During the dry season, extensive peatland fires in South Sumatra and another peatland in Indonesia result in environmental damage and pose health risks to humans. The Indonesian Government has implemented several measures to prevent the recurrence of these fires. One such measure involves the establishment of observation stations to monitor hydrometeorological parameters in different peatlands across Indonesia, including those in South Sumatra. To effectively control fires in South Sumatra’s peatland and minimize hotspot occurrences, it is essential to determine hydrometeorological parameters that can serve as fire control indicators. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between groundwater levels and hotspot occurrences by analyzing groundwater level data collected from six Peat Restoration Agency stations in South Sumatra’s peatland, along with hotspot data obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite measurements. The findings reveal a significant correlation between groundwater levels and hotspots at the six stations. As the GWL increased, the number of hotspots tended to decrease, and vice versa. This means that GWL can be used as a controlling variable for hotspot emergence. To effectively minimize hotspot occurrences, it is recommended to maintain a minimum groundwater level of −0.45 ± 0.09 m in the peatland of South Sumatra.

There is no article discussing how to apply the International Electrotechnical Commission (EIC) 60825-1 standard to evaluate laser safety for irregular non-pulsed signal. Yet, as more and more laser applications are introduced, it is very possible that laser radiant power is irregular non-pulsed signal. Here, we present a method of laser safety evaluation for thermal damage under Requirement 3 of the IEC 60825-1 standard.

Teaching wave phenomena and optics remains challenging due to their abstract and highly visual nature. Pre-service physics teachers often struggle to form accurate mental representations, which hinders conceptual understanding. This study examined the needs, learning challenges, and expectations of future physics educators regarding Python-based simulations for learning optical waves to support conceptual understanding through dynamic visualization, interactive parameter exploration, and multiple representations of wave phenomena. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, integrating course-task analysis and a needs-assessment form with classroom observations and semi-structured interviews involving 60 third-semester physics education students at a state university in Indonesia. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of students’ conceptual difficulties, technological readiness, and simulation expectations as a foundation for designing Python-based optical wave simulations tailored to physics teacher education. Quantitative findings showed that many students relied on procedural calculation without adequate conceptual explanation and experienced difficulties in interpreting interference and diffraction phenomena. Students strongly preferred dynamic visualizations and stepwise schematic explanations, while many also emphasized the importance of adjustable visual parameters and multiple representations in simulations. Qualitative findings highlighted expectations for slow-motion visualization, comparative parameter exploration, and introductory tutorial support. The study concludes that understanding students’ perspectives is critical to designing effective educational simulations that enhance conceptual understanding and improve learning of abstract optical wave concepts.

A telemetry system of water depth monitoring is required to have bidirectional communication to obtain an effective and efficient measurement system. It should be run at any meaningful time requested by user so that the collected data become more crucial and eventually generate an energy and memory saving modem. This work proposed the scheme to be applied in a campus lake with flooding and drainage warning systems to avoid the common natural disaster in raining and dry seasons, respectively. The system based on Arduino board and Ultrasonic sensor equipped by Wi-Fi modem to communicate with user’s phone who able to start a measurement and monitored the water depth through a website. The result showed that in the laboratory test, the alert was successfully sent to user’s phone whenever the depth rose past the threshold value. In the field test, the measurement of the lake’s water depth had been effectively monitored via website throughout 12 hours using 6000 mAh battery lasted for 72 times of data transmission.