Water pollution has emerged as a major global environmental crisis due to the massive contamination of water resources by the textile dyeing industry, organic waste, and agricultural residue. Since water is fundamental to life, this grave disregard puts lives at risk, making the protection of water resources a serious issue today. Recent research has shown great interest in improving the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for wastewater treatment. However, the photocatalytic removal activity of pure g-C₃N₄ is poor, owing to its minimal surface area, fast recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs, and poor light absorption. Recently, titanate perovskites (TNPs) have attracted significant attention in both environmental remediation and energy conversion due to their exceptional structural, optical, physiochemical, electrical, and thermal properties. Accordingly, TNPs can initiate a variety of surface catalytic reactions and are regarded as an emerging category of photocatalysts for sustainability and energy-related industries when exposed to illumination. Therefore, in this review article, we critically discuss the recent developments of extensively developed g-C₃N₄/TNPs that demonstrate photocatalytic applications for wastewater treatment. The different synthetic approaches and the chemical composition of g-C₃N₄/TNP composites are presented. Additionally, this review highlights the global research trends related to these materials. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the various photocatalytic mechanisms, including their potential impact and significance. Also, the challenges faced by such materials and their future scope are discussed.

Nowadays, the food industry is prioritizing many innovative processing technologies that can produce minimally processed foods with superior and higher quality, lower costs, and faster operations. Among these advancements, cold plasma (CP) processing stands out for its remarkable capabilities in food preservation and extending the shelf life. Beyond its established role in microbial inactivation, CP has emerged as a transformative tool for modifying food biomolecules through reactive plasma species, addressing the versatile requirements of food industries for various applications. This review focuses on the interactions between reactive plasma species and essential food macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. The novelty lies in its detailed examination of how CP technology triggers structural, functional, and biochemical changes in proteins and lipids and explains the mechanisms involved. It connects fundamental molecular transformations to practical applications, such as enhanced protein functionality, lipid stabilization, and improved oxidative resistance. CP induces alterations in protein structure, especially in amino acid configurations, that can be applicable to the formulation of advanced gel, 3D printing, thermostable emulsions, enhanced solubility, and sensory materials. This review explores the ability of CP to modify protein allergenicity, its different effects on the mechanical and interfacial properties of proteins, and its role in the production of trans-fat-free oils. Despite its potential, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of CP’s interactions with food macromolecules is also discussed. Furthermore, this review addresses key challenges and outlines future research opportunities, positioning CP as a sustainable and adaptable approach for innovating next-generation food systems. Further research is crucial to fully understand the potential of CP for food processing, followed by product development.

The fabrication of sustainable packaging films based on chitosan/starch (CTS/Starch) blends, reinforced with Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), was achieved via the casting blend technique. This research explored the impact of varying CNPs loading on critical physicochemical properties, including water vapor permeation (WVP), thermal stability, and mechanical strength. To elucidate the structural and chemical complexities of the blend films, surface morphology was investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), internal architecture was visualized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and molecular interactions were probed through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The reduction in WVP from 6.18 ± 0.54 to 5.38 ± 0.93 g.m⁻¹.s⁻¹.pa⁻¹, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) from 16.52 ± 1.03% to 12.5 ± 1.05%, and water absorbency (WA) from 340 ± 1.63% to 88.65 ± 1.12% in CTS/Starch blend films demonstrated loaded with (0–8 wt%) CNPs loading. Concurrently, films with 2–8 wt% CNP loading exhibited an increase in opacity from 2.38 ± 1.01 mm⁻¹ to 4.83 ± 0.83 mm⁻¹, accompanied by a decrease in transmittance from 89.20 ± 0.50% to 79.70 ± 1.20%. These findings collectively indicated that the CNP-incorporated chitosan/starch composites offer enhanced ultraviolet light shielding and improved water barrier capabilities compared to the non-reinforced chitosan/starch films, underscoring their promising utility in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications.