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In modern times, humans have contributed to the occurrence of phthalate esters (PEs) in various environmental matrices by consuming plastics that generally contain PEs, which are essential synthetic organic chemicals for fabrication of various consumer products. Five beaches in Ulsan and Busan, South Korea, were investigated for the anthropogenic occurrence of four PEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in beach seawater. Using stir-bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, DnBP and DEHP were determined as generally dominant. At Ilsan Beach, both the northern and southern ends showed higher DnBP and DEHP concentrations than the middle of the beach, while DMP and DEP showed similar concentrations at all points. The differences in the DnBP and DEHP concentrations may be related to the fishery industry and domestic sewage inflow to the beach. In addition, a comparison among Ilsan, Imnang, and Songjeong beaches suggested the effects of neighboring industrial areas on the DnBP and DEHP ratio. This study provides information on the effects of seasons, weather events, the proximity of rivers, industrial behavior, and domestic sewage to PE concentrations in beach seawater.
Huijin Heo; Mi-Jin Choi; Jongkwan Park; Taewoo Nam; Jaeweon Cho. Anthropogenic Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Beach Seawater in the Southeast Coast Region, South Korea. Water 2019, 12, 122 .
AMA StyleHuijin Heo, Mi-Jin Choi, Jongkwan Park, Taewoo Nam, Jaeweon Cho. Anthropogenic Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Beach Seawater in the Southeast Coast Region, South Korea. Water. 2019; 12 (1):122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuijin Heo; Mi-Jin Choi; Jongkwan Park; Taewoo Nam; Jaeweon Cho. 2019. "Anthropogenic Occurrence of Phthalate Esters in Beach Seawater in the Southeast Coast Region, South Korea." Water 12, no. 1: 122.
Since the advent of flush toilet systems, the aquatic environment has received a massive contaminant flow. Furthermore, the perception of human feces has changed from a useful nutrient source for agriculture to a harmful contaminant. In this study, we compared the nutritional quality of five samples: (1) human manure (HM), (2) human manure from a family mainly eating organic food (HMO), (3) cow manure (CM), (4) poultry manure (PM), and (5) commercial nursery media (CNM). Samples were analyzed in terms of organic and inorganic nutrient contents, molecular composition, seed germination, and chlorophyll concentration. Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to describe the differences in molecular composition. Three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy characterized the organic composition of water extracts. From the results, CNM, PM, and HMO showed humic- and fluvic-like substance peaks, the highest values of potassium and sulfate ions, and of C/N ratios, indicating greater plant growth potential. This was confirmed by their higher chlorophyll concentrations and germination index values. These results contribute knowledge about the positive effects of manure, changing the negative perception of human excreta from waste to resource. This work provides a reference for reducing the wastewater loading rate in society.
Jongkwan Park; Kyung Hwa Cho; Mayzonee Ligaray; Mi-Jin Choi. Organic Matter Composition of Manure and Its Potential Impact on Plant Growth. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2346 .
AMA StyleJongkwan Park, Kyung Hwa Cho, Mayzonee Ligaray, Mi-Jin Choi. Organic Matter Composition of Manure and Its Potential Impact on Plant Growth. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2346.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJongkwan Park; Kyung Hwa Cho; Mayzonee Ligaray; Mi-Jin Choi. 2019. "Organic Matter Composition of Manure and Its Potential Impact on Plant Growth." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2346.