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Carolyn Cairncross
Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

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Review
Published: 21 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The industrial and small-scale processing of plant-based food materials is associated with by-products that may have a negative impact on the environment but could add value to bread-based products. The bioactivity of plant-based food by-products, their impact on the properties of functional bread, and their bioavailability/bioaccessibility leading to potential health effects when consumed was reviewed. Plant-based food by-products which may be added to bread include rice bran, wheat bran, corn bran, grape pomace/seed extract, tomato seed/skin, and artichoke stems/leaves. These by-products contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, bioactive peptides, and arabinoxylan. Pre-treatment procedures, including fermentation and thermal processing, impact the properties of plant-based by-products. In most cases, bread formulated with flour from plant-based by-products demonstrated increased fibre and bioactive compound contents. In terms of the sensory and nutritional acceptability of bread, formulations with an average of 5% flour from plant-based by-products produced bread with acceptable sensory properties. Bread enriched with plant-based by-products demonstrated enhanced bioavailability and bioaccessibility and favourable bioactive properties in human blood, although long-term studies are warranted. There is a need to investigate the bioactive properties of other underutilised plant-based by-products and their potential application in bread as a sustainable approach towards improving food and nutrition security.

ACS Style

Isaac Amoah; Noamane Taarji; Paa-Nii Johnson; Jonathan Barrett; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. Plant-Based Food By-Products: Prospects for Valorisation in Functional Bread Development. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7785 .

AMA Style

Isaac Amoah, Noamane Taarji, Paa-Nii Johnson, Jonathan Barrett, Carolyn Cairncross, Elaine Rush. Plant-Based Food By-Products: Prospects for Valorisation in Functional Bread Development. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7785.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Amoah; Noamane Taarji; Paa-Nii Johnson; Jonathan Barrett; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. 2020. "Plant-Based Food By-Products: Prospects for Valorisation in Functional Bread Development." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7785.

Abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Older adults in New Zealand grew up in a society where food was prepared and consumed at home.

ACS Style

Carolyn Cairncross; Patricia Lucas; Phillipa Batts; David Hoskins; Stephen Neville; Valerie Wright-St Clair. “Everything Is Processed!”—Active Older Adult’s Perceptions of Processed Foods. Proceedings 2019, 37, 36 .

AMA Style

Carolyn Cairncross, Patricia Lucas, Phillipa Batts, David Hoskins, Stephen Neville, Valerie Wright-St Clair. “Everything Is Processed!”—Active Older Adult’s Perceptions of Processed Foods. Proceedings. 2019; 37 (1):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carolyn Cairncross; Patricia Lucas; Phillipa Batts; David Hoskins; Stephen Neville; Valerie Wright-St Clair. 2019. "“Everything Is Processed!”—Active Older Adult’s Perceptions of Processed Foods." Proceedings 37, no. 1: 36.

Abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Background: For children, body mass index, adjusted for age and gender is the globally acceptedmeasure of relative growth and risk of over and under-nutrition

ACS Style

E. Rush; L. Young; C. Cairncross. Child Nutritional Status—Alternative Metrics to Body Mass Index. Proceedings 2019, 8, 33 .

AMA Style

E. Rush, L. Young, C. Cairncross. Child Nutritional Status—Alternative Metrics to Body Mass Index. Proceedings. 2019; 8 (1):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Rush; L. Young; C. Cairncross. 2019. "Child Nutritional Status—Alternative Metrics to Body Mass Index." Proceedings 8, no. 1: 33.

Abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Good health and well-being of older adults may be achieved through lifelong nutritious andsatisfying food experiences

ACS Style

Patricia Lucas; Carolyn Cairncross; Phillipa Batts; David Hoskins; Stephen Neville; Valerie Wright-St Clair. Active Older Adults Recollections of Childhood Foods in NZ. Proceedings 2019, 37, 39 .

AMA Style

Patricia Lucas, Carolyn Cairncross, Phillipa Batts, David Hoskins, Stephen Neville, Valerie Wright-St Clair. Active Older Adults Recollections of Childhood Foods in NZ. Proceedings. 2019; 37 (1):39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Lucas; Carolyn Cairncross; Phillipa Batts; David Hoskins; Stephen Neville; Valerie Wright-St Clair. 2019. "Active Older Adults Recollections of Childhood Foods in NZ." Proceedings 37, no. 1: 39.

Abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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Background: Two main meals are consumed by Muslims during Ramadan, before sunrise(Suhoor), and after sunset (Iftar)

ACS Style

Abduraouf Ibrahim; Marwa Khalifa; Heather Came; Carolyn Cairncross. Beyond Nutrients: Insights for Health Professionals around a Communal Iftar Meal during Ramadan. Proceedings 2019, 8, 51 .

AMA Style

Abduraouf Ibrahim, Marwa Khalifa, Heather Came, Carolyn Cairncross. Beyond Nutrients: Insights for Health Professionals around a Communal Iftar Meal during Ramadan. Proceedings. 2019; 8 (1):51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abduraouf Ibrahim; Marwa Khalifa; Heather Came; Carolyn Cairncross. 2019. "Beyond Nutrients: Insights for Health Professionals around a Communal Iftar Meal during Ramadan." Proceedings 8, no. 1: 51.

Abstract
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings
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As well as obtaining nourishment from bread, consumer acceptability is dependent on the appearance, texture, aroma, taste and swallowablity.

ACS Style

Isaac Amoah; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. Beyond Nutrition: From Conceptualization to Development—A Case Study of a Bread. Proceedings 2019, 37, 12 .

AMA Style

Isaac Amoah, Carolyn Cairncross, Elaine Rush. Beyond Nutrition: From Conceptualization to Development—A Case Study of a Bread. Proceedings. 2019; 37 (1):12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Amoah; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. 2019. "Beyond Nutrition: From Conceptualization to Development—A Case Study of a Bread." Proceedings 37, no. 1: 12.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2017 in The New Zealand medical journal
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ACS Style

Isaac Amoah; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. The battle for better nutrition: the role of the escalating fruit and vegetable prices. The New Zealand medical journal 2017, 130, 1 .

AMA Style

Isaac Amoah, Carolyn Cairncross, Elaine Rush. The battle for better nutrition: the role of the escalating fruit and vegetable prices. The New Zealand medical journal. 2017; 130 (1465):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Amoah; Carolyn Cairncross; Elaine Rush. 2017. "The battle for better nutrition: the role of the escalating fruit and vegetable prices." The New Zealand medical journal 130, no. 1465: 1.

Project note
Published: 26 January 2016 in BMC Research Notes
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Prevention of childhood obesity is a global priority. The school setting offers access to large numbers of children and the ability to provide supportive environments for quality physical activity and nutrition. This article describes Project Energize, a through-school physical activity and nutrition programme that celebrated its 10-year anniversary in 2015 so that it might serve as a model for similar practices, initiatives and policies elsewhere. The programme was envisaged and financed by the Waikato District Health Board of New Zealand in 2004 and delivered by Sport Waikato to 124 primary schools as a randomised controlled trial from 2005 to 2006. The programme has since expanded to include all 242 primary schools in the Waikato region and 70 schools in other regions, including 53,000 children. Ongoing evaluation and development of Project Energize has shown it to be sustainable (ongoing for >10 years), both effective (lower obesity, higher physical fitness) and cost effective (one health related cost quality adjusted life year between $18,000 and $30,000) and efficient ($45/child/year) as a childhood 'health' programme. The programme's unique community-based approach is inclusive of all children, serving a population that is 42% Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. While the original nine healthy eating and seven quality physical activity goals have not changed, the delivery and assessment processes has been refined and the health service adapted over the 10 years of the programme existence, as well as adapted over time to other settings including early childhood education and schools in Cork in Ireland. Evaluation and research associated with the programme delivery and outcomes are ongoing. The dissemination of findings to politicians and collaboration with other service providers are both regarded as priorities.

ACS Style

Elaine Rush; Carolyn Cairncross; Margaret Hinepo Williams; Marilyn Tseng; Tara Coppinger; Steph McLennan; Kasha Latimer. Project Energize: intervention development and 10 years of progress in preventing childhood obesity. BMC Research Notes 2016, 9, 44 .

AMA Style

Elaine Rush, Carolyn Cairncross, Margaret Hinepo Williams, Marilyn Tseng, Tara Coppinger, Steph McLennan, Kasha Latimer. Project Energize: intervention development and 10 years of progress in preventing childhood obesity. BMC Research Notes. 2016; 9 (1):44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elaine Rush; Carolyn Cairncross; Margaret Hinepo Williams; Marilyn Tseng; Tara Coppinger; Steph McLennan; Kasha Latimer. 2016. "Project Energize: intervention development and 10 years of progress in preventing childhood obesity." BMC Research Notes 9, no. 1: 44.