Weaning is a crucial period when piglets have to cope with sudden dietary, social, and environmental stressors that often lead to serious intestinal dysbiosis and mortality. In this study, five mucosal and five digesta samples from each proximate jejunum, distal jejunum, and mid-colon were collected from 7- and 27-day post-weaned pigs and subjected to microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene profiling. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria was significantly higher at 7 days (13.54%), while Bacteriodetes was higher at 27 days (30.72%) post weaning. Genera such as Campylobacter, Veillonella, Helicobacter, and Blautia that were previously reported in intestinal dysbiosis were significantly enriched in seven-day post-weaned pigs. However, microbial communities shifted as post weaning age increased with a significant increase in alpha diversity, and genera such as Moryella, Dialister, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Bacteroides become significantly abundant in 27-day post-weaned pigs. Interestingly, the genus Campylobacter was significantly abundant on seven-day post-weaning in two piglets with diarrhea, implicating its role in post-weaning diarrhea. The results of this study suggest that gut microbiota in pigs with dysbiosis on 7-day post weaning undergoes significant changes toward a more normal state as the post-weaning age reaches 27 days.

Prompt confirmation and diagnosis of disease are key factors in controlling outbreaks. The development of sampling techniques to detect FMDV RNA from the environment will extend the tool kit available for the surveillance of this pathogen. The methods presented in this article broaden surveillance opportunities using accessible techniques. Pairing these methods with existing and novel diagnostic tests will improve the capability for rapid detection of outbreaks and implementation of timely interventions to control outbreaks. In areas of endemicity, these methods can be implemented to extend surveillance beyond the investigation of clinical cases, providing additional data for the assessment of virus circulation in specific areas.

Cellulitis is an important disease in commercial turkey farms associated with signi ficant economic loss. Although the etiology of cellulitis is not fully elucidated, Clostridium septicum ( C. septicum ) is one of the main causes of this infectious disease. In this study, we report the development of a quantitative real -time PCR ( qRT PCR ) assay targeting the alpha-toxin gene ( csa ), which involves a prior 15-cyle PCR using a nested pair of primers to increase the detection sensitivity. Additionally, the TaqMan probe was employed to increase the targetspeci ficity of the assay. The performance of our nested qRT-PCR assay was evaluated using Clostridium isolates from turkey farms, representing both septicum and nonsepticum species, as well as sponge swab samples from turkey farms. Our step-by-step development of the assay showed that the csa gene is a suitable target for speci fic detection of C. septicum strains and that the inclusion of nested PCR step signi ficantly increased the detection sensitivity of the final qRT PCR assay. The performance of the assay was also validated by a high correlation of the threshold cycle numbers of the qRT PCR assay with the relative abundance of C. septicum read counts in 16S rRNA gene microbiota pro files of the C. septicum -containing samples from turkey farms.