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Rakhshanda Kousar
Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.

ACS Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9084 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Nazam, Abdus Samie, Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9084.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. 2021. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9084.

Research article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Journal of Public Affairs
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In the recent decade, the investigation of environmental degradation and its drivers has become a burning subject of dispute among the governments and their policymakers. However, various crucial drivers of environmental damages still have not been sufficiently analyzed in the existing literature. Considering this view, the current study investigates the impact of agricultural value-added, economic growth, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, and tourism on carbon dioxide emission (CO2) from 1995 to 2017 in South Asian countries. The results found that agricultural value-added, economic growth, non-renewable energy, and tourism sector development significantly increase the environmental degradation, depicting that these factors have a harmful contribution to the environmental quality. However, renewable energy consumption has some ability to improve the environmental quality in this region. Additionally, the results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin casualty test confirm the feedback hypothesis between economic growth and carbon emissions. However, a conservation hypothesis exists between carbon emission, and agriculture and finally, the growth hypothesis is valid between tourism and carbon emissions. Consistent with these empirical findings, this article suggests some vital policy implications for South Asian countries to accomplish their sustainable development goals (SDGs).

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Atif Jahanger. Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia. Journal of Public Affairs 2021, e2712 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Sofia Anwar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Atif Jahanger. Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia. Journal of Public Affairs. 2021; ():e2712.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Atif Jahanger. 2021. "Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia." Journal of Public Affairs , no. : e2712.

Research article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The main purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic association between financial development, tourism, primary and renewable energy utilization, urbanization, and carbon emission by employing the longitudinal data of 52 countries from 1995 to 2017. Empirical results of panel pooled mean group-autoregressive distributive lag (PMG-ARDL) model reveal that financial development significantly improves the environmental quality in developed countries. However, it has a detrimental but insignificant effect on the environment in developing countries. In the case of developed countries, the profound tourism sector is more harmful to the environment due to a large number of tourist arrivals in contrast to the developing countries. There is a wide difference between developed and developing countries concerning industrial, regional, and economic structure, in the effect of financial and tourism development on carbon emission, but both urbanization and primary energy utilization promote carbon emissions. The utilization of renewable energy sources improves the environmental quality in both regions. Generally, it is suggested that investment in renewable energy resources in both regions affects pollution differently and still has the potential to accelerate environmental quality. Moreover, the panel causality test explores that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, primary energy, and carbon emission in both regions, while a unidirectional causality is observed from urbanization to carbon emission in developed countries. In developing countries, it exists from tourism to carbon emission and carbon emission to renewable energy. Finally, from policy perspectives, the results of this research recommend developing the financial system, and more funds should be allocated in modern and eco-friendly energy projects and utilized energy-efficient technologies.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2021. "Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-22.

Original article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Agricultural Economics
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Welfare of the household depends on the better understanding of time allocation among different sectors in response to changes in economic conditions. This article estimates labor supply of male and female of rural households regarding activities for own‐farm, agricultural‐wage, and nonfarm sector. The study utilizes the cross‐sectional data of 341 rural households of the Punjab, Pakistan through random sampling technique. In Pakistan, like other developing countries, gender‐based wage data are almost nonexistent, and functioning of labor market is imperfect. Therefore, reservation wages are calculated through production function analysis. Our results reveal that literacy rate, social status, and rural infrastructure are key determinants in the rural labor market. Hypothesis of separability in agricultural household models is tested by applying three tests. Separability hypothesis is rejected on the bases of results indicating the presence of imperfect labor market in rural settings of Pakistan. The findings suggest that policy makers should focus on educational opportunities, infrastructure development, and minimizing entry barriers in labor market, especially for females, regarded as socially backward class in order to raise economic conditions of rural dwellers in Pakistan.

ACS Style

Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. Gender in agriculture: Determinants of female labor supply decisions among rural households in the context of market imperfections in Pakistan. Agricultural Economics 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar. Gender in agriculture: Determinants of female labor supply decisions among rural households in the context of market imperfections in Pakistan. Agricultural Economics. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. 2021. "Gender in agriculture: Determinants of female labor supply decisions among rural households in the context of market imperfections in Pakistan." Agricultural Economics , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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The current study seeks to investigate both, the determinants of ecological footprint and economic growth to explore the effectiveness of financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization in reducing the ecological footprint level and boost the economic growth during the period from 1990 to 2017 for 15 highest emitting countries. This study verifies the presence of cross-sectional dependency by utilizing second-generation tests for robust estimation. The results of augmented mean group (AMG) estimation approach revealed that financial development, renewable energy and trade openness significantly contribute to overcome the environmental degradation, while economic growth and non-renewable energy utilization are more responsible for the environmental damages. Moreover, in growth function, financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization significantly promote the economic growth. Additionally, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test revealed that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, economic growth, renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint. However, unidirectional causality is running from non-renewable energy and trade openness to ecological footprint. Furthermore, in growth function, financial development and non-renewable energy confirm the feedback hypothesis and unidirectional causal relationship exists from economic growth to renewable energy and trade openness. Finally, some policy suggestions and future research directions are also discussed for these economies.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 65, 102590 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar. Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 65 ():102590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. 2020. "Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries." Sustainable Cities and Society 65, no. : 102590.

