in Malaysia. The chapter uncovers a spectrum of emotions - spanning from high to low anxiety in utilising AI in education, such as reliability and accuracy concerns, fear of over-reliance, ethics and fairness considerations, data privacy and security issues, balancing ai and human learning, need for guidance and support and impact on future skills and job prospects and privacy preferences with AI tools. By exploring students' nuanced experiences and perceptions, the study extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), highlighting the importance of considering psychological factors such as anxiety in technology adoption. The chapter offers practical insights for educators, policymakers, and the higher education industry to transform anxiety into achievement through tailored interventions and strategies to alleviate anxiety, fostering positive attitudes, and supporting successful integration of AI tools into students' academic journey.

Purpose – One of the challenges in the business world is maximising effectiveness and firm performance. This study proposes that the right blend of people (with openness to change and self-transcendence values) and process (effectuation) would result in innovative behaviour and firm performance.Theoretical framework – The effectuation process has been found to be useful in promoting innovativeness, especially among small firms whose resources are scarce. This relationship is also true in large firms, although these have more resources and operate in a relatively stable environment.Design/methodology/approach – Using a snowball sampling approach, a total of 206 completed questionnaires were collected online from employees involved in decision making and innovative work processes in multinational companies in Selangor, Malaysia. PLS-SEM was used to analyse the data.Findings – The right people (who are open to change or self-transcendent) blended with the right process (effectuation) were found to positively predict innovative behaviour and firm performance. Effectuation and innovative behaviour also mediated the relationships between individual values and firm performance, suggesting that people and process should coexist to enhance firm performance.Research Practical & Social implications – Effectuation is scarcely practised in large firms. Therefore, we suggest that large firms encourage the use of effectuation through training. As the practice is better received among individuals who are open to change and self-transcendent, these values could also be used as hiring criteria.Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature by analysing the roles of people and process in optimising firm performance, and identifying effectuation and innovative behaviour as mechanisms that link individual values to firm performance. Objetivo – Um dos desafios do mundo dos negócios é maximizar a eficácia e o desempenho de uma empresa. Este estudo propõe que a combinação certa de pessoas (com abertura para a mudança e valores de autotranscedência) e processos (effectuation, ou efetuação) resultaria em comportamento e desempenho inovadores por parte da empresa.Referencial teórico – O processo de efetuação tem se mostrado útil na promoção da inovação, especialmente entre pequenas empresas cujos recursos são escassos. Essa relação também é verdadeira em grandes empresas, embora estas tenham mais recursos e operem em um ambiente relativamente estável.Metodologia – Usando uma abordagem de amostragem de bola de neve, um total de 206 questionários preenchidos foram coletados online de funcionários envolvidos na tomada de decisões e processos de trabalho inovadores em empresas multinacionais de Selangor, Malásia. O PLS-SEM foi usado para analisar os dados.Resultados – Descobriu-se que as pessoas certas (que estão abertas à mudança ou são auto transcendentes) combinadas com o processo certo (efetuação) eram preditoras positivas do comportamento inovador e do desempenho da empresa. A efetuação e o comportamento inovador também mediaram as relações entre os valores individuais e o desempenho da empresa, sugerindo que pessoas e processos devem coexistir para melhorar esse desempenho.Implicações práticas e sociais da pesquisa – A efetuação é pouco praticada nas grandes empresas. Portanto, sugerimos que as grandes empresas incentivem o uso da efetuação por meio de treinamento. Como a prática é mais bem recebida por indivíduos abertos à mudança e auto transcendentes, esses valores também podem ser usados como critérios de contratação.Contribuições – Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao analisar os papéis das pessoas e dos processos na otimização do desempenho da empresa, e ao identificar a efetuação e o comportamento inovador como mecanismos que vinculam os valores individuais a este desempenho.Palavras-chave – Tomada de decisão baseada na efetuação; desempenho da empresa, valores individuais, comportamento inovador, empresas multinacionais (EMNs).