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Dr. Brian Poole
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA

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0 Autoimmunity
0 Epstein-Barr Virus
0 SARS-CoV-2
0 vaccine hesitancy
0 Vaccine education

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Autoimmunity
Epstein-Barr Virus
vaccine hesitancy

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Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Vaccines
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Introduction: New York City is one of the areas most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Healthcare workers are among those at high risk of contracting the virus, and a vital source of information and trust in vaccines to the community. Methods: This study was conducted about attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers at a public hospital in New York City during the beginning of COVID-19 vaccination. 428 hospital employees responded. Results: Several factors were significantly associated with vaccine attitudes, including demographics such as gender (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.005), race (p< 0.001) and home location (p< 0.001), role within the hospital (p< 0.001), knowledge about the virus (p< 0.001) and confidence in and expectations about personal protective equipment and behaviors (p< 0.001). Structural equation modeling revealed that the most predictive factors were prior vaccine attitudes and concern with the speed of testing and approval of the vaccines (p< 0.001). Multivariate analysis reinforced these, while also identifying perceived personal risk as significant (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Several modifiable factors that reflect confidence in science, scientific knowledge, personal risk perception, experience and medical authority are correlated with vaccine attitudes, indicating that a holistic educational approach to improve trust in science is likely to be effective in long-term reduction in vaccine hesitancy.

ACS Style

Federico Ciardi; Vidya Menon; Jamie Jensen; Masood Shariff; Anjana Pillai; Usha Venugopal; Moiz Kasubhai; Vihren Dimitrov; Balavenkatesh Kanna; Brian Poole. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers of an Inner-City Hospital in New York. Vaccines 2021, 9, 516 .

AMA Style

Federico Ciardi, Vidya Menon, Jamie Jensen, Masood Shariff, Anjana Pillai, Usha Venugopal, Moiz Kasubhai, Vihren Dimitrov, Balavenkatesh Kanna, Brian Poole. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers of an Inner-City Hospital in New York. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Ciardi; Vidya Menon; Jamie Jensen; Masood Shariff; Anjana Pillai; Usha Venugopal; Moiz Kasubhai; Vihren Dimitrov; Balavenkatesh Kanna; Brian Poole. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers of an Inner-City Hospital in New York." Vaccines 9, no. 5: 516.

Research article
Published: 22 January 2021 in PLOS ONE
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Patients with autoimmune disorders (AD) have altered cancer risks compared to the general population. Systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis lead to a heightened risk for hematological malignancies and decreased risk for breast, ovarian, and prostate malignancies. Often patients with autoimmune disease have dysregulated antiviral immune responses, including against oncogenic viruses. To uncover the relationship between viral incidence and cancer risk in the context of autoimmune disease, we extracted electronic health records (EHR) from Vanderbilt University. ICD-9/10 codes and laboratory values were collected for hematological, lung, anal-vaginal, thyroid, hepatobiliary, bladder, prostate, and breast cancers; and viruses including Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), and Hepatitis A/B/C (Hep). Only viral infections that led to a physician visit or laboratory test were entered into the EMR; therefore, only clinically relevant cases were noted and considered positive in this study. The relationship between virus infection and cancer in an SLE cohort (SLE-cases n = 2,313, and SLE-controls n = 5,702) and an MS cohort (MS-case n = 7,277, MS-control n = 7,277) was examined by multilinear logistic regression. Viral infection was strongly associated with increased risk for cancer overall. SLE and MS patients were more susceptible to all viral infections. MS patients trended toward increased risk for cancers overall, while decreased risk for hormone-based cancers in SLE patients non-significantly reduced their risk for overall cancer. Both SLE and MS patients had increased clinically relevant EBV infection, which was associated with risk for hematological cancers. Preventing viral infections by vaccination may be especially helpful in controlling risk for cancer in SLE and MS patients.

