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In order to reduce the dependency of resin synthesis on petroleum resources, vanillyl alcohol which is a renewable material that can be produced from lignin has been used to synthesize bioepoxy resin. Although it has been widely reported that the curing reaction and properties of the cured epoxies can be greatly affected by the molecular structure of the curing agents, the exact influence remains unknown for bioepoxies. In this study, four aliphatic amines with different molecular structures and amine functionalities, namely triethylenetetramine (TETA), Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and ethylenediamine (EDA), were used to cure the synthesized vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin (VE). The curing reaction of VE and the physicochemical properties, especially the thermomechanical performance of the cured bioepoxies with different amine functionalities, were systematically investigated and compared using different characterization methods, such as DSC, ATR–FTIR, TGA, DMA, and tensile testing, etc. Despite a higher curing temperature needed in the VE–TETA resin system, the cured VE–TETA epoxy showed a better chemical resistance, particularly acidic resistance, as well as a lower swelling ratio than the others. The higher thermal decomposition temperature, storage modulus, and relaxation temperature of VE–TETA epoxy indicated its superior thermal stability and thermomechanical properties. Moreover, the tensile strength of VE cured by TETA was 1.4~2.6 times higher than those of other curing systems. In conclusion, TETA was shown to be the optimum epoxy curing agent for vanillyl alcohol–based bioepoxy resin.
Zhenyu Wang; Pitchaimari Gnanasekar; Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair; Songlin Yi; Ning Yan. Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent. Polymers 2021, 13, 2891 .
AMA StyleZhenyu Wang, Pitchaimari Gnanasekar, Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair, Songlin Yi, Ning Yan. Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent. Polymers. 2021; 13 (17):2891.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhenyu Wang; Pitchaimari Gnanasekar; Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair; Songlin Yi; Ning Yan. 2021. "Curing Behavior and Thermomechanical Performance of Bioepoxy Resin Synthesized from Vanillyl Alcohol: Effects of the Curing Agent." Polymers 13, no. 17: 2891.
Biobased nanofillers, such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), have been widely used as reinforcing fillers for various polymers due to their high mechanical properties and potential for sustainable production. In this study, CNF-based composites with a commercial biobased epoxy resin were prepared and characterized to determine the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The addition of 18⁻23 wt % of CNFs to epoxy significantly increased the modulus, strength and strain of the resulting composites. The addition of fibrils led to an overall increase in strain energy density or modulus of toughness by almost 184 times for the composites compared to the neat epoxy. The addition of CNFs did not affect the high thermal stability of epoxy. The presence of nanofibrils had a strong reinforcing effect in both glassy and glass transition region of the composites. A significant decrease in intensity in tan δ peak for the epoxy matrix occurred with the addition of CNFs, indicating a high interaction between fibrils and epoxy during the phase transition. The presence of highly crystalline and high aspect ratio CNFs (23 wt %) decreased the water vapour permeability of the neat epoxy resin by more than 50%.
Sandeep S. Nair; Christopher Dartiailh; David B. Levin; Ning Yan. Highly Toughened and Transparent Biobased Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Polymers 2019, 11, 612 .
AMA StyleSandeep S. Nair, Christopher Dartiailh, David B. Levin, Ning Yan. Highly Toughened and Transparent Biobased Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Polymers. 2019; 11 (4):612.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandeep S. Nair; Christopher Dartiailh; David B. Levin; Ning Yan. 2019. "Highly Toughened and Transparent Biobased Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils." Polymers 11, no. 4: 612.