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Dr. Adrian Korodi
Faculty of Automation and Computers Science, Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania

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0 Cyber-Physical Systems
0 Industrial Automation
0 SCADA
0 industrial Internet of Things
0 photovoltaic systems

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industrial Internet of Things
OPC UA
SCADA
Industrial Automation

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Journal article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Sensors
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The Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 paradigms are steering the industrial landscape towards better connected entities, superior interoperability and information exchange, which lays the basis for developing more intelligent solutions that are already starting to bring numerous benefits. The current research aligns to this course, in an attempt to build an automated and autonomous software tool, capable of reducing the energy consumption of a water treatment and distribution facility, by optimizing the water sources usage. Based on several previous researches, the present paper details both the complete automation of the optimizing strategy inside a proactive historian application and the tests executed with the finished solution. Possessing the abilities to directly influence the monitored system in a non-invasive manner, and to link all the sequences of the algorithm automatically, the solution is now ready for long-term functioning without any external interference.

ACS Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. Complete Automation of an Energy Consumption Reduction Strategy from a Water Treatment and Distribution Facility, Inside an Industrial Internet of Things-Compliant Proactive Historian Application. Sensors 2021, 21, 2569 .

AMA Style

Andrei Nicolae, Adrian Korodi, Ioan Silea. Complete Automation of an Energy Consumption Reduction Strategy from a Water Treatment and Distribution Facility, Inside an Industrial Internet of Things-Compliant Proactive Historian Application. Sensors. 2021; 21 (7):2569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. 2021. "Complete Automation of an Energy Consumption Reduction Strategy from a Water Treatment and Distribution Facility, Inside an Industrial Internet of Things-Compliant Proactive Historian Application." Sensors 21, no. 7: 2569.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2021 in Sensors
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The Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) protocol is a key enabler of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). OPC UA is already accepted by the industry and its presence is expected to reach more and more fields, applications, and hierarchical levels. Advances within the latest specifications are providing the opportunity to extend the capabilities and the applicability of the protocol, targeting better performances in terms of data volumes, speed, availability, footprint, and security. Continuing previous researches focusing on the publish–subscribe (pub/sub) mechanism and real-time constraints, the current study aims to consider higher data-volumes, approach the multi-channel User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based communication, and analyze the robustness of the developed mechanism in the context of long-term data transmission. Consequently, the research proposes to extend the applicability of the OPC UA in the context of image transmission. Although highly needed, the image transmission after processing is currently beyond the reach of OPC UA or other legacy industrial protocols, being considered as a separate fraction in the industrial environment. The concept and developments are applied considering both the end-of-line industrial manufacturing process in the automotive sector and the car-to-infrastructure communication. Without special hardware constraints, the obtained results are proven to be appreciable, opening various future perspectives for image transmission using OPC UA.

ACS Style

Alexandru Ioana; Camelia Burlacu; Adrian Korodi. Approaching OPC UA Publish–Subscribe in the Context of UDP-Based Multi-Channel Communication and Image Transmission. Sensors 2021, 21, 1296 .

AMA Style

Alexandru Ioana, Camelia Burlacu, Adrian Korodi. Approaching OPC UA Publish–Subscribe in the Context of UDP-Based Multi-Channel Communication and Image Transmission. Sensors. 2021; 21 (4):1296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandru Ioana; Camelia Burlacu; Adrian Korodi. 2021. "Approaching OPC UA Publish–Subscribe in the Context of UDP-Based Multi-Channel Communication and Image Transmission." Sensors 21, no. 4: 1296.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Sensors
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Communication protocols are evolving continuously as the interfacing and interoperability requirements are the foundation of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and the Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture (OPC UA) protocol is a major enabling technology. OPC UA was adopted by the industry, and research is continuously carried out to extend and to improve its capabilities, to fulfil the growing requirements of specific industries and hierarchical levels. Consistent issues that have to be approached are related to the latest specifications and the real-time context that could extend the applicability of the protocol and bring significant benefits in terms of speed, data volumes, footprint, security. The real-time context is essential in the automotive sector and it is highly developed within some specific protocols. The current work approaches first the conceptual analysis to improve the OPC UA interfacing using the Publish-Subscribe mechanism, focusing on real-time constraints and role distribution between entities, and considering some well-founded interfacing strategies from the automotive sector. The conceptual analysis is materialized into a solution that takes OPC UA Publish-Subscribe over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) mechanism to the next level by developing a synchronization algorithm and a multithreading broker application to obtain real time responsiveness and increased efficiency by lowering the publisher and the subscriber footprint and computational effort, reducing the difficulty of sending larger volumes of data for various subscribers and the charge on the network and services in terms of polling and filtering. The proof of concept is evaluated and the results prove the efficiency of the approach and the solution.