Research article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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This study establishes a long-run relationship between ecological footprint, financial development, energy utilization, and tourism in 20 highest emitting economies under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework by utilizing the longitudinal data covering the period from 1995 to 2017. In the procedure of panel data estimation, conventional methodologies usually overlook the problem of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity across cross-sections. The other concern linked to the published literature is that only a small number of studies have estimated the effect of financial development and tourism on the environment in the presence of EKC framework simultaneously, even though these sectors have potentially substantial impact on environmental quality. To bridge these analyzed gaps, this study employs two different unit root tests: Cross-section Augmented Dickey Fuller (CADF) and Cross-section Augmented Im, Pesaran and Shin (CIPS) to confirm that the series are stationary at first difference after confirming the cross-sectional dependency. Westerlund cointegration test applied to confirm the long-run association among variables. Augmented mean group (AMG) results discovered that financial development and the energy utilization significantly enhance the pollution level, while tourism sector reduces the environmental deficit. Moreover, these findings do not validate the EKC hypothesis. Based on the empirical findings, multiple policy implications are suggested to control and reduce the environmental degradation without hindering economic growth and development for the underlying highest emitting countries.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 42980 -42995.

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (34):42980-42995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 34: 42980-42995.

Research article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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This study investigates the causal connection between economic growth, foreign direct investment, primary and renewable energy utilization, trade openness, and ecological footprint for 33 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) from Africa, Asia, Europe, and America during the period from 1994 to 2017. Initially, first- as well as second-generation panel unit root tests are applied to check the integration order after confirming the cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity. Four different tests (FMOLS, DOLS, FGLS, and AMG) are applied to estimate the long-run elasticity, whereas Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test is used to test growth, conservation, and feedback hypothesis. Results show negative relationship of economic growth on ecological footprint in Africa and Europe; renewable energy utilization in Asia, Europe, and America; and trade openness in Asia. Moreover, the results revealed an adverse impact of trade openness on ecological footprint in case of Africa and America. Furthermore, the results of D-H panel non-causality test confirm the growth hypothesis for economic growth to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and Europe; foreign direct investment to ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; primary energy utilization to ecological footprint in Asia; renewable energy utilization to ecological footprint in America; and trade openness to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and America. Furthermore, the feedback hypothesis was confirmed between economic growth and ecological footprint in Asia and Europe; foreign direct investment and ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint for America; and trade openness and ecological footprint for Asia and America. Finally, in context to efficient policy implications, it is suggested to associate the economic growth with clean energy and environment-friendly technologies by expanding the share of renewable energy in America and economic growth in Africa and Europe. Furthermore, Asian policy makers need to focus on foreign direct investment and trade openness by using green energy to overcome the environmental degradation. Impulsion with these findings, the central authorities of UMICs need to focus on more investments in environmental quality not only through foreign direct investment but also exchanging their clean energy technologies through trade policies such as tax exemption, feed-in tariffs, and subsidies. Government of these countries ought to upgrade the conventional capital which will ultimately improve the human lives by providing clean environment.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 38995 -39018.

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (31):38995-39018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31: 38995-39018.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2020 in Sustainability
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The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of trade openness and human capital on economic growth in 19 Asian countries from 1985 to 2017. We selected two geographically distributed regions (Western and Southern Asia) based on difference in their GDP per capita. We applied the unit root tests to examine the level of stationarity and found that all variables were integrated at first difference. Kao and Fisher cointegration tests were employed and the results revealed the presence of a long-run relationship. We applied fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models to check the magnitude of the long-run coefficients among trade openness, human capital and economic growth. To investigate the direction of causality, we used a Dumitrescu and Hurlin (DH) causality test. The results indicated that trade openness and human capital have a significant and positive relationship while labor force participation has a negative effect on economic growth in Southern Asia, and in the case of Western Asia, the impact is positive. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative and significant impact on GDP per capita (GDPPC) in Western Asia while it is positive and significant in Southern Asia; Total population (TPOP) has a negative impact on GDPPC in both regions. Furthermore, human capital has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in both panels. Meanwhile, labor force participation (LFP) has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in Southern Asia and a negative impact in the case of Western Asia. Trade openness and economic growth have bidirectional causality in Western Asia and unidirectional causality in Southern Asia. It also shows that human capital and economic growth have unidirectional causality in both regions.

ACS Style

Rabail Amna Intisar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2930 .

AMA Style

Rabail Amna Intisar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rabail Amna Intisar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2930.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2019 in Sustainability
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The livelihood of the people in the Himalayan range of Pakistan is largely dependent on the cultivation of fruits. Apricot and apple are the major fruits of this region, which are marketed throughout the country and also exported to other countries. Due to high perishability and the poor farm-to-market infrastructure in the region, farmers are unable to get maximum returns. This study was conducted keeping in view the importance of the region and the impacts of fruits on the livelihood of the farmhands. Cross-sectional data from 200 respondents were collected through a multistage random sampling technique. Factor analysis was employed to find out the constraint in the apricot production and propensity score matching estimates were employed to see the impact of apricot production on the farming communities in the study area. The results of the factor analysis show the most important group of constraints in the growth of the apricot industry is awareness, which is an internal factor. This is followed by production, policy, and marketing constraints. The least important is processing technology. Furthermore, the results show that apricot production has a significant positive impact on decreasing the poverty level of the household, depicting a great potential for the development of resilient livelihoods.

ACS Style

Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Azhar Abbas; Javaria Nasir; Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4482 .

AMA Style

Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Azhar Abbas, Javaria Nasir, Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Azhar Abbas; Javaria Nasir; Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. 2019. "Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4482.