ACS Style

Deborah K. Johnson; Kaylia M. Reynolds; Brian D. Poole; Matthew D. Montierth; Vera M. Todd; April Barnado; Mary F. Davis. Contribution of viral infection to risk for cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0243150 .

AMA Style

Deborah K. Johnson, Kaylia M. Reynolds, Brian D. Poole, Matthew D. Montierth, Vera M. Todd, April Barnado, Mary F. Davis. Contribution of viral infection to risk for cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (1):e0243150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deborah K. Johnson; Kaylia M. Reynolds; Brian D. Poole; Matthew D. Montierth; Vera M. Todd; April Barnado; Mary F. Davis. 2021. "Contribution of viral infection to risk for cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1: e0243150.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2020 in Vaccines
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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world, with the United States being highly affected. A vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent solution to controlling the pandemic. However, to be effective, a vaccine must be accepted and used by a large majority of the population. The aim of this study was to understand the attitudes towards and obstacles facing vaccination with a potential COVID-19 vaccine. To measure these attitudes a survey was administered to 316 respondents across the United States by a survey corporation. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships of several factors with attitudes toward potential COVID-19 vaccination. Prior vaccine usage and attitudes predicted attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Assessment of the severity of COVID-19 for the United States was also predictive. Approximately 68% of all respondents were supportive of being vaccinated for COVID-19, but side effects, efficacy and length of testing remained concerns. Longer testing, increased efficacy and development in the United States were significantly associated with increased vaccine acceptance. Messages promoting COVID-19 vaccination should seek to alleviate the concerns of those who are already vaccine-hesitant. Messaging directed at the benefits of vaccination for the United States as a country would address the second predictive factor. Enough time should be taken to allay concerns about both short- and long-term side effects before a vaccine is released.

ACS Style

Kendall Pogue; Jamie L. Jensen; Carter K. Stancil; Daniel G. Ferguson; Savannah J. Hughes; Emily J. Mello; Ryan Burgess; Bradford K. Berges; Abraham Quaye; Brian D. Poole. Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. Vaccines 2020, 8, 582 .

AMA Style

Kendall Pogue, Jamie L. Jensen, Carter K. Stancil, Daniel G. Ferguson, Savannah J. Hughes, Emily J. Mello, Ryan Burgess, Bradford K. Berges, Abraham Quaye, Brian D. Poole. Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (4):582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kendall Pogue; Jamie L. Jensen; Carter K. Stancil; Daniel G. Ferguson; Savannah J. Hughes; Emily J. Mello; Ryan Burgess; Bradford K. Berges; Abraham Quaye; Brian D. Poole. 2020. "Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States." Vaccines 8, no. 4: 582.

Preprint
Published: 15 September 2020
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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world, with the United States being highly affected. A vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent solution to controlling the pandemic. However, to be effective, a vaccine must be accepted and used by a large majority of the population. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the relationships of several factors with attitudes toward potential COVID-19 vaccination. The survey was administered to 316 respondents across the United States by a survey corporation. Prior vaccine usage and attitudes predicted attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Assessment of the severity of COVID-19 for the United States was also predictive. Approximately 68% of all respondents were supportive of being vaccinated for COVID-19, but side effects, efficacy, and length of testing remained concerns. Longer testing, increased efficacy and development in the United States were significantly associated with increased vaccine acceptance. Messages promoting COVID-19 vaccination should seek to alleviate the concerns of those who are already vaccine-hesitant. Messaging directed at the benefits of vaccination for the United States as a country would address the second predictive factor. Enough time should be taken to allay concerns about both short and long-term side effects before a vaccine is released.