ACS Style

Alexandru Ioana; Adrian Korodi. Improving OPC UA Publish-Subscribe Mechanism over UDP with Synchronization Algorithm and Multithreading Broker Application. Sensors 2020, 20, 5591 .

AMA Style

Alexandru Ioana, Adrian Korodi. Improving OPC UA Publish-Subscribe Mechanism over UDP with Synchronization Algorithm and Multithreading Broker Application. Sensors. 2020; 20 (19):5591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandru Ioana; Adrian Korodi. 2020. "Improving OPC UA Publish-Subscribe Mechanism over UDP with Synchronization Algorithm and Multithreading Broker Application." Sensors 20, no. 19: 5591.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Sensors
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With the recent advances in the area of OPC UA interfacing and the continuously growing requirements of the industrial automation world, combined with the more and more complex configurations of ECUs inside vehicles and services associated to car to infrastructure and even car to car communications, the gap between the two domains must be analyzed and filled. This gap occurred mainly because of the rigidness and lack of transparency of the software-hardware part of the automotive sector and the new demands for car to infrastructure communications. The issues are related to protocols as well as to conceptual views regarding requirements and already adopted individual directions. The industrial world is in the Industry 4.0 era, and in the Industrial Internet of Things context, its key interfacing enabler is OPC UA. Mainly to accommodate requirements related, among others, to high volumes, transfer rates, larger numbers of nodes, improved coordination and services, OPC UA enhances within its specifications the Publish-Subscribe mechanism and the TSN technology. In the OPC UA context, together with the VSOME/IP Notify-Subscribe mechanism, the current work is stepping toward a better understanding of the current relation between the needs of the industry and the suitable technologies, providing in-depth analysis on the most recent paradigms developed for data transmission, taking in consideration the real-time capabilities and use-cases of high concern in automation and automotive domains, and toward obtaining a VSOME/IP—OPC UA Gateway that includes the necessary characteristics and services in order to fill the protocol-related gap between the above mentioned fields. The developed case study results are proving the efficiency of the concept and are providing a better understanding regarding the impact between ongoing solutions and future requirements.

ACS Style

Alexandru Ioana; Adrian Korodi. OPC UA Publish-Subscribe and VSOME/IP Notify-Subscribe Based Gateway Application in the Context of Car to Infrastructure Communication. Sensors 2020, 20, 4624 .

AMA Style

Alexandru Ioana, Adrian Korodi. OPC UA Publish-Subscribe and VSOME/IP Notify-Subscribe Based Gateway Application in the Context of Car to Infrastructure Communication. Sensors. 2020; 20 (16):4624.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandru Ioana; Adrian Korodi. 2020. "OPC UA Publish-Subscribe and VSOME/IP Notify-Subscribe Based Gateway Application in the Context of Car to Infrastructure Communication." Sensors 20, no. 16: 4624.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2020 in IoT
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The Internet of Things (IoT) represents the binder of two worlds, specifically the real one and the digital one: tangible objects become recognizable in the virtual world, having digital matches, thus creating a network that enables the connection in-between the components. With the contemporary evolution of this domain, interconnectivity has become a primary fraction of new research and development directions. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a concept that covers the more industrial level of the physical and digital connection and stays behind the Industry 4.0 concept. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) applications are important in the industry, their core being very present as complex products of big companies, at high prices. The Node-RED environment quickly evolved as one of the most important perspectives in IIoT, able to replace, up to a certain level, classic SCADA applications, bringing benefits to the industry. In this paper, the main focus is to evidence this aspect and to develop an application that will demonstrate the functionality of the concept, making use of protocols such as Modbus TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for interacting with industrial devices and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to interact with higher-levels, which provides a publish-subscribe structuring and a low band-width usage. The application uses logging and archiving modules based on InfluxDB database and is conceived to achieve the visual supervisory structure as close as possible to well-known SCADA solutions. The presented work results prove the efficiency of the solution.