ACS Style

Kendall Pogue; Jamie Jensen; Carter Stancil; Daniel Ferguson; Savannah Hughes; Emily Mello; Ryan Burgess; Bradford Berges; Abraham Quaye; Brian D. Poole. Influences on Attitudes regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Kendall Pogue, Jamie Jensen, Carter Stancil, Daniel Ferguson, Savannah Hughes, Emily Mello, Ryan Burgess, Bradford Berges, Abraham Quaye, Brian D. Poole. Influences on Attitudes regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kendall Pogue; Jamie Jensen; Carter Stancil; Daniel Ferguson; Savannah Hughes; Emily Mello; Ryan Burgess; Bradford Berges; Abraham Quaye; Brian D. Poole. 2020. "Influences on Attitudes regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2019 in Vaccines
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In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed vaccine hesitancy in its top ten threats to global health. Vaccine hesitancy is a "delay in acceptance or refusal to vaccinate despite availability of vaccination services". Urban areas with large amounts of vaccine hesitancy are at risk for the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Many vaccine-hesitant (VH) parents may be unfamiliar with the consequences of VPDs, and thus might be swayed when confronted with the symptoms and dangers of VPDs. As such, we sought to educate college students (future parents) in an urban vaccine-hesitant hotspot by assigning them to interview family or community members who had experienced a VPD. Student vaccine attitudes were assessed by surveys before and after the interviews. Vaccine-hesitant students who conducted a VPD interview but received no additional vaccine educational materials were significantly more likely (interaction term p < 0.001) to become pro-vaccine (PV) (68%) than students who conducted an autoimmune interview and received no additional educational materials. Additionally, students whose interviewees experienced intense physical suffering or physical limitations or students who were enrolled in a course with intensive VPD and vaccine curriculum had significantly increased vaccine attitudes. This suggests that introducing students to VPDs can decrease vaccine hesitancy.

ACS Style

Deborah K. Johnson; Emily J. Mello; Trent D. Walker; Spencer J. Hood; Jamie L. Jensen; Brian D. Poole. Combating Vaccine Hesitancy with Vaccine-Preventable Disease Familiarization: An Interview and Curriculum Intervention for College Students. Vaccines 2019, 7, 39 .

AMA Style

Deborah K. Johnson, Emily J. Mello, Trent D. Walker, Spencer J. Hood, Jamie L. Jensen, Brian D. Poole. Combating Vaccine Hesitancy with Vaccine-Preventable Disease Familiarization: An Interview and Curriculum Intervention for College Students. Vaccines. 2019; 7 (2):39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deborah K. Johnson; Emily J. Mello; Trent D. Walker; Spencer J. Hood; Jamie L. Jensen; Brian D. Poole. 2019. "Combating Vaccine Hesitancy with Vaccine-Preventable Disease Familiarization: An Interview and Curriculum Intervention for College Students." Vaccines 7, no. 2: 39.

Research article
Published: 17 July 2018 in Journal of Immunology Research
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Purpose. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an often debilitating autoinflammatory disease. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are often troubled by co-occurring depression or other psychological manifestations. RA patients have a variety of treatment options available, including biologicals that inhibit cytokines or immune cells. If these cytokines influence the psychological symptoms, then the use of cytokine inhibitors should modulate these symptoms. Methods. A cohort of 209 individuals was recruited. This group included 82 RA patients, 22 healthy subjects, 32 depressed control subjects, and 73 subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus. Of the RA patients, 51% were on a biological therapeutic. ELISA was used to measure cytokine levels. A variety of psychological assessments were used to evaluate depression, anxiety, sleep, fatigue, and relationship status. Clinical values were obtained from medical records. Results. IL-10 concentration was associated with depressive symptoms in the RA patients, healthy controls, and the lupus patients. In the patients with primary depression, depressive symptoms were associated with IL-6 and TNF-alpha. In RA patients, Tocilizumab use was associated with decreased depressive symptoms. 14 RA patients who were not using biologicals began using them by a one-month follow-up. In these patients, there was no significant change to any value except for fatigue. Conclusions. A variety of both biological and social factors influences depressive symptoms in RA. IL-10 and IL-6 are likely to be involved, since IL-10 concentration was associated with depression and Tocilizumab decreased depressive symptoms in the RA patients. The roles of these cytokines are different in RA and lupus, as high IL-10 in RA is associated with increased depressive symptoms, but high IL-10 in the lupus patients is associated with decreased depression. IL-6 was also associated with depressive symptoms in the patients with primary depression. These results strongly indicate that disease activity, including cytokine levels, has a strong impact on depressive symptoms.

ACS Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga; Caleb Cornaby; Alice Cortez; Miguel Bernardes; Georgina Terroso; Marta Figueiredo; Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita; Lúcia Costa; Brian D. Poole. Influence of Biological Therapeutics, Cytokines, and Disease Activity on Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Immunology Research 2018, 2018, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga, Caleb Cornaby, Alice Cortez, Miguel Bernardes, Georgina Terroso, Marta Figueiredo, Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita, Lúcia Costa, Brian D. Poole. Influence of Biological Therapeutics, Cytokines, and Disease Activity on Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Immunology Research. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga; Caleb Cornaby; Alice Cortez; Miguel Bernardes; Georgina Terroso; Marta Figueiredo; Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita; Lúcia Costa; Brian D. Poole. 2018. "Influence of Biological Therapeutics, Cytokines, and Disease Activity on Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis." Journal of Immunology Research 2018, no. : 1-9.

Research article
Published: 16 April 2018 in PLOS ONE
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects a large number of people throughout the world. Anxiety, depression and fatigue are common symptoms of SLE that substantially contribute to decreased quality of life. This study investigates the interplay between physical and psychiatric manifestations of lupus. To this end, an SLE patient cohort was examined for correlations between clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and psychological indicators. Seventy-two lupus patients were evaluated for psychological status using a battery of instruments, including assessments for fatigue (CFS & FSS), depression (HADS), anxiety (HADS), overall health (SF-36 & PSQI) and intimate relationship satisfaction (RAS & CSI). Scores from these assessments were correlated with lupus clinical profiles and laboratory test values. The prevalence of depression in the SLE patient cohort was 41.7%, as measured by the hospital depression and anxiety scale. The study identified that pain (p = 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.026), Chalder’s fatigue scale (p < 0.001), fatigue severity scale (p < 0.001), and anxiety (p = 0.001) are all positively correlated with depression in SLE patients. Total complement (CH50) (p = 0.032), and SF-36 physical and mental characteristic assessments are negatively correlated with depression. Longitudinal analysis indicated that the disease related complaint alopecia (p = 0.008) and relationship assessment scale scores (p = 0.004) may also be correlated to depression in SLE patients. Multivariant scrutiny of the clinical and psychosocial characteristics identified the fatigue severity scale (p = 0.026), SF-36 physical function (p = 0.040), physical role function (0.030), and mental health (p = 0.002) as the best indicators directly correlated with depression for the SLE cohort. These results reveal the influence of physical manifestations of lupus including fatigue, pain, body mass index and anxiety, as well as decreased physical and mental function, on depression. Fatigue is the strongest factor correlated with depression in SLE patients in the cohort. Both physical and social/psychological aspects likely contribute to the depression and anxiety in lupus.

ACS Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga; Caleb Cornaby; Miguel Bernardes; Marta Figueiredo; Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita; Lúcia Costa; Brian D. Poole. Correlation between physical markers and psychiatric health in a Portuguese systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: The role of suffering in chronic autoimmune disease. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0195579 .