ACS Style

Ioana-Victoria Nițulescu; Adrian Korodi. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Approach in Node-RED. Application and Discussions. IoT 2020, 1, 76 -91.

AMA Style

Ioana-Victoria Nițulescu, Adrian Korodi. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Approach in Node-RED. Application and Discussions. IoT. 2020; 1 (1):76-91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ioana-Victoria Nițulescu; Adrian Korodi. 2020. "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Approach in Node-RED. Application and Discussions." IoT 1, no. 1: 76-91.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Sensors
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The manufacturing industry is continuously researching and developing strategies and solutions to increase product quality and to decrease production time and costs. The approach is always targeting more automated, traceable, and supervised production, minimizing the impact of the human factor. In the automotive industry, the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) manufacturing ends with complex testing, the End-of-Line (EoL) products being afterwards sent to client companies. This paper proposes an image-processing-based low-cost fault detection (IP-LC-FD) solution for the EoL ECUs, aiming for high-quality and fast detection. The IP-LC-FD solution approaches the problem of determining, on the manufacturing line, the correct mounting of the pins in the locations of each connector of the ECU module, respectively, other defects as missing or extra pins, damaged clips, or surface cracks. The IP-LC-FD system is a hardware–software structure, based on Raspberry Pi microcomputers, Pi cameras, respectively, Python and OpenCV environments. This paper presents the two main stages of the research, the experimental model, and the prototype. The rapid integration into the production line represented an important goal, meaning the accomplishment of the specific hard acceptance requirements regarding both performance and functionality. The solution was implemented and tested as an experimental model and prototype in a real industrial environment, proving excellent results.

ACS Style

Adrian Korodi; Denis Anitei; Alexandru Boitor; Ioan Silea. Image-Processing-Based Low-Cost Fault Detection Solution for End-of-Line ECUs in Automotive Manufacturing. Sensors 2020, 20, 3520 .

AMA Style

Adrian Korodi, Denis Anitei, Alexandru Boitor, Ioan Silea. Image-Processing-Based Low-Cost Fault Detection Solution for End-of-Line ECUs in Automotive Manufacturing. Sensors. 2020; 20 (12):3520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrian Korodi; Denis Anitei; Alexandru Boitor; Ioan Silea. 2020. "Image-Processing-Based Low-Cost Fault Detection Solution for End-of-Line ECUs in Automotive Manufacturing." Sensors 20, no. 12: 3520.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The current landscape in the water industry is dominated by legacy technical systems that are inefficient and unoptimized. In recent years, sustained efforts could be identified, especially under the guidance of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm, in order to develop an increased level of both connectivity and intelligence in the functioning of industrial processes. This led to the emergence of the data accumulation concept, materialized in the practical sphere by Historian applications. Although various classic Historian solutions are available, the capability to optimize and influence the monitored system in a proactive way, resulting in increased efficiency, cost reduction, or quality indicators improvements, could not be identified to date. Following a proposed software reference architecture for such a proactive Historian, a data dependency identification strategy and some obtained recipes for energy efficiency improvements in the water industry were developed. However, a complete solution for real industrial processes represents complex research. The current paper contributes to this research effort by developing part of the reference architecture that predicts the future evolution of the monitored system, based on weather dependency and forecast, thus sustaining the effort to achieve a fully functional, real-world, tested and validated proactive Historian application, with potential to bring significant direct benefits to the water industry.

ACS Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. Weather-Based Prediction Strategy inside the Proactive Historian with Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3015 .

AMA Style

Andrei Nicolae, Adrian Korodi, Ioan Silea. Weather-Based Prediction Strategy inside the Proactive Historian with Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3015.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. 2020. "Weather-Based Prediction Strategy inside the Proactive Historian with Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3015.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The automotive industry is developing continuously, trying to improve, among others, the safety of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Using modern technology, the dangers caused by weather hazards like rain, snow, fog, or glare were identified and reduced. This paper presents an anti-glare solution using existing technologies that can be found already in a high-end car like the driver’s eyes tracking systems, light intensity sensors, or head-up displays. In addition to the existing elements, a sun tracking sensor is required to detect the point where the sun light has the maximum intensity on the windshield surface. Knowing the driver’s position and the point on the windshield where the sunlight has a high intensity, a dark spot can be created on the windshield in order to reduce the discomfort created by glare. Depending on the intensity of the light and taking into consideration the traffic safety laws, the spot’s transparency can vary between certain limits. Therefore, the dangers caused by glare will be diminished and the risks of not observing pedestrians, other traffic participants, traffic signs, or sudden curves will be considerably lower. Another advantage of using a digital sunshade based on smart glass or in-glass transparent displays, instead of a regular sunshade, is that the whole windshield can be protected against glare not just the top of it. The results were verified and highlighted using computer simulations done via a MATLAB environment.

ACS Style

Vlad-Ilie Ungureanu; Răzvan-Cătălin Miclea; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. A Novel Approach against Sun Glare to Enhance Driver Safety. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3032 .

AMA Style

Vlad-Ilie Ungureanu, Răzvan-Cătălin Miclea, Adrian Korodi, Ioan Silea. A Novel Approach against Sun Glare to Enhance Driver Safety. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vlad-Ilie Ungureanu; Răzvan-Cătălin Miclea; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. 2020. "A Novel Approach against Sun Glare to Enhance Driver Safety." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3032.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Processes
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The industry is generally preoccupied with the evolution towards Industry 4.0 principles and the associated advantages as cost reduction, respectively safety, availability, and productivity increase. So far, it is not completely clear how to reach these advantages and what their exact representation or impact is. It is necessary for industrial systems, even legacy ones, to assure interoperability in the context of chronologically dispersed and currently functional solutions, respectively; the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA) protocol is an essential requirement. Then, following data accumulation, the resulting process-aware strategies have to present learning capabilities, pattern identification, and conclusions to increase efficiency or safety. Finally, model-based analysis and decision and control procedures applied in a non-invasive manner over functioning systems close the optimizing loop. Drinking water facilities, as generally the entire water sector, are confronted with several issues in their functioning, with a high variety of implemented technologies. The solution to these problems is expected to create a more extensive connection between the physical and the digital worlds. Following previous research focused on data accumulation and data dependency analysis, the current paper aims to provide the next step in obtaining a proactive historian application and proposes a non-invasive decision and control solution in the context of the Industrial Internet of Things, meant to reduce energy consumption in a water treatment and distribution process. The solution is conceived for the fog computing concept to be close to local automation, and it is automatically adaptable to changes in the process’s main characteristics caused by various factors. The developments were applied to a water facility model realized for this purpose and on a real system. The results prove the efficiency of the concept.

ACS Style

Adrian Korodi; Ruben Crisan; Andrei Nicolae; Ioan Silea. Industrial Internet of Things and Fog Computing to Reduce Energy Consumption in Drinking Water Facilities. Processes 2020, 8, 282 .

AMA Style

Adrian Korodi, Ruben Crisan, Andrei Nicolae, Ioan Silea. Industrial Internet of Things and Fog Computing to Reduce Energy Consumption in Drinking Water Facilities. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrian Korodi; Ruben Crisan; Andrei Nicolae; Ioan Silea. 2020. "Industrial Internet of Things and Fog Computing to Reduce Energy Consumption in Drinking Water Facilities." Processes 8, no. 3: 282.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2019 in Sensors
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The increased number of cyber threats against the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and automation systems in the Industrial-Internet-of-Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 era has raised concerns in respect to the importance of securing critical infrastructures and manufacturing plants. The evolution towards interconnection and interoperability has expanded the vulnerabilities of these systems, especially in the context of the widely spread legacy standard protocols, by exposing the data to the outside network. After gaining access to the system data by launching a variety of attacks, an intruder can cause severe damage to the industrial process in place. Hence, this paper attempts to respond to the security issue caused by legacy structures using insecure communication protocols (e.g., Modbus TCP, DNP3, S7), presenting a different perspective focused on the capabilities of a trusted platform module (TPM). Furthermore, the intent is to assure the authenticity of the data transmitted between two entities on the same (horizontal interoperation) or different (vertical interoperation) hierarchical levels communicating through Modbus TCP protocol based on functionalities obtained by integrating trusted platform modules. From the experimental results perspective, the paper aims to show the advantages of integrating TPMs in automation/SCADA systems in terms of security. Two methods are proposed in order to assure the authenticity of the messages which are transmitted, respectively the study presents the measurements related to the increased time latency introduced due to the proposed concept.

ACS Style

Alexandra Tidrea; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. Cryptographic Considerations for Automation and SCADA Systems Using Trusted Platform Modules. Sensors 2019, 19, 4191 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Tidrea, Adrian Korodi, Ioan Silea. Cryptographic Considerations for Automation and SCADA Systems Using Trusted Platform Modules. Sensors. 2019; 19 (19):4191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Tidrea; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. 2019. "Cryptographic Considerations for Automation and SCADA Systems Using Trusted Platform Modules." Sensors 19, no. 19: 4191.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2019 in Water
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Current efforts towards achieving better connectivity and increasing intelligence in functioning of industrial processes are guided by the Industrial Internet of Things paradigm and implicitly stimulate occurrence of data accumulation. In recent years, several researchers and industrial products have presented Historian application solutions for data accumulation. The large amounts of data that are gathered by these Historians remains mostly unused or used only for reporting purposes. So far, Historians have been focused on connectivity, data manipulation possibilities, and sometimes on low-cost solutions in order to gain higher applicability or to integrate multiple SCADA servers (e.g. Siemens–WinCC, Schneider Electric – Vijeo Citect, IGSS, Wonderware, InduSoft Web Studio, Inductive Automation – Ignition, etc.), etc. Both literature and industry are currently unable to identify a Historian solution that functions in fog and efficiently applies and is built upon Industry 4.0 ideas. The future is to conceive a proactive Historian that is able to, besides gathering data, identify dependencies and patterns for particular processes and elaborate strategies to increase performance in order to provide feedback through corrective action on the functional system. Using available solutions, determining patterns by the Historian operator in the context of big data is a tremendous effort. The motivation of this research is provided by the currently unoptimized and partly inefficient systems in the water industry that can benefit from cost reduction and quality indicator improvements through IIoT concepts related to data processing and process adjustments. As the first part of more complex research to obtain a proactive Historian, the current paper wishes to propose a reference architecture and to address the issue of data dependency analyses as part of pattern identification structures. The conceptual approach targets a highly customizable solution considering the variety of industrial processes, but it also underlines basic software modules as generally applicable for the same reason. To prove the efficiency of the obtained solution in the context of real industrial processes, and their corresponding monitoring and control solutions, the paper presents a test scenario in the water industry.

ACS Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. Identifying Data Dependencies as First Step to Obtain a Proactive Historian: Test Scenario in the Water Industry 4.0. Water 2019, 11, 1144 .

AMA Style

Andrei Nicolae, Adrian Korodi, Ioan Silea. Identifying Data Dependencies as First Step to Obtain a Proactive Historian: Test Scenario in the Water Industry 4.0. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrei Nicolae; Adrian Korodi; Ioan Silea. 2019. "Identifying Data Dependencies as First Step to Obtain a Proactive Historian: Test Scenario in the Water Industry 4.0." Water 11, no. 6: 1144.