AMA Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga, Caleb Cornaby, Miguel Bernardes, Marta Figueiredo, Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita, Lúcia Costa, Brian D. Poole. Correlation between physical markers and psychiatric health in a Portuguese systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: The role of suffering in chronic autoimmune disease. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (4):e0195579.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margarida Figueiredo-Braga; Caleb Cornaby; Miguel Bernardes; Marta Figueiredo; Cristina Dos Santos Mesquita; Lúcia Costa; Brian D. Poole. 2018. "Correlation between physical markers and psychiatric health in a Portuguese systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: The role of suffering in chronic autoimmune disease." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4: e0195579.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Journal of General Virology
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Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) is an important chemotactic receptor that is involved in proper B-cell T-cell interactions. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to upregulate this gene upon infection of cell lines, but the timing and mechanism of this upregulation, as well as its importance to EBV infection, remain unknown. This work investigated EBV’s manipulation of EBI2 expression of primary naive B cells. EBV infection induces EBI2 expression resulting in elevated levels of EBI2 after 24 h until 7 days post-infection, followed by a dramatic decline (P=0.027). Increased EBI2 expression was not found in non-specifically stimulated B cells or when irradiated virus was used. The EBV lytic gene BRRF1 exhibited a similar expression pattern to EBI2 (R2 =0.4622). BRRF1-deficient EBV could not induce EBI2. However, B cells transduced with BRRF1 showed elevated expression of EBI2 (P=0.042), a result that was not seen with transduction of a different EBV lytic transfection factor, BRLF1. Based on these results, we conclude that EBI2 expression is directly influenced by EBV infection and that BRRF1 is necessary and sufficient for EBI2 upregulation during infection.

ACS Style

Caleb Cornaby; Jillian L Jafek; Cameron Birrell; Vera Mayhew; Lauren Syndergaard; Jeffrey Mella; Wesley Cheney; Brian D Poole. EBI2 expression in B lymphocytes is controlled by the Epstein–Barr virus transcription factor, BRRF1 (Na), during viral infection. Journal of General Virology 2017, 98, 435 -446.

AMA Style

Caleb Cornaby, Jillian L Jafek, Cameron Birrell, Vera Mayhew, Lauren Syndergaard, Jeffrey Mella, Wesley Cheney, Brian D Poole. EBI2 expression in B lymphocytes is controlled by the Epstein–Barr virus transcription factor, BRRF1 (Na), during viral infection. Journal of General Virology. 2017; 98 (3):435-446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caleb Cornaby; Jillian L Jafek; Cameron Birrell; Vera Mayhew; Lauren Syndergaard; Jeffrey Mella; Wesley Cheney; Brian D Poole. 2017. "EBI2 expression in B lymphocytes is controlled by the Epstein–Barr virus transcription factor, BRRF1 (Na), during viral infection." Journal of General Virology 98, no. 3: 435-446.

Review
Published: 01 January 2015 in Immunology Letters
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While a variety of factors act to trigger or initiate autoimmune diseases, the process of epitope spreading is an important contributor in their development. Epitope spreading is a diversification of the epitopes recognized by the immune system. This process happens to both T and B cells, with this review focusing on B cells. Such spreading can progress among multiple epitopes on a single antigen, or from one antigenic molecule to another. Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and other autoimmune diseases, are all influenced by intermolecular and intramolecular B cell epitope spreading. Endocytic processing, antigen presentation, and somatic hypermutation act as molecular mechanisms that assist in driving epitope spreading and broadening the immune response in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of B cell epitope spreading with regard to autoimmunity, how it contributes during the progression of various autoimmune diseases, and treatment options available.

ACS Style

Caleb Cornaby; Lauren Gibbons; Vera Mayhew; Chad Sloan; Andrew Welling; Brian D. Poole. B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases. Immunology Letters 2015, 163, 56 -68.

AMA Style

Caleb Cornaby, Lauren Gibbons, Vera Mayhew, Chad Sloan, Andrew Welling, Brian D. Poole. B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases. Immunology Letters. 2015; 163 (1):56-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caleb Cornaby; Lauren Gibbons; Vera Mayhew; Chad Sloan; Andrew Welling; Brian D. Poole. 2015. "B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases." Immunology Letters 163, no. 1: 56-68.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research
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The rs2004640 single nucleotide polymorphism and the CGGGG copy-number variant (rs77571059) are promoter polymorphisms within interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5). They have been implicated as susceptibility factors for several autoimmune diseases. IRF5 uses alternative promoter splicing, where any of 4 first exons begin the mRNA. The CGGGG indel is in exon 1A's promoter; the rs2004640 allele creates a splicing recognition site, enabling usage of exon 1B. This study aimed at characterizing alterations in IRF5 mRNA due to these polymorphisms. Cells with risk polymorphisms exhibited ~2-fold higher levels of IRF5 mRNA and protein, but demonstrated no change in mRNA stability. Quantitative PCR demonstrated decreased usage of exons 1C and 1D in cell lines with the risk polymorphisms. RNA folding analysis revealed a hairpin in exon 1B; mutational analysis showed that the hairpin shape decreased translation 5-fold. Although translation of mRNA that uses exon 1B is low due to a hairpin, increased IRF5 mRNA levels in individuals with the rs2004640 risk allele lead to higher overall protein expression. In addition, several new splice variants of IRF5 were sequenced. IRF5's promoter polymorphisms alter first exon usage and increase transcription levels. High levels of IRF5 may bias the immune system toward autoimmunity.

ACS Style

Daniel N. Clark; Jared P. Lambert; Rodney E. Till; Lissenya B. Argueta; Kathryn E. Greenhalgh; Brandon Henrie; Trieste Bills; Tyson F. Hawkley; Marinya G. Roznik; Jason M. Sloan; Vera Mayhew; Loc Woodland; Eric P. Nelson; Meng-Hsuan Tsai; Brian D. Poole. Molecular Effects of Autoimmune-Risk Promoter Polymorphisms on Expression, Exon Choice, and Translational Efficiency of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 2014, 34, 354 -365.

AMA Style

Daniel N. Clark, Jared P. Lambert, Rodney E. Till, Lissenya B. Argueta, Kathryn E. Greenhalgh, Brandon Henrie, Trieste Bills, Tyson F. Hawkley, Marinya G. Roznik, Jason M. Sloan, Vera Mayhew, Loc Woodland, Eric P. Nelson, Meng-Hsuan Tsai, Brian D. Poole. Molecular Effects of Autoimmune-Risk Promoter Polymorphisms on Expression, Exon Choice, and Translational Efficiency of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 2014; 34 (5):354-365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel N. Clark; Jared P. Lambert; Rodney E. Till; Lissenya B. Argueta; Kathryn E. Greenhalgh; Brandon Henrie; Trieste Bills; Tyson F. Hawkley; Marinya G. Roznik; Jason M. Sloan; Vera Mayhew; Loc Woodland; Eric P. Nelson; Meng-Hsuan Tsai; Brian D. Poole. 2014. "Molecular Effects of Autoimmune-Risk Promoter Polymorphisms on Expression, Exon Choice, and Translational Efficiency of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5." Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 34, no. 5: 354-365.

Review article
Published: 30 September 2013 in Clinical Immunology
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Cytokines regulate and control the immune system. In systemic lupus erythematosus, several of these cytokines are overexpressed and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Cytokine inhibition has been successfully used to treat other rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, and several cytokines are currently being investigated to determine whether inhibition would be therapeutic in lupus. The cytokines discussed in this review have all undergone clinical trials, and include TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18 and IL-23. Inhibition of the majority of these targets was safe and showed some efficacy in treating lupus. Cytokine inhibition strategies have just started to realize their potential for the treatment of this difficult disease, and show great promise for the future.

ACS Style

Daniel N. Clark; Jillian L. Markham; Chad Sloan; Brian D. Poole. Cytokine inhibition as a strategy for treating systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Immunology 2013, 148, 335 -343.

AMA Style

Daniel N. Clark, Jillian L. Markham, Chad Sloan, Brian D. Poole. Cytokine inhibition as a strategy for treating systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Immunology. 2013; 148 (3):335-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel N. Clark; Jillian L. Markham; Chad Sloan; Brian D. Poole. 2013. "Cytokine inhibition as a strategy for treating systemic lupus erythematosus." Clinical Immunology 148, no. 3: 335-343.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Frontiers in Immunology
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Introduction: Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis affect millions of people worldwide. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) contains polymorphisms associated with these autoimmune diseases. Two of these functional polymorphisms are found upstream of the IRF5 gene. rs2004640, which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the CGGGG insertion/deletion (indel) were studied. IRF5 uses four different promoters for its four first exons: 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D. Each promoter was analyzed, including functional differences due to the autoimmune-risk polymorphisms. Results: IRF5 promoters were analyzed using ChIP-Seq data (ENCODE database) and the FactorBook database to define transcription factor binding sites. To verify promoter activity, the promoters were cloned into luciferase plasmids. Each construct exhibited luciferase activity. Exons 1A and 1D contain putative PU.1 and NFkB binding sites. Imiquimod, a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand, was used to activate these transcription factors. IRF5 levels were doubled after imiquimod treatment (p

ACS Style

Daniel N. Clark; R. Daniel Read; Vera Mayhew; Stephen C. Petersen; Lissenya B. Argueta; Lance A. Stutz; Rodney E. Till; Sean M. Bergsten; Brandon S. Robinson; Douglas G. Baumann; J. Casey Heap; Brian D. Poole. Four Promoters of IRF5 Respond Distinctly to Stimuli and are Affected by Autoimmune-Risk Polymorphisms. Frontiers in Immunology 2013, 4, 360 .

AMA Style

Daniel N. Clark, R. Daniel Read, Vera Mayhew, Stephen C. Petersen, Lissenya B. Argueta, Lance A. Stutz, Rodney E. Till, Sean M. Bergsten, Brandon S. Robinson, Douglas G. Baumann, J. Casey Heap, Brian D. Poole. Four Promoters of IRF5 Respond Distinctly to Stimuli and are Affected by Autoimmune-Risk Polymorphisms. Frontiers in Immunology. 2013; 4 ():360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel N. Clark; R. Daniel Read; Vera Mayhew; Stephen C. Petersen; Lissenya B. Argueta; Lance A. Stutz; Rodney E. Till; Sean M. Bergsten; Brandon S. Robinson; Douglas G. Baumann; J. Casey Heap; Brian D. Poole. 2013. "Four Promoters of IRF5 Respond Distinctly to Stimuli and are Affected by Autoimmune-Risk Polymorphisms." Frontiers in Immunology 4, no. : 360.

Editorial
Published: 11 March 2012 in Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
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ACS Style

Brian D. Poole; Timothy B. Niewold; George C. Tsokos. Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2011. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012, 2012, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Brian D. Poole, Timothy B. Niewold, George C. Tsokos. Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2011. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012; 2012 ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian D. Poole; Timothy B. Niewold; George C. Tsokos. 2012. "Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2011." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012, no. : 1-1.

Research article
Published: 22 February 2012 in Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
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Both genetic and environmental interactions affect systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development and pathogenesis. One known genetic factor associated with lupus is a haplotype of the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) gene. Analysis of global gene expression microarray data using gene set enrichment analysis identified multiple interferon- and inflammation-related gene sets significantly overrepresented in cells with the risk haplotype. Pathway analysis using expressed genes from the significant gene sets impacted by theIRF5risk haplotype confirmed significant correlation with the interferon pathway, Toll-like receptor pathway, and the B-cell receptor pathway. SLE patients with theIRF5risk haplotype have a heightened interferon signature, even in an unstimulated state ( P = 0.011 ), while patients with theIRF5protective haplotype have a B cell interferon signature similar to that of controls. These results identify multiple genes in functionally significant pathways which are affected by IRF5 genotype. They also establish the IRF5 risk haplotype as a key determinant of not only the interferon response, but also other B-cell pathways involved in SLE.

ACS Style

Joel Guthridge; Daniel N. Clark; Amanda Templeton; Nicolas Dominguez; Rufei Lu; Gabriel S. Vidal; Jennifer Kelly; Kenneth M. Kauffman; John B. Harley; Patrick Gaffney; Judith A. James; Brian D. Poole. Effects of IRF5 Lupus Risk Haplotype on Pathways Predicted to Influence B Cell Functions. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012, 2012, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Joel Guthridge, Daniel N. Clark, Amanda Templeton, Nicolas Dominguez, Rufei Lu, Gabriel S. Vidal, Jennifer Kelly, Kenneth M. Kauffman, John B. Harley, Patrick Gaffney, Judith A. James, Brian D. Poole. Effects of IRF5 Lupus Risk Haplotype on Pathways Predicted to Influence B Cell Functions. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012; 2012 ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joel Guthridge; Daniel N. Clark; Amanda Templeton; Nicolas Dominguez; Rufei Lu; Gabriel S. Vidal; Jennifer Kelly; Kenneth M. Kauffman; John B. Harley; Patrick Gaffney; Judith A. James; Brian D. Poole. 2012. "Effects of IRF5 Lupus Risk Haplotype on Pathways Predicted to Influence B Cell Functions." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012, no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2011 in Virology Journal
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Herpes simplex viruses exist as two major serotypes, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Determination of type, either HSV-1 or HSV-2, is important in accurate diagnosis and clinical control of transmission. Several tests are available for typing HSV, including a monoclonal antibody specific for glycoprotein G and several PCR assays.

ACS Style

Daniel N Clark; Brian D Poole; Daniel V Hammond; Tyler J Hedman; Danny S Catts; Amanda Stewart; F Brent Johnson. Characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolate Y3369 as a glycoprotein G variant and its bearing on virus typing. Virology Journal 2011, 8, 290 -290.

AMA Style

Daniel N Clark, Brian D Poole, Daniel V Hammond, Tyler J Hedman, Danny S Catts, Amanda Stewart, F Brent Johnson. Characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolate Y3369 as a glycoprotein G variant and its bearing on virus typing. Virology Journal. 2011; 8 (1):290-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel N Clark; Brian D Poole; Daniel V Hammond; Tyler J Hedman; Danny S Catts; Amanda Stewart; F Brent Johnson. 2011. "Characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolate Y3369 as a glycoprotein G variant and its bearing on virus typing." Virology Journal 8, no. 1: 290-290.

Review article
Published: 29 June 2010 in Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
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The pleiotropic cytokine interferon alpha is involved in multiple aspects of lupus etiology and pathogenesis. Interferon alpha is important under normal circumstances for antiviral responses and immune activation. However, heightened levels of serum interferon alpha and expression of interferon response genes are common in lupus patients. Lupus-associated autoantibodies can drive the production of interferon alpha and heightened levels of interferon interfere with immune regulation. Several genes in the pathways leading to interferon production or signaling are associated with risk for lupus. Clinical and cellular manifestations of excess interferon alpha in lupus combined with the genetic risk factors associated with interferon make this cytokine a rare bridge between genetic risk and phenotypic effects. Interferon alpha influences the clinical picture of lupus and may represent a therapeutic target. This paper provides an overview of the cellular, genetic, and clinical aspects of interferon alpha in lupus.

ACS Style

Timothy Niewold; Daniel N. Clark; Rafah Salloum; Brian D. Poole. Interferon Alpha in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, 2010, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Timothy Niewold, Daniel N. Clark, Rafah Salloum, Brian D. Poole. Interferon Alpha in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010; 2010 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy Niewold; Daniel N. Clark; Rafah Salloum; Brian D. Poole. 2010. "Interferon Alpha in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, no. : 1-8.

Editorial
Published: 01 January 2010 in Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
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ACS Style

Brian D. Poole; Timothy B. Niewold; George C. Tsokos; Charles S. Via. Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, 2010, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Brian D. Poole, Timothy B. Niewold, George C. Tsokos, Charles S. Via. Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010; 2010 ():1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian D. Poole; Timothy B. Niewold; George C. Tsokos; Charles S. Via. 2010. "Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, no. : 1-2.